Problem Solutions Bl Problem Solving Most of the problems in this text can be completed without reference o additional material ‘thaa isin the text, Ia some cases, new information is invoduced inthe problem statement 19 extend the readers knowledge. ‘a some cases data files may be needed. These are available on the web site of the Wind Energy Center at the University of Massachusets (hnty:/wwww.umass.edw/wvindenergy), This site also contains the Wind Engineering MiniCodes that have been developed at the University of Massachusetts at Amherst. A number ofthese codes may be useful in solving problems and, in some cases, may be aseded to solve problems. The Wind Engineering ‘MiniCodes are a set of short computer codes for examining wind energy related issues, especially in the context of an academic set A number of files are used in the problems. In addition, a sumber of the problems have solutions which are illustrated in spreadsheet files. Lists of these files are provided at the end of this document. 1 has been discovered that some problems have errors ia the problem statements. This obviously makes it difficult to solve the problem, A ful list of errata and corrected problem statements can also be found at the same web site mentioned above (itpy/www.umass.eduvindenergy), The problem statements included with these solutions have already been corrected. B2 Chapter 2 Problems 24. Based on average speed data only, estimate the annual energy production from a horizontal axis wind turbine with 2 12 m diameter operating in a wind regime with on average wind speed of 8 mis. Assume that the wind turbine is operating under standard ‘atmospheric conditions (p= 1.225 kg/m’). Assume a turbine efficiency of 04 SOLUTION ‘The annual energy production (in kWh) can be determined ftom: Annual energy production (kWh) = (efficiency) (P) (8760 hrs) ‘Where P is determined from Equation 2.7, ar? + pt, Foran average wind speed of 8 P= (6) £(1.228)8) = 35.4647 Therefore:2 Wind Eneray Explained Annual energy production = (0.4)35.46)(8760) = 124,300 kWh, ‘Note that future consideration of the variability of the wind regime and the characteristics of the wind machine will greatly change the output of an actual machine operating in a real ‘wind regime. 2.2 A 40 m diameter, three bladed wind turbine produces 700 KW at a wind speed (bud height) of 14 mvs. The air density is 1.225 kgims. Find a) The rotational speed (rpm) of the rotor ata tipspeed ratio of 5.0. ‘b) What isthe tip-speed (m/s)? ©) Ifthe generator tums at 1800 rpm, what gear ratio is needed to match the rotor speed to the generator speed. 4) What is the eficiency of the wind turbine system including blades, transmissioa, shafts, and generator) under these conditions? SOLUTION ayaas _R eauation2 76) ofism/s) 20m =3.5rad/s Qrad | s¥60s/ min) rad [rev 3.427 0) Cp = R= (LOmV3.S raat /s 6) Nu =1800 rpm Ne = 33.42 xp searbox ratio=, gon! Nraer = 53.86 @PProblems 3 an P 0.56 T vaR°C,U? PRC, 2.3 a) Determine the wind speed at a height of 40 m over surface terrain with a few tres, if the wind speed at @ beigit of 10 m is known to be S mvs, For your estimate use two ifferent wind speed estimation methods. +b) Using the same methods as part a), determine the wind speed at 40 m ifthe trees \were all emoved from the terrain, SOLUTION 8) First Method: Assume a simple logarithmic wind profile. The wind speed at » height of 40 m can be calculated via Equation 2.34 From Table 22 2 = 100 mm Thus In(40/0.1) = (8) 0/0.) v(40) =631 mis Second Method: Assume a power law wind speed profile. The wind speed ata height of 440-m is determined via Equation 2.36 ue) (J Let's assume a= 1/7 =0.142, then: an es622) oom b) First Method: With the tees cut down, assume a rough pasture surface terrain. Using the data from Table 22, 2, = 10mm = 0.01 m, Thus: veo) Second Method: Ifwe still assume c~ 1/7, the same estimate as part a) holds4 Wind Eneray Explained 2.4 A 30 m diameter wind turbine is placed on a $0 m tower in terrain with a power law coefficient (0) of 0.2. Find the ratio of available power in the wind at the highest point the rotor reaches to its lowest poiat. SOLUTION D= 30m, hub heig 2oq=50-18=35 m 2eq,= $0 1865 m The ratio ofthe wind speeds is: The rato ofthe powers is the cube ofthe ratio of the wind speeds: se ee 28 Find the size of a wind turbine rotor (diameter in mm) that will generate 100 KW of electrical power ia a steady wind (hub height) of 7.