Module B:
Air Quality
Sources,Transport/Transformation,
Receptor & Control Technology
Manoranjan Sahu
ESED, IIT Bombay
Email: [email protected]
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Today’s Learning Objective !
1. To learn about air pollution as a system
2. To understand sources of air pollutants & their
variability
AIR POLLUTION SYSTEM
(Source-Transport-Receptor
(STR)
Receptors
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AIR POLLUTION SYSTEM
CONTROL
STRATEGIES
TRANSPORT &
TRANSFORMATION
RECEPTORS
https://airpollutionthailand.com
Types of Air Pollutants
Major primary pollutants produced by
human activity include:
•Primary air pollutants - Materials that when released
pose health risks in their unmodified forms or those
emitted directly from identifiable sources.
•Secondary air pollutants - Primary pollutants interact
with one another, sunlight, or natural gases to produce
new, harmful compounds
Major Air Pollutants
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Major Classes of Air Pollutants: Criteria Pollutants
• Particulate Material
• Nitrogen Oxides
• Sulfur Oxides
• Carbon Oxides
• Lead
• Ozone
• Others such as hydrocarbons
Criteria air pollutants
1. Nitrogen Dioxide: NO2
o brownish gas, irritates the respiratory system
o originates from combustion (N2 in air is oxidized)
o NOx sum of NO & NO2
2. Ozone: ground level O3
o primary constituent of urban smog
oCO/HCs + NOx+ light O3 + PAN
(Peroxyacetyl nitrate)
3. Carbon monoxide: CO
o reduces bloods ability to carry O2
o product of incomplete combustion
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Criteria air pollutants
4. Lead: Pb
o cause learning disabilities in children , toxic to liver,
kidney, blood forming organs
o tetraethyl lead – anti knock agent in gasoline;
leaded gasoline has been mostly phased out
5. Particulate Matter: PM10 (and PM2.5)
o respiratory & cardiovascular disorders
6. Sulfur Dioxide: SO2
o formed when fuel (coal, oil) containing S is burned
and metal smelting
o precursor to acid rain along with NOx
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Secondary Pollutant: Ozone
•Ozone (O3) is a highly reactive gas composed of three
oxygen atoms.
•It is both a natural and a man-made product that occurs in the
Earth's upper atmosphere (the stratosphere) and lower
atmosphere (the troposphere).
•Tropospheric ozone – what we breathe -- is formed primarily
from photochemical reactions between two major classes of air
pollutants, volatile organic compounds (VOC) and nitrogen
oxides (NOX).
Secondary Pollutant: PAN and Aerosol Mist
Smog is caused by the interaction of some hydrocarbons
and oxidants under the influence of sunlight giving rise to
dangerous peroxy acetyl nitrate (PAN).
Aerosols and mists (H2SO4)
Aerosols and mists are very fine liquid droplets that
cannot be effectively removed using traditional packed
scrubbers. These droplets can be formed from gas phase
hydrolysis of halogenated acids (HCl, HF, HBr), metal
halides, organohalides, sulfur trioxide (SO3), and
phosphorous pentoxide (P2O5).
National Ambient Air Quality Standard by CPCB
Time
Concentration in Ambient Air
Weighted
Average Industrial, Ecologically
Sr. No. Pollutant
Residential, Sensitive Area
Methods of Measurement
Rural & (notified by Central
Other Area Government)
Sulphur Dioxide (SO2), Annual* 50 20 Improved West & Gaeke
1
µg/m3
24 hours** 80 80 Ultraviolet fluorescence
Modified Jacob &
Annual* 40 30
Hochheiser (Na-
Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2),
2
µg/m3 24 hours** 80 80 Arsenite)
Chemiluminescen ce
Particulate Matter Annual* 60 60 Gravimetric
3 (size less than 24 hours** 100 100 TOEM
10µg) or PM10 µg/m3 Beta attenuation
Particulate Matter Annual* 40 40 Gravimetric
(size less than 24 hours** 60 60 TOEM
4
2.5µg) or PM2.5 Beta attenuation
µg/m3
8 hours* 100 100 UV photometric
3
5 Ozone (O3) µg/m 1 hour** 180 180 Chemilminescence
Chemical Method
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National Ambient Air Quality Standard…
Annual* 0.5 0.5 AAS/ICP method after sampling on
3 24 hours** 1 1 EPM 2000 or equivalent filter paper
6 Lead (Pb) µg/m
ED-XRF using
Teflon filter
8 hours* 2 2 Non Dispersive Infra Red (NDIR)
7 Carbon Monoxide (CO) mg/m3
1 hour** 4 4 spectroscopy
Annual* 100 100 Chemilminescence
8 Ammonia (NH3 ) µg/m3
24 hours** 400 400 Indophenol blue method
Gas chromatography based continuous
Adsorption &
9 Benzene (C6 H6 ) µg/m3 Annual* 5 5
Desorption followed by GC
analysis
Benzo(a)Pyrene Solvent extraction followed by HPLC /GC
10 Annual* 1 1
(BaP) - particulate phase only, analysis
AAS/ICP method after sampling on
11 Arsenic (As), ng/m3 Annual* 6 6
EPM 2000 or equivalent filter paper
3 AAS/ICP method after sampling on
12 Nickel (Ni), ng/m Annual* 20 20
EPM 2000 or equivalent filter paper
* Annual arithmetic mean of minimum 104 measurements in a year at a particular site
taken twice a week 24 hourly at uniform intervals.
