ics - IIB

cft 'g
ffi $s Circ$e

"Afi'mun's miseries derive flom not beiig able to sit

quietty in a'room alone"
I ,
j*
-BlalteFsssgj

{uttroduetEe}ft

In this chapter, we shall discuss the angle

between two intersecting circles and obtain a
,-ondition for their orthogonality' Also, we shall learn

about the radical axis of two circles, its properties,

.ommon chord, common tangent of two circles and
:he radical centre.
trtelB*sglv
(ca- 83 ' 161)
2"t Amgtr*,hetwe*xr €w* tx*er**cfimg *I H
holemy, was a Greek'EgYPtian
mathematician, geograPher,
We have lcarnt that two circles will intersect
astronomer, antl ustrologer who
:ach other if the distance between their centres lies flourished in Alexandria, Roman
Egypt.The first notable value of n
retween the absolute value of the difference of their
after thnt of Archirnedes, was given
:adii and the sum of their radii' For such circles we by Ptolemy of Alexandria, as 377/
12a i.e., 3.1416. His famous book
:efine the angle between them, I
was Almngest.
 EO :, l:l::,rt r
Im
:!l
Mathemafics, -
System

2.1.n Definition
thei
inwseeqtng circles is defined
at the p o int of inte r s e ct ion
Prcof: I
Fis,2.l)
., C, = (-g, -
tke circles at P
Bvl

1.1.2 Nmtc'

If two circles S = O S' = 0 intersect at P andQthenthe angle betv.een ;h: nco circles at
the points P and Q are equal.
1.e.,
?'["3"]'i;**v'r:'u4:lf (i) cncrarethecentresoftwo given intersectirtg
circks t;i) d =ctcz
(iii) rn rrare radiiof these circres (iv) 0 is the angle betweenthese
circles, ther
,-"{"j-j ,\t;ir
cos g =
az :^t *'?
2r112 l. Problcn
itro*f : Let P be a point of intersection of two given circles. Let the
tangents drawn to two circres at p intersect the line joining
the centres
at T, and T, (see Fig. 2.2). Then ZT,pT, 0. \:rinxi"irrfi : Hr
=
Consider ZCFC2 = ZCrWr+ ZTrpC, Ler0b

= 900+900*0
= 1800-0
From AC,pC, we have

ClC; = C,p2 + Crp, _2(C1p) (Crp) coszC,pC,

i.e., dz = r? + r|* 2rrrrcos(lg0o _ 0) Hence tl
:. Ilrobtern:
coso =
d'*t--'?
2r1r2
and
Note that cos 0 is independent of the point of
intersection (coordinates of the point of intersection
are not involved). Therefore, the angle is 45, fin
at e is also equal to 0.
2, 1.4 'l"h*,* t, r:urz ' If 0 is the angle beween t,,!r:{$(qff: FIer€
the intersecting circles
f+yr+Zgx+Zfy+c=0 Given tl
... (1)
and *+yr+2g,x+2f,y+c,=0 ;.
...(2) By Th
3 .. .':;.,: iit:: l,iit;,,",,:,ii,:li:,,t..',:r',, i:,i,, ::, l:ill,l'' ::,' r"'

dcs - IF fl System of Circles

81

cos0 =

(1) and (2)' Then

Pr*of cr c, be the centles and r,, r, be the radii of the two given circles
: Let
fz= g,2 + f,2'_ c,
C, = (-g, -f); Cz= ?g',-f ); 'r= ,lgz fz
.
+

By Theorern 2.1.3, we have

,.'f
^ = j:- Y +(f'-
(s'- g\2 - - -(g2 + fz -c)-(g'2 + f'2 -c')
coso
z'[i' * f' -' f, e'' * f'' *''
rcles at c+c'*2gg'-2fr'
i.e.,
z,[F;V -" J{'+ fa -c'
=CtCz
sti:t
J" f, "S $*r[+:*i{ $':.,,irie

1. Pro"rrtem: Finrl tirc angle between the circles

...(1)
f+y'+4x-14Y+28=0
..,(2)
*+y'*4x-5=0
\qri,;{i6rrr:He;e g =2; f =1; c=28; 8' =2; f'=0; C =*5'
Let0betheanglebetweenthecircies(1)and(2).ThenbyTheorem2.l.4.wehave
* - 2(2) (2) - 2(-1) (0)
coso=ffi 28 s

= ll2
.'. 0 = 60o'

Hence the angle between the two given

circles (1) and (2) is 60"'

2. Xlroblem; if the angle between the circles

... (1)
+y'- 12x-6Y + 41 * =0
...(2>
and. *+Y'+kx+6Y-59=Q
is 45' find k
nt of intersecdon I
i
l
L

il
,..lrrrt{r*r: Here. g=*6; f=-3; c=41; 8'=ri f'=3; c'=-59'
Giventhat 0=45o.
... (1 )
.'. BY Theorem2.l.4,we have
...(2)
i
(

(
 Mathematics - IIB

4t-59*2(-6) ,Lr.9 Ti
cos45o =
tii tf t
rept

(ii) ,/ S
I'W.r
,lz kug

k=t4.