$ mvs, Assume that te air density is p = 1.225 kel’, C, = 16/27 and SOLUTION 8) P= 100 kW; U=7.5 mls, 9=1.225 kp’, Cp= 16727, =1 pod cs tee 26 From an analysis of wind speed data (hourly interval average, taken over a one year period), the Weibull parameters are determined to be ¢ - 6 m/s and E18. ‘8) What is the average velocity at this site? ') Estimate the number of hows per year thatthe wind speed will be between 6.5 and 7.5 mis during the year. ©) Estimate the number of hours per year thatthe wind speed is above 16 msProblems 5 SOLUTION 1) From Equation 2.62, Therefore '=(6{08803)=534 m’s orf +) The number of hours that the wind speed will be between 6.5 and 7.5 ms during the year is equal to the probability thatthe wind speed will be between 6.5 and 7.5 mis times the number of hours in the year. It is most conveniently found using the cumulative distribution funetion, Equation 2.61 plos where Determine the power spectral density of the wind at a site where the surface roughness is 0.05 m (zy ) and the hub height is 30 m, and the mean wind speed is 7.5 mis. SOLUTION First solve forte fistion veloc, ui and (= fom eea Wind Eneray Explained 7509 <9.469mi5 D 9 08? Then S() i: stp fuser esa’ raonateru P27 00001 0.001 oor on 1 10 He 2.14 This problem uses the power spectral density (psd) to examine variance in the wind. ‘A time series of hourly wind speeds (mph) ftom Mt. Tom for approximately 1 year is ‘included in the data MTomMVindUMst. Routines to perform psd analysis are included ‘with the UMass Wind Engineering MiniCodes. When the psd is graphed vs, the fequency itis hard to see features of interest. For this reason itis common to graph /5(/) on they axis vs. ln() on the x axis. When doing this the area under the curve between any to frequencies is proportional tothe total variance associated with the corresponding range of requenciesProblems as 8) Use the MiniCodes to calculate the psd for the Mt. Tom wind data. Focus om the variations in wind overtime periods of less than one month by using a segment length of 512, 'b) Show from the results thatthe total variance as given by the integral of the psd (i.e ‘SU V8.3) is approsimately the same as what would be obtained ia the nomal way. ‘©) Show by equations thatthe area under the curve in a plot of S() vs. In) isthe same as it would be fora plot of S{) vs. 6) Plot fS1f) vs. Inf) 2) Find the aniount of variance associated with diurnal Muctuations, Use frequencies corresponding to cycle times from 22 hours to 27 hours. How much variance is associated with higher frequency variations and how much with lower frequency variations? SOLUTION 8) The psd is shown below Sith mph by The variance may be found ftom SAA = DSH) +SGMia A]. The value is 110.5 (mph), This is very close to the actual value, which is 118.2 (mpti ¢) Th result an be show by refering fo the defining equation forthe natwal loa [rscnaancr = [rsinel [F) &) The graph is shown below.16 Wind Eneray Explained Inte) ©) The variance associated with frequencies between 22 and 27 hours (0.045 to 0.037 Hr") can be found from integrating the PSD over the correct range of frequencies. The result is ‘Almost all of the variance in this data set of hourly averages is in frequencies corresponding to time periods of longer than 20 hours. 248 A vatiety of techniques are available for creating data sets that have characteristics ‘immilar (0 that of real data, The Wind Engineering MiniCodes include a few of these methods. In the ARMA technique (see Appendix C) the user must input long-term meaa, standard deviation, and autocorrelation a a specified lag. The code will retum a time series, ‘with values that ae close to the desired values. (Note: a random umber generat is used inthe data synthesis routines, so any given time series will not be exactly the same as any other.) 1) Find the mean, standard deviation, and autocorrelation for the Mt. Tom data: MiTom7Hemstxt. This data, in avs, 8 collected at a 28 m height, with a sampling frequency of 7.4 Hz, Plot atime series of the data, Determine the autocorrelation for a lag of up to 2000 points ') Using the ARMA code with the autocorrelation at a Jag of one time step, synthesize and plot a time series of 10,000 data points with equivalent statistics to those found in part a, Show a time series graph of the syahesized data ©) Find the autocorrelation for a lag of up to 2000 points forthe synthetic data and plot the autocorrelations ofboth the rel and the synthesized on the same graph. 