** 24 hourly or 08 hourly or 01 hourly monitored values, as applicable, shall be
complied with 98% of the time in a year. 2% of the time, they may exceed the limits
but not on two consecutive days of monitoring.
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Concept of Air Quality Index (AQI)
Air Quality Air Quality Index Protect Your Health
Good 0-50 No health impacts are expected when
air quality is in this range.
Moderate 51-100 Unusually sensitive people should
consider limiting prolonged outdoor
exertion.
Unhealthy for 101-150 Active children and adults, and
Sensitive Groups people with respiratory disease, such
as asthma, should limit prolonged
outdoor exertion.
Unhealthy 151-200
Active children and adults, and
people with respiratory disease, such
as asthma, should limit prolonged
outdoor exertion, everyone else,
especially children should limit
prolonged outdoor excertion.
Very Unhealthy 201-300 Active children and adults, and
(Alert) people with respiratory disease, such
as asthma, should limit prolonged
outdoor exertion everyone else,
especially children, should limit
outdoor exertion.
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Where Does Air Pollution Come From?
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Secondary Sources
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Prescribed fires (anthropogenic)
Rim High School,
Lake Arrowhead
Agricultural fires in
Punjab/Haryana
http://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/crop-burning-punjab-haryana-s-killer-fields-55960
Aerosol from Human Activity
E-coli
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Sources of Air Pollution
•Natural Sources –Volcano, forest fire, dust storms
•Anthropogenic Sources - created by human beings
-Stationary sources
• Point sources (Industrial processing, power plants,
fuels combustion etc.)
• Area sources (Residential heating coal gas oil, on
site incineration, open burning etc.)
- Mobile sources
• Line sources (Highway vehicles, railroad
locomotives etc.)
Air Pollutants:
Any substance occurring in the atmosphere that may have adverse
effects on humans, animals, plant life, and/or inanimate materials.
Sources of PM10 in Indian cities
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(CPCB report, 2011)
NOx sources in Indian cities
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(CPCB report, 2011)
SO2 sources in Indian cities
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(CPCB report, 2011)
Air pollution sources in Mumbai
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(NEERI report, 2010)
Source attribution based on total PM
emissions
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(NEERI report, 2010)
PM10 vehicular sources in
Mumbai
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(CPCB report, 2011 & NEERI report, 2010)
Sources in NCR Delhi
26 ARAI Report, 2018
Cininnati, USA -24 City Study
(Sahu et al., 2011)
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Cininnati -24 City Study for 10 years
Main Sources:
1. Metal Processing
2. Combustion sulfate
3. Traffic sources
4. Wood burning
5. Secondary sulfate
6. Soil/Crustal
(Sahu et al., 2011)
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Cininnati -24 City Study for 10 years
(Sahu et al., 2011)
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Indoor air pollutants and sources
● Criteria pollutants – e.g. CO, NO2 and PM2.5
(cookstoves and heater smoke)
● Household chemicals (e.g. detergents and
household cleaners, aerosol sprays, shoe
polish, paints, glues etc.)
● Cigarette smoke
● Outdoor pollutants infiltrating indoors
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Indoor air pollutants and sources
Sahu et al., 2011
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Indoor air pollutants and sources
32 Sahu et al., 2011
Spatial and Temporal distribution
● Spatial variation – on which scale?
o local urban area/city level
o state or national level
o regional or global level
● Temporal variation – again on what time resolution?
o hourly basis
o daily basis
o weekday basis
o seasonal basis
o annual basis
o diurnal basis
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Outdoor PM10 distribution across India
Spatial distribution on National scale
(Mukherjee et al., 2017)
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Spatio-temporal variation: PM10 in major Indian cities (Six-
cities study)
Spatial distribution on national scale; Temporal distribution annual
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(Gargava & Rajagopalan, 2016)
Outdoor PM10 distribution across the globe
Spatial distribution on global scale
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(WHO, 2011)
What is acid Rain? Air Pollution and
Health
What can I do?
Clean and Dirty Gases
Air