.i) Ler p
Consi,

Cnnditian f'or nr{trogonality

Irt the two intersecting circles be given by Clearl;

* +y'+2gx+2fy
c=0 +
...(l) Further
and f+yr+2g,x+2f,y+c,=0 S-S'=
...(2)
These two circles are orthogonal ffi, I€t (l)

cr @=o (By Theorem 2.1.4)

Conside

fz -, ,l s', + f,2 - r,
2rl sz +
i.e.,
c+ 2(gg'+ff\=c+c'.
Thus, the condition for orthogonality of the two
p(xr,!)
intersecting circles (1) and (2) is

2Gg'+ff') = c+c,
The slopr
2.I.8 F,lote

(i) Two intersecting circles are orthogonal

d and only if the sqwre of the distance between their Thus the i

centres is equal to the sum of the squares of their radii. contact

In this case, a tangent of one circle at the o1
pctint of intersection will be normal to the other
circle and hence it passes thruuglt the centre of the l0 Theore
other circle.
firf
(ii) If two circles are orthogonal, then & - ,? + r| where d is the distance betwem thc centres of the s
circles and r, rrare their radii.
and

L
 83
IIB
1.1.9 'fheoreilt

(i) if s=0 s'=0 aretTvocirclesintersectingattwodistinctpoirtts,thens-s'= 0 (ors'-s=0)

represents a common chord of these circles.

(it) d S=0 S' =0aretwocirclestouching,eachother,thenS -S'= 0(orS' -S=0) isacommon

tangent.

l:":i' : Let

+y2+Zgx+2fy+c=0 ...(1)
S = x2

+2g'x +2f'y+ c' =0 ...(2)

:nd S' = x2 + y2

(i) Let P(.r,,)1), Q(xr,.Y2) be the points of intersection of (1) and (2)'

Consider S * S'=

2(S-g')x+2(f-f')Y*(c-c')=Q "'(3)
Clearly the points B Q lie on (3), since S,, = 0, Szz = 0, S',, = 0, S'zz = 0'

Further, the equation (3) is linear in x and -v and hence it represents a line. 'fherefore
...(1)
S - S' = 0 is the equation of common chord of circies (1) and (2).
...(2)
ii) Let (1) and (2) touch each other at P(xr, )1)

ConsiderS-S'=0
i.e., 2(S-S)x+2(f-f')y*(c-c')=S "'(3)

P(.x,, ),) is a point gn (3) and it represents a line and the slope of (3) i. = -Ffr
t'+ f
The slope of the line joining the centres of the circles = -| '
-8'+8
Thus the line given by (3) is perpendicular to the line of centres and it passes through
the point of
rcen their contact of the two circles. Hence it is a common tangent'
rcle at the
; i.10 'I'heorem
ntre of the
1) If
S = .r2 +f +Zgx+Zfy-rc=O ...(1)
ures of the
and
L lx+my +n =0 ...(2)
=
 MathemAfius:,.I8 Systemrof.(
are the equations of a'circle and a straight
line respectivery intersecting each other;
then
,S+ftL= 0representsacirclepassingthrought$zOointsolintersectionof
S=0 and L=0 forall 2.Lll Note
real idlues of k.
(i) The equ
(ii\ If
that }v *
.T
= I +y2+2gx+2fy+c-0
... (1)
and (ii) Ifk=*]
circles S
S' = * +f +Zg,x+Zg,y + c, =0
(ru) If thc cit
... (3)
are the equations of two intersecting
circles, L and p are any real runtbers ,s _,s,
such tha )" + p * 0, = (
then 2",s + 1ts' =0 represents a circle passing
ir.. through the pointsof iwersection of(t)and(3). 2.1.12 Solver
Proof
I. Problem; ff
(i) f"et P(x,, )1) be one of the points of intersection
of (l) and tZ). the circles

Clearly for any real number ft

and
passes,hrough,:#1*l:;:;:;*::,:::::;;,numberft
(probtem 10 of 1.1.7) Solution : I,et tb
(ii) t-et
L = S*S,=0 Then theci
...(4)
By Theorem 2.1.9 (i)and (ii), L is the ... Byappt;
cortmon chord or tangent.
Consider
and
l,S + pS,= 0

where 1,, p are any real numbers such that

l, + p* 0
Given that tl
clearly itpasses through thepoints of intersection
of (1) and (3). Furtherequation (5)
is equivalent to

S+&L = 0
Solving (4), q

where k= -iH
uu'
Now s *' o'=o *o*r1* rs + ps'= 0 represents a circre. Hence the theorem. Thus the equr
"ro*,hence

,,ffffi"{,!mNr
L-r* | System of Circles

wr, then
2,I.Il Notc
0 Jbrall
(t)TheequailonxS+IrS,=0canalsobewrittenosS+kS,=0.For,sinceL+sl"*0,wecanassurne
k5' =0where p =Y- * -l'
thatL* canexpress)'S + pS' = 0by S +
0andhencewe