6) Comment on any similarities or differences between the two plots SOLUTION 8) For the real data: mean = 9.76 mv, sd. Dev =1.59 mis, autocorvelatio one time step. The data are shown below: 0.997 ata lag ofProblems v De Tom 74 Hewat ) A sample synthetic time series is shown below: "4 Syrericed T4He wind ata Itt or om am atau 000200 ©) The autocorrelations are shown below 10 08 06 o 00 04 a ag seen 4) Both autocorrelations look similar, with the wind showing some degree of correlation over periods of 100 seconds (about 740 lags). The synthesized data is much more negatively correlated than the real data over time periods longer than 100 seconds. The synthesized data is also more correlated than the real data over shorter time periods (up to 50 seconds)1 Wind Eneray Explained B3 Chapter 3 Problems 3 The blades ofa wind twine are ready tobe installed on a turbine on top ofa ridge The horizontal blades ae supported at each end by saw horses, when astm from aves. “The turbine eres dates i their ck as the rain starts and the wind picks up, increasing eventually to 26.82 a's (60 mph). Realizing thatthe wind coming up the western slope of the ridge roughly follows the 10 degree slope, the field engineer performs a quick calculation and dtives his truck upwind of the blades to disrupt the aiflow around the blades, preventing them from being lifted by te wind and damaged. The Blades are 4.57 m (1S fet) long, 0.651 mi (2 feet) wide, and have a mas of 45.36 ka (100 Tom). As the font arsives the temperature drops to 212°C (T0"F). Assume thet the blades ae approximately symmetic airfoils (the engineer remembered that potential low theory predists that, prior to stall, the lift coefficient of asymmetric airfoil is approximately: C, ~21 incr). Assume thatthe center of both the it and the drag force is concentrated over the center of mass ofthe blade and that the leading edge is facing into the direction ofthe wind. Assume the air density is 1.20 kg/m’ 2) Was there a reason to be concemed? At what wind speed will the blades be lite by the wind, assuming that there is no drag? ») If they are lied by 2 26.82 avs (60 mph) wind, how fast will they be accelerated horizontally. ifthe blade’ it to drag ratio, Cz /C; 480.032 SOLUTION 4) From the geomet of the problem: F008) Rising Wind The planform area of the blades is 2.79 m’ (30 f°), From the definition of the lift coefficient: Fo de pita-Lersnalpts ‘Assuming that there is no drag, the criteria for the blades being lifted by the wind is: WHF, cosa (Fsin apt? scoserProblems a where Fis the blade weight, Therefore, the wind speed at which the blades will move is: Ww sin cos aad 1.20 kgm’, s0: 18.76 m/s ~$1.7 A/s= 35.2 mph ‘The engineer did the correct thing and got a pat on the back ftom his boss. +) Again, ftom the geometry ofthe problem: Fy =(Cysina + Cz cosa} puta Fy ef ines Vf, cosa} pu Fy = (nina sina", cove) 4 26.82 mvs (60 mph, 88 15), so 42.71bE And the horizontal acceleration, ay . ofthe blades is Fim: ay = Fy [= —190,2/48.36 ~~4.19 m/sec? — 13.7 8/500? The blade would have taken off INTO the wind, but forthe quik thinking of the eld engineer! 32. An inventor proposes to use a rotating cylinder to produce lift in @ new wind energy vice, The cylinder will be D ~ 0.7§ m in diameter and will be 7 7.$ m high. Tt will solate with @ speed of a= 60 span. a) Recall that circulation around a cylinder is the integral of the tangential velocity about its perimeter. Show thatthe circulation is given by: FD oo20 Wind Eneray Explained ‘Hint: this is easiest done by using potar coordinates, by Find an expression for the lift per unit height around a rotating cylinder in terms of the fee stream wind velocity, U' (avs), the rotational speed, » (gpm) and the diameter, D (aa), of the eylinder ) Find the lift force produced by the cylinder inthe iaventor’s device in a 10 mus wind, SOLUTION a) The circulation is given by The air velocity atthe perimeter of the cylinder is: 2D'n oo bp Lift force per unit length is given by: E=pur, ged. wD n/60 ) Find the lift force produced by the cylinder in the inventor's device in a 10 avs wind Use: D= 0.75 m, H'~7.$ a high, a~ 60 rpm, E=pUr= pv: 160 228hen nom ofr mf? [Sore 60s /min ) =68N/m The total lift force is thus (68 Nimn\7-5 m) ~ S10N. 33. The operating conditions found at two different points of a blade on a wind turbine are (Table B.2) TableB2 Tocstion Wind velociyat’ Wind veloenyat Chord Chord Angle ofatack oR bade (a's) blade (9) @ @ 52.94 1a 461 3 s 5 ‘These conditions were determined at O°C (32°F), for which the kinematic viscosity is 1.38% 10° m/s, What are the Reynolds numbers found at each blade section?Problems a SOLUTION ‘The Reynolds number is defined as: Rea, where: 1 inthe kinematic viscosity of air, (is the velocity of airflow at airfoil and c isthe chord length. At 0°C (32°F) the kinemtatic viscosity of air is 1.33.10" m/s. The operating Reynolds numbers are, then: Location. oR Re 0.15 26 0.95 9826 3.4 8) Find & @, & and efor one blade section ftom r/R = 0.48 to r/R= 0.58 (centered on 0.50) for an ideal blade (assume C, =0, a =0)- Assume 27, ‘m, and 0 and the minimum C, /C; ossurs at @ ') Assume that C,/C, actually equals 0.02 forthe above blade section and thatthe five steam wind speed, U, equals 10 ms. Find Uj. dF jy. AF py. Fyq.€F yO, for the blade section. Don't forget to consider thatthe wind velosity is slowed down a the rotor. Use a= 1/3, a’ = 0, Assume the air density is 1.24 ke'm® (20C). ¢) For the same blade section find C,, a and a using the general strip theory method. (Gacluding angular momentum) Also find C;, cand a ifthe spm is increased such that 4 = 8. Ienore drag and tip loss. Use a graphical approach. Assume that the empisicl lit curve is C, = 01M3er+0.2 (a in degrees): ie. C)= 0.2 at x = 0 degrees, C= LO at = 7 depress. SOLUTION a) For 1 the section radius, , angle of relative wind, @ chord, c, section piteh, Op, and twist, 8, can be determines from: ‘where Op is the blade pitch angle atthe ti. The sesults of the calculations appear below.2 Wind Eneray Explained >) Using U(l-a)sing (3.64) 4S ptt ger (3.68) OF ~ Cy 4 pU,y"edr G66) aPy dF; 20894 4Fp sing 67 ef, = dF; sino oF; cose 6.68) do=BraF, in which €r= 0.1, the varius frees and torque a/R density is assumed to be p = 1.145 kgm? then: Ralaive wind @ dF; Fy a degrees N N 3555 15 137) 1703 ‘These forces and torques will be proportionally different af a different air density is assumed. ©) Strip theory requires that, for any given blade geometry: (cos, sing) =A sing ere sna) Ging 4, 2089) inwhicn a= Be/2a, 2, =(0/)A and 9= e+ 8p But the experimentally determined blade performance fixes the lift coefficient as a function of angle of attack? C= 0.1143@+02 ‘The geomety of the blade has been determined in part a). This defines @,. the seation pitch, The tip speed ratio is also a prescribed value, Thus there are two equations with two unknowns: C, and @, These can be solved graphically or numerically. Below isa table of the values of the experimentally determined lift coeflicients and those from the stipProblems and for 2 theory equation for 2 2 8, The angle of attack at which the experimentally determined lift coefficient equals that from strip theory isthe angle attack found in turbine operation. ‘The operating point ean also be found graphically: 1014 1028 1.040 1.081 1.061 1.970 1077 1.082 1086 1.089 1.091 1.091 1.089) 1.087 1.083 1.077 1071 1.068 1083 1.042 1.030 1.017 1.002 0.986 0.968 o.949 0.920 0.908 oss 0.860 0.83524 Wind Eneray Explained LR Coettcient 0 2 4 6 8 mw 2 4 Angle of Attack, degrees ther method giv 75 degrees, For 2 =8, C,=0.782, and =5.10 degrees. ‘The axial induction factor, a, ean be determined from: passin’ ofet ", e289) ‘This gives For 4 =7,a=0.338. For / =8,a=0.366. ‘Thus, the ideal blade section would have a slightly lower angle of attack than the 7 degrees used in the ideal analysis, a slightly lower lift coefficient and 2 higher axial induction actor, At the higher tip speed ratio, the angle of attacc and lift coefficient decrease compared to the design conditions and the axial induction factor increases. 