...(1) (11)Ifk=-lthens+kS,=S*S,=0representsalinepassingthroughthepointsofintersectionofthe
this case it is the comm'on
chord'
circles S -- 0 andS' = 0' ln
of intersection coincide' then
s = 0 and s' = 0 touch each other i'e'' the points
... (3)
(i11) If the circles
to the circles'
S - S' = 0 is a common tangent
),+ p *0,
2"L12 Solved Probltms
1) snd(3).
il"Prohlenq:Findtheequationofthecirclewhichpassesthrough(1,1)and.cutsorthogonnl$eachof
the circles
+ t6=O "'(I)
i +y'-8x- 2Y

and
...(2)
,?+y'-4x-4Y-1=0'
of the required circle be
Solution : Let the equation ...(3)
* +f +2gx+2{Y + c=O
to (1) and (2)'
Then the circle (3) is orthogonal
given in2'l'7 ' we get
... (4) .'. By applying the condition of orthogonality
...(4)
zs(a\ +zfl-l) = c+16
and
...(s)
...(s)
2s{A)+2fl-2) = c-l
passing through(l' 1)
Given that the circle (3) is
t2 +12 +2SO)+2fl1)* c=0
t5) ...(6)
2g+2f+c+2=O'
i

... (6)' Solving (4), (5) and (6) fot

g' f and c' we get
't 23
s=-;, f ="i,c=-5
circle is
Thus the equation of the required
lhe theorem. lG +f)-l4x+23Y-15=O'

t
 $ystem of
Prolrlem : Find the equation of the circle which
is otthogonal to each of thefoyowing
$ i three circles
If the

*+f+7x+6y+lt=0
...(Z)
and *+f-x+22y+3=e
...(3)
soluti*rn ; [,et the equation of the required circle i.e.,
be
*+f +Zgx+Zfy+c =O i.e.,
...(4)
since this circle is o*hogonal to (l), (2)
and (3), by applyrng the condition
of orthogonality given Hence
in?.l.7,we have

2(ilQ).r(fr(*) =c+4
...(5) 4, Problem I
5)\
u1z
+2(f)(3)=c+ lI
and
"*(i) ...(6)

and (1, 2

zcr\n)= c*3 Solution; Tht

"t{-*).
Solving(5),(6)and(7) for g,
,..(7)
f, c weget g=_3, f =*}mds=_{4.
Ifit passr
Thus the equarion oftherequiredcircle
."9 is * +f - O* _ 4y _ M=0.
ly'ftrcnl+ru t If the straight line representedby
*^# i.e.,
xcosd+ysind=p i.e.,
... (1)
intersects the circle
il; Hence the
I
;i
l+f=fi
Ll
il at the points A and B, then show that i.e.,
the equation of the circle with
rj. TE as diamcter is
:.
I @ + f - & - 2p(x cos a + y sin d- p) = 0.
solution : The equation of the circle passing through
ttre points A and B is (by Theorem
2.1. 10(i)) L 1. Findti
(*+f -a2)+1,(xcosc+ysincr-p) = 0 b G)ft
Gil *+
f l.cosc \
(-*, '-l,sinc
,I (iii) ,r3 +

(iv) * +
 .rrB I System of Circles
'rt :r'

rcles If the circle given by (3) has [E ur diameter then the centre of it must lie on (l).
...(1)
Lcosa Lsina
...(2\ - 2 (cosd) -;-(sina) = P.

...(3)
1.o., -| t.or'o + sin2 o) =p

...(4)
i.e., l.-
'given Hence the equation of the required circle is

(* + yz - az) - 2p (x coso + y sin s-p) = 0.

...(5)
.v : -
4, Frolrlesr ; Find the equation of the circle passing through the points of intersection of the circles

i+f-8x-6y+2t=o ...(l)
...(6) * +f -2x- 15 = 0 ...(2)
and(1,2).

$*iuti*n I Theequationof circlepassingthroughthepointsof intersectionof (1)and(2)is

...(7)
(i + y2* 8x- 6y + Zt) + + y2 - 2x - 15) = 6 ...(3)
^.(f
If it passes through (1, 2), we obtain

(1 + 4- 8 - 12 + 2l) +1"(1 + 4- 2- t5) =0

i.e., 6+1.(-12)=0

...(1)
i.e., 7u = ll2
Hence the equation of the required circle is

(* + y2- 8;- 6y + 2t),2

* | f* + f - 2x *15) = g
...(2)
i.e., 3(i +f)* l8x- IZy +27 =0.