35 a) Find 8, 0), O-, and c at all 10 locations (oR. R 10, 0.20, ..., 1.0) for the Betz optimum blade, Assume 2 = 7,8 0 and the minimum C, /¢, occurs at & ~ 7. ') Sketch the shape (planform) of the blade, assuming that all the quarter chords lie ona straight line. 6) Mlustrate the blade twist by drawing plausible atfbils with properly proportioned chord lengths, centered at the quarter chord chords for 7/R = 0.10, 0.50, 1.0. Be sure to show where the wind is coming from and what the dizecion of station is mand C,Problems 2s SOLUTION 8) For R= 0.10, 0.20, ony 10, the seston radios, rangle of relative wind, @ chor, €, seston pith, ey and tit, can be determined from: ra([RR A= (r/R p= tan(2/(2,)) -arsin 9/(3BC,A, ) 0-9-0 Op - Fe where 6s the blade pitch angle at the tip. The results of the calculations appear below. ‘Secon Section Angle of Section Section Chord, ¢ radius radius,r relative pitch, 8, wat, @>—(m) rR (wind, @ degrees erees) (deyees) o10~050~«4860~«NGSDS~*«RG~S~*«LCST6 020 «1002546846 2002s 030130 21081 os 040 2001339638 0462 oso 250078378 om oso 300 902,202 oma 0703500077505 0269 oso 4000 679-921 0236 090450 60-096 0210 Loo 30054 36 ons ') The retulting plan form, with the quarter chords lying ia a straight line appears below:26 Wind Eneray Explained to cs 10 45 20 25 30 35 40 6 80 Pasha. mse +) The blade twist, with the querter chords lying in a straight ine appears below: SS wire) Blade Twist Ilustration 6 Blades fora two-bladed wind turbine with #24 m diameter have been designed for @ Uip speed ratio of 10. The 12-meter blades have the geometric and operational parameters listed in Table B.3 for operation at the design tip speed ratio. The rotor was designed assuming C; = 1.0, a’ =0, no drag, and a= 13 using the methods outlined in the text for the design ofan eal rotor. “We want to know the rotor power coeficient for two assumed conditions: C ~ 0 and Cz = 0.02. Note tha the 0 equations that have been derived do-not serve our purpose here, Equation 3.90 requires a non-zero value for a’ and Equation 3.91 has also been dsrived using relationships between a and a’ that require nonzero values of Table BS Section Sechon Section Angleof Section Chord «| dias rade poh, 0, elatve —tost—() rR (mm) degrees wind, (egrees) gens)Problems 2 os oa aes en aa ois 1801696 96 205208 03s 07931493130 035420378078 697 as Sa 143 BST oss 66 © ous gst 30 oss 781d S86 2st ons 900-192 508. 04s oss lo20 2524809 o9s 1140-299 dor 0.20035 2) Starting with the definitions of the blade forces andthe definition of Cp [i200 Co = PlPaint T paRv derive as simple an equation as you can for the power coefficient, Cp, of an ideal Betz limit rotor. The equation should include both lft and drag coefficients and tip speed rato, aad should assume that a ~ 1/3. Ianore tip losses ’) Using the above equation find the rotor Cy at the design tip speed ratio assuming ‘that there is no drag (Cy ~ 0). How does this compare with the Betz limit? «For a first approximation of the effect of drag om rotor performance, find the Cp for the same rotor atthe design tip speed ratio assuming the moze realistic conditions that CyCy actually equals 0.02. Assume that the drag has no effect on the aerodynamics and that the operating conditions assumed forthe ideal rotor without drag apply. What effect does drag have on the rotor Cy, compared to the C assuming that C, = 0? SOLUTION 8) The power coefficient is defined as: fe iptv | Pms where dQ-BrdF:, B yh plin(C,sino~C,coso)erde ey Inserting this into the definition for Cp and simplifying:28 Wind Eneray Explained frente, sin g—c, cosg)er ar Given that: Up) =U0-aYsing oe and A= eR (23) orate Cycota)er dt ae sing ‘Because ais assumed to be 1/3 wf ifre. =C, eotg)erdt ce This can be approximated by a summation over i blade sections: yo (eine cota) 5 dr (Ee 6: o- b) Using the equation derived in part a) with Cy Sestion radius Local tip Angle of Local Ce PR speed ratio rel. wind Contribution 4, ° ace 005) os 18 0006 ous 13 2396 0018 025 25 1493 0.030 035 35 1078 0.041 04s, 45 843 0.083 055, 55 691 0.068 oss 68 386 0.077 07s 75 508 0.089 oss 85 44s oo1 095 5 401 04s Total Cp: 0.593, Ths, the C; for this rotor atthe éesign tip speed, if one assumes no drag, is equal to the Betz limit of 16/27 = 0.503, 'b) Using the equation derived in part a) with C,= 0.02:Problems 2» Sestion radius Localtip Angle of Local Cp PR speed ratio rel. wind Contibution da 2 Ce, 005 os 313 0.006 os 13 2396 0.017 025 25 1493 0.027 03s 35 1078 0.037 04s, 45 843 0.046 oss 55 691 0.084 068 68 586 0.062 075 75 503 0.069 oss, 35 443 0.075 