(i)) I. 1. Find /r if the following pairs of circles are orthogonal

x,
...(3) d' G)*+f +2by-k=0, *+f +2ax+B=0.
(ii) -f +f -6r-8y+12=0, *+f-4r+6y+ft=0
(iii) "f +f -5x-t4y-34= 0, *+f +2r+4y+k=0
(iv) l+y2+4x+8=0, *+y2- l6y+,t=0

{
 ,il System
ri I : .:jr ir.: :r irjl:i:i:ri

\Iathematics - IIB ot

2. Find dEh hrrG.' t *

gnltr-
'te 4. I
(i) tr? +f - 12r-6-v+-ll =0. ri*y,+,lr+t,_
3=0 c
(ii) f +f +6x- 10)- 135-0. ,i*)r-4r+.i. _
I16=0.
3. Show that the angle betrveen the circles f * 5ri
f= a_. _t' +-rj = * * o i
4' Show that the circles given by the following equations ^ (

intersecr og*]c*hogonally
(i) * + yz *Zx -Zy -7 =A, 3* +3yz_ gx+ 29y "*h (i
=e. 6. If
(iil x2 +f +4x-2y- 11 =0, * +yr_4x_gy+
lt =0 rh
(iil) *+f -Zx+4y+4= 0, *+yr+3.r+
4y+1=O 7. If
(iv) ;r2 +y2-2k+g=0, *+yz+Zmy_g=g eq

nlkiino the equation of the circle which passes through 8. Fir

the origrn and rnersects the circles
" below, orttrogonally
i
*{* + yz * 4x + 6y* l0= 0, * +
+ yz l5y+ 6 =0.
(ii) * 2.?, Rar
+ y2 -4x*6y_3=0, * +f_gy+ lZ=g
In this
* 1r1 the equation of the circle which passes through the print (0. _31 and intersects rhe discuss abou;
circlesgivenbytheequationsx2+1fi-6x+3y+5=o*0.t'+-r:-.r-r-r.=0orthogonally.
the equation of the circle passing
lrJ D-fi
i:,-*,:o rhrough the origin, having iLs cenrre
on rhe line T-
x*y = 4 and intersecting the circle * +
f * 4x + b + 4= 0 orthogmall).. i rhe
I powers wii
,^$
4. Find the equation of the circle which passes
through the points (2, 0). r0.
t"'
21 and orthogonal to
the circle Z* + Zy?+ 5-r _ 6y + 4
= O.

.-r,.
5' Find the equation of the circre which
cuts orthogonaily the circle and
* * y' * 4x + Zy - 7 = 0 and having the centre at (2, 3).
[I' 1' Findtheequationofthecirclewhichintersectsthecircle.ri are two non-c
+f -ex+4-v-3=0orthogonally S -,t'= 0.
and touches y_axis.
and passes through the point (3, 0)
.j i.e.,
-sP.4i, jhl^"euation of the circre which cuts the circres x, +
x' + yt-llx- y + 2l=0 orthogonally and
f - 4x -6v+.1r = 0 and Proof : Let P(-
has the diameter along the straight line2x + 3y
=7. the powers of I
3' if P'Qareconjugatepointswithrespecttoacircles
that the circle pe
=l +f +2gx+zfu*c=0thenprove
as diameter cuts the circle S 0
= orthogonally"
 i

It 0', then show that the

i 4. If the equations of two circles whose radii are a,0' ate s = 0 and S'=
\\
t
S S' , S S'
ctrcles-+ ^ =0n :-+^-^^^r
intersectorthogonally'
^*Lncnnallr,
ua'aa'=0and ---
Sy'inathe equation of the circle which intersects each of the following circles orthogo,ally'

$) * + yz +'2x + 4y + | =O, xz +)fi -Zx+ 6y - 3 = 0, 2(f +f7 + 6x

+ 8v - 3 = 0

(ii) .f +f +4x+2y+ 1=0,2(*+y2;+8x+6y- 3=0' *+y2+6x-Zy -3=0

6. If thestraight lir}e2x+3y=1intersectsthecircle *+f-4atthepointsAandB'thenfind
the equation of the circle having AB as diameter'

7. Ifr+-V = 3 is the equation of the chord AB of the circle * +y'-2x+ 4y* 8 = 0, find the

equation of the circle having ffi as diameter'

o. Find the equation of the circle passing through the intersection

o of the circles x2 + y2 =Zax and
:les
f + y' = Zby andhaving its centre on the line
I - = Z'
f,

2.? ' Rsdicnl nxis of two tircles

study its properties' Also we
In this section we shall define the radical axis of two circles and
discuss about the comrnon chord, cofilmon tangent of two
circres and the radicai centre of three circles'
i the
ratly. 2"2.1 Definition
point which moves so that its
r line ffirff*is of two circles is defined to be the locus of a

powers with respect to the two circles are equal'

nal tO ." .:" i .':, , , , ,,' If ... ( 1)