095 08 401 0.081 Total Cp: 0.474 For Cy= 0.02 the Ce is 0.474, or 80% of the C> determined without drag. Thus, for tis simple approximation, 20% of the rotor power is dissipated in viseous drag with CC; 0.02, 3.7 The Better Wind Turbine Company wants to stat marketing wind turbines, The plans call for a 20 meter in diameter, three-bladed, wind turbine. The rotor is to have ite peake ower coefficient at a tip speed ratio of 6.5. The airfoil to be used bas @ lift coefficient of 1.0 and a minimum drag to lift ratio at an angle of attack of 7 degrees ‘You, as the new blade designer, are to come up with two blade shapes as a starting point for the blade design. One shape assumes that there are no losses and that there is no ‘wake rotation. The second desiga is based oa the optimum rotor shape assuming that there is wake rotation (but still no losses), Find the chord length, pitch, and twist at 10 stations of the blade, assuming that the blade extends right to the center of the rotor. How do the chord lengths and the twists ‘compare at the tip and atthe ianer three blade stations? SOLUTION a) For R= 0.05, 0.15, 0.5, 0.95, the section radius, r, angle of relative wind, © chord, ¢, section pitch, @,,and twist, @- for the Betz limit rotor without wake rotation can be determined from0 Wind Eneray Explained r=(/RIR (Ry @=tan-t(2/(92,)) e=8msing/38C)4,) where @p. isthe blade pitch angle atthe tip. The angle of the relative wind, the chord, and the piteh can be determined for each blade location, The twist can only be determined once ‘the pitch is detemmined atthe very end of the blade, For the rotor with wake rotation the same formulas apply except that: = (4)an“yA,) c= 5 (1-c0s0) ‘The results of the caleulations for the Betz rotor without wake rotation are: Section Section radius Chon Seaton Angleaf ———‘Sechon radius r ¢ pitch, 6, relative wind, twist, Op oR @) (on) (degrees) (degrees) _Geares) 0.05 0s 3.86 57.01 6491 35.15 ous 15 2az 2736 3436 2551 025 25 1.63 1531 2231 16.45 035 35 121 933 1633, 1048 oss: 45 oss 584 st 698 oss ss 079 356 10.56 47 0.65 68 047 197 397 3 075 78 08 079 19 193 os 85 ost 0.12 6.88 102 09s 9s os 6.16 oat 1 10 oad 5.36 0.00 ‘The results of the ealeulations for the Betz rotr with wake rotation are: ‘Section Secon radius Chont Section _Angleof __Seation radius r ¢ pitch, @, relative wind, @ twist, @- oR my (an) (degrees) (degrees) __ (degrees) 0.05 os 129 41.00 45.00 4217 os 1s 174 23.48 30.48 2465Problems a 028 2s 140 14.07 2107 1524 oss 3s iat 882 1582 9.99 0s 4s oot S38 128 675 oss 38 0.76 3a 1042 439 06s 6s 06s 188 388, 3.05 os 1S 037 073 73 1.90 oss 8s ost “0.16 684 101 0.95 os 06 “0.87 63 030 1 10 043 207 5.83 0.00, At the tip the chord fengths and twist are almost the same. At the inner three blade sections the twist and chord of the Betz limit blade increase rapidly asthe radius decreases, ‘The blade desiga that assumes Wake rotation has @ maximum chord length at /R = 0.15 that is much less than that of the other blade. It also as increasing twist at the radius decreases, but the twist i less than the Betz limit blade. 3.8 The Better Wind Turbine Company wants to stat marketing wind turbines, Their plans call fora turbine that produces 100 KW ia a 12 m/s wind at a cold site (22.8°C, -9-F) with an air density of 1.41 kim’, They have decided on a 20 meter in diameter, three-biaded, wind turbine. The rotor is to have its peak power coefficient ata tip speed ratio of 7 in a 12, ‘as wind. The aifol tobe used has a lit coefficient of 1.0 and a minimum drag to lift satio atan angle of attack of 7 degrees. ‘8) You, as the new blade designer, are to come up with the blade shape as a starting point for the blade design. The design is tobe based on the optimum rotor shape assuming ‘that there is wake rotation (out n0 drag or tip losses). Find the chord length, piteh, and twist at 9 stations ofthe blade (each 1 m long), assuming that the lb occupies the inner tenth of the sot, +b) Determine the rotor Cp assuming Cy = 0. Again determine the power coefficient assuming that the drag coefficient is 0.02, and that the aerodynamies are the same as the condition without any drag. How much povver is lost due to drag? Which part of the blade produces the most power? ©) Does it look like the chosen design is adequate to provide the povier that the