S = x2 +y2 +Zgx+ZfY + c=0
md
...(2)
S' = xz +1? +2g'x+Zf'Y + c'=0

.tre two non-concentric circles, then the radic'al axis of

(1) and (2) is a straiSht line represented by
t
i
-i - S'= 0.
lonallY ...(3)
I i.e., 2{S - g')x + 2(f -f ')Y + (c - c') 4 0
!
rl

definition of radical axis' we have that

=0and I i,roof : ),) be a point on the radical axis. Then by the
Let P(xr,
.:re powers of P(.x,, ),) with respect to (1) and
(2) are equal
'3y =7. I
n prove *l * y? + Zgx, + bfY t+ c = x? + Y? + 2g'x, + Zf'Y, + c'
('.' The power of P(x,, ),) with respect to the circle S = 0 is Sir)

t
 Mathematics - nn
I Sysl
i.e., 2(g * glxt+z(f *1,)yt+ (c* c,) g
= 71
Hence the equation of the locus of p(x,,
y,) is
$jrcli
2(g* g,).r+2|-.f,)y+ (c_c,)
=0 ...(3)
Note that this equation represents a straight
line, since the circles are llon.concentric
g * g'or f * .f '. Equation (3) can be written
as s _ s,= 0.
ancl thelefore

3.I..\ fi,[61(' Then

(i) For the concentric circles with distinc:t radii,

the radicar axis dres not exi,tt, since
there is no poinr
whose powers with rcspect to two
di,stinct concetrtric circres are equttl.
However it.tlu:ir radii are
equal then the l.ocus is the whole plarrc.
(ii) while usittg theformula s
-s' = 0 toiind the equation o!'rhe radical axis, .firsr reduce the equo.tiorts
of the circles to general The sl
lbrm ( if they are not in genercil.fornt).
(iii) wheneverwe consider the radical axis ofnuo circles,
it means that tv,o t-irc.le,s ure rutn-concentric.
3.J.{ l..xanrples
Since (
l' flx*nr*ir : Let us find the equation.f theradicar axis of
the circles
S=g x2 +yz -5x+6y+ 12 =
...(i)
and S'=l+yz+6x_4y*14=g the radi
...12)
The given equations of circles are in general ,.--,, t!
fbnn, 'Itrerefbre their radical axis is
.

(S - S'= 0) ofeach
i.e., llx* lOy -26 = g. s'f (?{}f l

.?" Iiixampre ; l,et us find the equation of the radicar axis

of the circres
2f +2y2 +3x+6y*5 =O ...(r,
and 3xz+3yz*7x+g-y_ ll =0 ...{2, an
given equatiQns of the circles are not
iri the general fb*n. Reducins thenr inro (see Fig.
,".*, IIT"the general

3
*z+'.y- +r*+3y--i
s
= O,

and .x2+y2-trr*!r-ll=o
3 3' 3
Now the equation of radical axis of givelt
circles is

(1.:1.[,-i),-[; +;lt \l= o

l\2 )l
i.e., 23x+2y+7 =A.
i

rtics .*l System of Circles

11A r
f *s,rli',i,ril! : The radical axis of any two circles is perpendicular to the lineioining their centres'

Ehr*,il$'l Let the equations of two non-concentriecircles be

S= x2 +y2 +Zgx+ZfY + c=0 ...(t)

...(3)

nd therefore and S' = x2 +Y2 +2g'x+Zf'Y + c' = Q ...(2)

Then (-g, -f) + ?8', i'). The equation of the radical axis is

2(g - g')x + 2(f -f')Y + c - c' = 0

lI}
re is rto
Pttint .'. The sloPe of the radical axis th
\eir raclii are
= -g--i)
(f * f')
the equcttitttts The slope of the line joining the centres is

tn-c0ncentric.
Since (the slope of radical axis) x (slope of the line joining centres)

- -(s-g') yU-f') - -1,

(f - f') (s - g')
..'(i) the radical axis is perpendicular to the line
joining the cenffes.
/')\
trrq, rt:rtt: Ifthecentrcsof anythreecirclesarenon'collinear;thentheradicalaxes
... '$
\!/
J.].tr
concurrent.
;is of each pair of the circles chosenfrom these tlree circles are

fi&'erq;$'; Let the equations of three circles

(whose centres are not collinear) be

c*O ... ( l)
S = x2 +y2 +2gx+ZfY +
+2g'x+Zf'Y + c' = 0 ...(2)
S' = ,r2 + yz
... (1 ...(3)
r1
and S" =*+1?+2g"x,+2f"Y+c" =0
(see Fig. Z.3,thefigure is drawn for the case of all centres lying in the frst quadrant)
pm into gener&

t
 I
I

Mathematics - ItrB
I System of

The radical axis L,(say) of (1) and (2) is {'-ryii Th

Lr= 2(g- g)x+Z(f -f')y + (c-c') - 0 ...(4)

Similarly the radical axis L, (say) of (2) and (3) is We sh

Lr= 2(g'* g')x+2(f'-f")y+(c'- c") =0 ...(5) Since

and the radical axis Lr(say) of(3) and (1) is

Lr= 2(g"-g)x+2(f"-f)y+(c" -c) =0 ...(6)

Now L, + L, * L. = 0 gives that L,, L, and L, are concurrent. Subtra

2"2.7 Tlefimition .

-"_:--*-_-]_:-
: . !.|:
.:, ) |:'.|: :|
|..|

The point ofconcurrence ofthe radical axes ofeachpair afthe thre i.e.
nu coltiniar is caltedthe radiil centre.
Therel
..i.i-E l"iciq;,.
i.e., if
The lengths of tangents from the radical centre to these three circles are equal. axis of other
j,,^l"ii i' tr ir,:.; :i-:iq' '1il l-

Let us find the radical centre of the circtres (i) the'ct

*+y'-2x+6y=0 ... ( 1) (ii) the'ca
f+y'-4x-2y+6=0 ...(2)
Ft*"*.:i,;:f' ; Let I

and *+y'-l2x+2y+3=O ...(3)

The radical axis of (l ) and (2); (2) and (3); (3) and (l) are respectively

x+4y-3 * 0 ...(4)
8x*4y +3 - 0 ...(s) and tht

LOx+4y-3 = 0 ...(6)
/ q\
Solving (4) and (5) for the point of intersection we get | 0, i which is the required (i) Let thr
| 4)I twodir
radical centre. Observe that the coordinates of this point satislies (6) also.
ByThe
-: .
j I tl .! i},i s ,i1'x' 1si . If the circle
Hence
S = x2 +y2+2gx+2fy+c=0 ...(1)
cuts each of the two circles
S' = x2ty2+2g'x+2f'y+c' =a ...(2)
and S" = J2 +y2+2g"x+2f"y+c" =0 ...(3)
onhogonally thenthe centre of S = 0 lies onthe radical axis of S' = 0 and S" = 0.
k ', 93
S-ItrB

:;,*f :) The radical axis of (2) and (3) is

... (4)
..(4) 2(g' * g')x + 2(f' - f")Y * (ct'-c") = 0
of S = 0) lies on (4)'
We shall prove that (-S' i) (which is the centre

(2); (1) and (3) are orthogonal' we have

...(5) Since the circles (1) and
...(s)
2gg'+Zff'=c+c'
...(6)
... (6)
2gg"+lf,f"=c+c"
Strbtracting (6) fronr (5)' we
get

2(g'* 8\g +z(f'*f")f = c' - c"

2(g'* g')?g) +7(f'-f "Xj) + (c'' - c") =
Q
i.e.,
Therefore(*g,-/)lieson(4).Hencethecentreof(1)liesontheradicalaxisof(2)anc(3),
circle lies on the radical
orthogonally then the centre of the
i.e., if any circle cuts two other circles
axis of other two circles'

.j i1 'l i:, r ir"r;' Theradical'axisof wocirclesis

othe,commllnchord,whcnthctwocirclesintersectattwodistinctpoints'
...(1) (|\)the,cotnmnntangent,atthepointofcontactwhenthetwocirclestoucheachothen
...(2) of lwo circles be
"' lr,.;{ r Let *re equations ...(1)
= +f
...(3) S x2 +2gx+ZfY+c -* 0
...(2)
S'= * +f +2g''x+Zf'Y+ c' = 0
...(4)
.
circles be L' then
and the radical axis of these
...(s) ...(3)
L = S-S'= 2(g-g')x+Z(f-f')Y+c*c' =O
... (6)
(2) interscct at
(i) Let the circlcs given by (1) and
(see Fig' 2'4)
two distinct points P and Q
- S'= 0 is the common chord'
By Theorem 2. 1'9, S

Hence (i) is Proved'

...(1)

,..(2) Fig.2.4
...(3)

t*

(*.
 \Iathematics - IIB System
(ii) Let the two chcles givr:n by (1) and (2) touch
each othcr irr p rrcr. F:g. i.-i. '.(rl 1 r l]
By Theorern 2.1.9 (ii) the common tangenr ,=
is S _ S 0 i.c.. L = (_, He ri;r ii r is provecl.
l. Frnb,

ant

tiriufi{ul
rheir radir

i.e

2'2'12 Theorem : The radicul u'xis of tmy twc.t circles (whose ltre
conmxo, tar?err is trrtt perpendicurar to
the line ioin of their centres) biser:ls the \ine
ioining the ltoirtts ,f corttact o.l (.()rr,o, tangent to the C, (say) =
tircles.
r'r :ii tsee Fig. 2
Let

S= x2 -r y2 + 2g,x + 21
C,D
y+ +c=0
...(l)
and S'=ir2 +y2+Zg,x+?t',y +c, =0 ...(:2j
tre two circles and T,, T,, be the points
of contact of cormnon tangent to the circlcs
S = 0 aucl
S'= 0 (see FiS.2.7)

We know that r:adical axis of two circles is

perpendicular to the line joining the ce,hes
of the crrcles
(by Theoretn ?.2.5) and the cornrnon Lerrgtl
tangent is not
perpelrclicular to the ljne joiuiug lhe
centres
(hypothesis). 'Iherefore common
tangent and rarlical
axis intersect at a poiut.