Better Wind Turbine Company wasts? SOLUTION 8) For riR = 0.15, 0.28, « 0.95, the section radius, r, angle of relative wind, 9, chord, , section pitch, 8, and twist, 6, for the optimum rotor with wake rotation can be determined from:2 Wind Eneray Explained = ae A, =b/RY. = anty2,) be o- Fey lt-eose) oe 8 = 85-85 Where 6,5 is the blade piteh angle at the tip. The angle ofthe relative wind, the chord ‘and the pitch can be determined for each blade location. The twist can only be determined fonce the pitch is determined at the Very end of the blade. The results of the caleulations appear below ‘Section radius Section radius Chord Section Angle of Section WR 7 © pitch, 8, relative twist, @- a) (im) (egrees) wind, @ (egress) (degrees) bas 1S 1342207 2907 2368 bas 28 188 1283 19831441 oss 3s 124 7.80 4809.38 bas 4s 097 4747632 oss ss 07 27 8m 429 os 65 066 1260826 os 7s 0s? 01979 oss 3s oa 636 0.94 pas os as 570 028 1 10 039 $420.00 +) The power coefficient can be determined from: Wa Vf sin? p{coso-7, sing\sing +, coselt(C, /C; jeat 742, where 2, = 20 ~(r/RV.Problems 3 The results for the two assumptions are tabulated below vR Ce cP C= 0.00 ©, Is 015 028 0028 0358 0.040 4S 0.082 Oss 0064 065 0.076 075 0.088 08s 0.100 09s 0112 Total 0576 ‘When wake rotation is included, the power coefficient is slightly less thaa the Betz limit ‘when the drag is assumed to be ze10. If the drag is assumed to be 0.02, the C+ is only 85.6% of the value if the drag is zero. The contributions to the total C from each sestion indicate thatthe outer part of the blade produces the majority of the power. ‘) The expected power ean be calculated from Cp bate? AL22.8°C the density of dry air at standard atmospheric pressure is 1.41 kein’, The swept area is 314.2 m. Assuming tht the turbine Ce is 0.493 (including realistic drag), the rotor ower would be 188.7 kW. Even with tip losses, losses due to a more easily manufactured nor-ideal shape, and mechanical and electrical losses, the turbine would easily meet the design criteria 39 A two-bladed wind turbine is designed using one of the LS-I family of airfoils, The 13 1m long blades for the turbine have the following specifications (Table B.4). Table B4 LS-1 Aufl Blade Geometry TR Secon Radius chord (wast @) (x) _GGesrees) 0s (06s 100 13.000 ors 198 Loo 11.000 100 9.000 035 Loo 7.000 as 585 087 5.000fa Wind Eneray Explained os Ts on 3400 06s bas oe 2200 ons 975 ose 1.400 oss oso? 0.700 oss, 042 0.200 Note: dg ~-1.97 dessees (pitch atin) Assume that the airfoil’: aerodynamics characteristics ean be approximated as follows (note, a isin degrees) For @ <21 degrees: ©; = 0.42625 + 0.11628 a ~0.00063973, For @ > 21: €, =095 Cg = 0.011984 + 0,00019972 2 + 0.00010332." For the midpoint of section 6 (1/R = 0.58) ind the following for operation ata tip speed ratio of 8: a) angle of attack, a; b) angle of relative wind, @ €) C, and C,; d) the local comtibutions to Cy . Ignore the effects of tip losses 871210 a? ~4.2576x10% 4 SOLUTION a) The angle of attack (7) can be determined by equating the lift coefficient fiom the ‘measured C; for the blade with the lift coefficient required by strip theory. From experiment For 2 < 21 degrees: Cy = 0.42625 + 0.11628 a -0.00063973, For @ > 21: €, =095 ‘From strip theory. for each section: 8.71210 a? ~4.2876«10%@* G),=4sing, Cees es) @, "Ging, +2, 6089, ‘The pitch, local solidity, and local tip speed ratio for the center of each section are determined from: 8; +8e5 where Op ~ blade pitch angle atthe tip. = BofamProblems r/R) 38 ‘The simultaneous equatioas can be solved graphically, iteratively, or mumesically, The graphical solution is illustrated below 40 45 50 55 ‘A umerical solution for the lit coefficient gives: 108 Sipe] — Arb Data 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 Wo Sirip Theory 0.988622, 1.1103. 1.23256 1.33581 141894 1.48322 1.52832 15843 4.56122 154914 1sI811 1.46819 1.39042 431.4 4.20881 108084 0.936697 0.774296 0.593272 0.393653, Likcuve 0541799 osos0is 0655486 o7naza 0.766635 os21019 0.874469 0.926871 0.978106 1.02805 1.07656 112382 1.16876 121214 1.2535 1.29268 1.52951 1.3638 1.39838 1.4240636 Wind Eneray Explained 1 075162, Tas By either method, the operating angle of attack is 7.84 degrees ata tip speed ratio of 8. ) From the blade geometry @-@+2- and 8, ~ 9; +8p.. Thus for section 6 the angle of the relative wind (p ) is 9.27 degrees. «) C; and C,: From the equations for the lift and drag coefficients, C; = 1.24 and Cy = 020, ‘d) The local contribution to C, can be determined from ? 