Let T, T, (co,unon ta.gent) intersect the radical

axis of (r ) ancr (2) at p(r,.
.r,,).
The powers of P with respect to the circres
s 0 and = S, = 0 ale equar. Therefore l. ilr*fui*,;m :

pl'r .pT1
= p,f,. pT: (by.fheorenr l.2.ll) i

Pti = p1,2.
emd
i,e'.
ry =Pf; rouch each oth
i.e.,
P is the mid poirit o1 'I,, aud T,. Thus
the radical axrs of the two circle.r biser:ts
comrnon tangents (see Fig. 2.7)
each of their S*trlqri*n I Ler
Then C, = (1, I
S. IIB System of Circles r,i . :, '' ' I '

-'.i. i.l duir{'ri Ht'rtt,lt'ti'

{" I}rtiblern t Fhd the equation and length of the common chord of the Wo circles'

S=x2+y2+3x+5Y+4=0
S'=r'+y7+5x+3y+4=0
si;lutifinr The commnn chord of two intersecting circles is
their radical axis (by Theorem 2'2'll(i))'
!i
.'. The equation of common chord is S - S' = 0'
1.e.. r-Y=0 ...(3)

The centre of the circle (1) is

licular to ( 3 s\ anA radius t't= 3

ent to the
C, (say) =
I\o
-;' -! | T
tsee Fig. 2.8)
length of the perpendicular from C, to AB Fie.2.E
C,D -
... (l) l_i _(_rl
... (2) I z t zJ
=fifim
=fi 1

Length of the commol.HO O"

=z@ir*
F-'
)x = 2lr-,
-4.
-. isr*lrl**'r : Slum that the circles
...(1)
S= x2 +y2-2x-4Y-20=0
...(2)
and s' = x2 +Y2+6x+2Y-90=0
rouch euch tsther internttlly. Fincltheirpoint of contact and the equation of cornmontangen't'
and r1' r, be the radii of the given circles
(1) and (2)'
I Let C,, C, be the centres
r,-rilir*l:*?
i each of theil
Then C, = (1, 2); C, = (-3,-1); rr - 5; r, = 16'

rl
 M*eeffiiitfus.;rt,fiHl $#ron

CrC, =i distance between the centres 5

= 2,2,ltl
lrr- rrl= 15 - l0l- 5 = CFz. two circ,
The given two circles touch internally.
"' In this case, the common tangent is nothing G) ra
but tlre radical axis (by Theorem z.z.t\nD.
e Therefore its equation s s,= 0. is - (ii) len
l.O.' 4x+3y-35-0
thr
Nowwefindthepointofcontact. Thopointofcontactdivides
c1q intheratios: i0r:
i.e., 1:2(extemally)

.'. Pointofcontact
(tDe:ir-zrt> (1X- 1)
-
-|.*1-2 ' :I
2(2)
2
= (5,5).
3' Prulrlem t Find the equatian.of
the circle whose diamcter is the comtnan
chord of the circles

and :,:i:i:7.::;:;=: .,.(l)

...(2)
The
irese circle
r

$oludon I Here the common chord is tho radical

axis of (l) and (2). The equation of the radical axis
is
S-S'=0. Now
i.o., 2x+ l =0
The equation of any circle passing through Now,
the points of intersection of (1) and (3)is
(S +XL=0) G)are JV
cqual
(* + y2 + ?sc +3y + t) + l,(2x + l) 0
=
* +f +2(),+ t)x+3y+ (l + I) =0 ...(4)
The cenure of this circle is [-0,* rl, 1 ).
..-' ^r, The cir
l. 2 ) l.
Forthecircle(4),?'x+I=0isonechord. Thischordwillbeadiameterofthecircle(4)
if the cenhe of (4) Iies on (3).

Zt-(?"+l)) +l=0 Similar

=) L=-l 2 .

Thus the equation of the circle whose

diameteris the comrnon chord of (1) and (2)
is
(Put l, = -;in equation (4))

2(*+f)+?.x+6y+ 1=0.
dr:,
:- "'l ,:,,-I ji.,': .;,, :r:r.'i::i' :l r: i ::,ii;

System of Circles
:,' r:'r
gtl

;"3.44 Th##reCtt I Let,S'=0, S"=0, .S"'= 0bethreecircleswhosecentresarenon-collinearandno

haling
two circles of these are intersecting then the cir'-l'e
circle
(i) radical centre ofthese circles as the centre ofthe
given
one ofthese three circles as radius cuts the
(i0 lengthaftangentfromthe raclical centre to any
three c ircle s ortho gonallY'
As no two circles of given three circles are
Ilrqlc*, be the radical centre of three given circles.
I Let c
the tnree
choose c as the origin. Let the equations of
intersecting the point c is exterior to these circles.
circles be
... ( 1)
S' r' +yz +2g'x+2f 'Y + c'=0
=
...(2)
S" = *+y2+2g"x+Lf"Y +c" =0
... (3)
s"' = * + yz +2g"'x +Zf"'Y + c"' =o
cles
... (1) Thelengthof thetangentfromCto(1) = J7. Sincetheoriginisanexternalpointto
-..Q) these circles we have c', c", c"' are positive'

dical axis is Now the equation of the circle having rhe cenrre
as c and radi.r. J7 i.
...(4)
* +y'* c'=0
...(3) Now, we prove that (4) is orthogonal to
(i), (2) and (3)' The lengths of tangents from c to (2) and
to these three circles are
(3) a.; fr ,-,F ,""r""tive1y. The lengths of tangents from the radical centre
equal