9, (cos 9; — 2, sin 9, sing, + 2, 608 0, [{}ore. pe Plugging in the angle of the relative wind and the local tip speed ratio, the local contribution to Cp #8 0.087 310 This problem is based on the blades used for the UMass wind machine WF-1. Refer to Table BS forte blade geometry at specific lotion along the blade. There is no airfoil below r/R = 0.10 In addition, aote that forthe NACA 4415 airfoil: for ar < 12 degrees: C= 0.368 + 0.09424, Cy =0.00094 + 0.000289 4 +0.0001085 a7 (note, a is in degrees). Ractive: 4.983 m (1625 f); No. of blades: 3; Tip speed rato: 7; Rated wind speed: 11.62 mis (26 ‘up, The pith atthe tip is: > = -2 degrees 8) Divide the blade into 10 sections (but assume that the hb occupies the innennost 110). For the midpoint of each section find the following: i) angle of tack, ci) angle of relative wind, 95 ii) Cy and Cy; i) the loca contributions toC> and thrust. Include the effects of tip loses ') Find the overall power coeficiet. How much power would the blades produce a 11.62 mm/s (26 mp)? Include drag and tip losses. Assume an air density of 1.23 ke/ar. Table B.S WF-1 Airil Geometry TR Radius Radius Chord Chord Twat @. @, a, @ (ogre 01016 0495 135 ~~(O4IL 450 020325 0991 1s 0485 236 030488 1461250388 157 040 650 1981 02 ott os oso a3 247 gs 7 060 975 292078 45 070 3834670 27 08 150039820 14 0906s 4aSS dS 03, 0.40Problems 2 1001625 os clr 00 SOLUTION a) The physical measurements for the blade is given for each 1/10 of the blade radius. The blade radius (7), chord (e), twist (8; ),piteh (2, ), local solidity (<2), and local tip speed ratio (2, ) must all be determined for the center of each blade section to be used in the caleulation, interpolation from the given data gives:38 Wind Eneray Explained Seailon Section Seetion Section Sestion Section Seaton Radius, radius radius twist Chord Chord rR _r(®) rim) 8; (eg) ¢(R) ea) T 005 081 ub ub ub 2 018248 3830 1405 0.428 3 028 406 2065 1.360 0.415 4 038 569 13.08 1.140 0.347 5 045731 899 0.938 0.288 6 055 8.94 395 0.790 0.241 7 065 1056 3.60 0.680 0.207 8 075 1219 208 0.590 0.180 9 08s 1381 99 0.500 0.152 10 098 1844 020 0.400 0.122 Tip 11625 0.09 0.350 0.107 The pitch, local solidity, and local tip speed tatio for the center of each section are determined from: Op ~ 8, +835 = Beja A, = AiR) ‘The results ofthe calculations are ‘Seilion Seoton Local Local ip Section radius solidity speed piteh mR a’ ratio, 4,8, deg 700s ib abd 2 AS 0278 Los 3830. 3 023 O16) 781868 4 350098 2451105 5 aS 00st 51S 8.90) 6 OSS 002-385 3.05 7 06S Gus 4881.60. 8 7S am2s $280.0. 9 08S 0017 S88 LI 10095 ap12 66s 1.80 tpt 7.00 00Problems 2° The angle of attack («) can be determined by equating lift coefficient fiom the measured ; forthe blade with the lift coefficient required by strip theory. From experiment: ¢) =0368- 0.09820 From strip theory: (c0s9,-4,, sing.) Ging, +, 6059,) weir ca 0-8, +a C4, -4F sing, where where ‘The simultaneous equetions ean be solved graphically, iteratively, or numerically. The sraphieal solution is illustrated below. The curves for /-8, 9, and 10 cross the airfoil lit curve in two places, The right-hand intersection points 1) provide a solution in which the angles of attack vary smoothly along the airfoil, and 2) yield axial induction factors that are Jess than 1/2, a requirement of momentum theory. A caleulstion shows that 1eft band intersection points yield solutions with axial induction factors muuch greater thaa 1/2 18 Lit coetigent 4203 4 5 6 7 8 8 wo Angle of attack, degrees0 Wind Eneray Explained A detailed look atthe graph follows: Lit coetcent 40 45 50 55 60 85 70 75 80 85 90 Angle of attack, degrees ‘Numerical sotution gives Section UR a.des_C; Cy -*F odes 1 00S bub bud hue hub hub 2 01S 499 0.838 0.0139 1.000 38.29 3 025 $99 0.932 0.0153 1.000 24.64 4 038 667 0997 0.0164 1.000 17.72 5 045 6.98 1.025 0.0159 1.000 13.88 6 055 734 1088 ©0175 0899 11.29 7 085 7.81 1.104 0.0184 0.995 9.4L 8 0.75 8.04 1.125 0.0188 0.982 809 9 085 8.17 1.138 0.0191 0.926 7.07 0095 7.63 1.087 0.0181 0.696 5.83 rete cautions Cyan at tate deze om ‘B44, ) > ee) Js eeore, zane Ione +c con| (Ete