"' 'u =J7 =JJ

...(4) '* i.e., c' = c" = c"''
(l) and (4) are orthogonal since the condition
of orthogonality is satisfied'
The circles

i.e., 2tS'(0) +/(0)l = - c'+ c'

4) 0=0
by (2) and (4) because
similarly the condition of orthogonality is satisfied
t"- 2[g,,(0) +,f'(0)] = - c, + c"
Q = - c'+c"
= - c' + c' f,; c'= c'l
!) is
0=0
I
(--

(*
98
M"rtu-uU.r-* I Systen

F'urther we can also show that the circles (3) and (4) are
orthogonal. Thus the circle having radical 2.
centre of three circles as the centre of the circle and having
the length of tangent from the ra.dical centre
to one of these circles as radius cuts the given three circles
orthogonarly.
2,1,1fi ffxnmple

Let us find the equation of a circle which cuts each of the following circles orthogonally H. 1.

S':12+y2+3x+2y+l=0 ...(1)
S" :-r2 +y2-x+6y+5=0 ...(2) 2. 1

and 5,,,=**.y2+S.r_g_y+15=0 ...(3)

The centre ofthe required circle is radical centre of (1), (2)
anrl (3) and rhe radius is the , 3. I
length of the tarigetrt fiom this point to any one of the given
three circies. First we shall fi,. s

the radical centre. For, the radical axis of (1) and (2)
is +'r
"r--) = 1 ...(4)
(

and the radical axis of (2) and (3) is (i

3x-7y - *5. III. i. s

... (s)
The poillt of intersectio n (3,2) of (4) and (5) is the radical x'
centre of the circles (I ), (2) anri (.1).
,E] I]
'The length of tangent fiom (3, 2) to the circle (1)
l(i
32 +22 +3(3)+ l;61111
= 3JJ. (ii
Thus the rcquired cir:cle is
. 3. Pr
(x-3)2+ O-?)2 = (3Jr)2
x2
i.e., *+yr-6x*4y- 14=0. cir

4. sh
t
1
L 1. Find the equation of the radical axis of the following circles. a"
5. sh(
(i) r'+,y2* 3x- 41'+5 =0, 3(f +y?) -7x+ gy- ll 0
= c0c
(1i) x2*.],2 + Zx + 4y+ I = 0, xz +y2+4x+y= Q 6. Fin
(iii) .r?+)2+ 4x+ 6y-7 =0, 4(xz +'1,2) + g.r + l2y -9 =0 (i)
(iv) x2+.y2* 2x-4y- I =0, x2 +yz *4x-6y+5 =0 (ii)
(iii)
(iv)
 I
! r"'
ics - IIB
I I
System of

2.
Circles
Fincl the ecluation of the coillmon chord of the following pair of
circies'
<'

ng radical
cal centre
(i) # +y2 *4x- 41t+3 =0, x2+y? *5x-6-v +4=0
(ii) x2+y?+ Lr+3y+- t =0, * +f +4x+3y +2=0
(iii) (x-a)2+(v- bi)2=t?,. (x*b)2 +(v- a)2=c2(a * b)

of contact
U. 1. Find the equation of the conlmon tangent of the following circles at their point
ly (0 "f +,v2+ lox-21'+2?=0, *+y'+2x-8v+8=0
...(1) (ii) x2+Y2-8Y*4 =0, *+Y'-2x-+)u=0
...(2) 2. Sliow thatthecircles + y'- * 8x-2y+ 8= 0 and f + y' -2x + 6y + 6=0 touch each other
and find the point of contact.
...(3)
then
? lf the two circles * + y' + \gx + 2fy = 0 and xr + y2 + 2g'x + 2f 'y = 0 touch each other
show that/'g =./!'.
circles'
4: Fincl the radical centre of the following
$) -* +y2 -4-x*6y+5 =0, x2+yz- 2x-4y- 1=0' * +y' *6x*2y=o
2x? +21'1+3-r+5y-9=0' f +v2 +y=0
...(4)
(ii) x2 +f +4x*7 =0,
ilL 1. show that the comu)on chord of the circles x2+y?-6x-4y+9 =0and
and also find its length'
...(5) xz + y2 * B.r - 6y + 23 = 0 is the diameter of the second circle
circles'
(-r)
2. Find the equation ald length of the common chord of the following
(i) r' +yz +2x +2y+ I =0, xz + y2 + 4x + 3y +2--O
(ii) .;f +y2-5x*6y +4 =0, x2+y2-2x-2=0
Prove that the radical axis of the circles x2 + yz + Zgx +Zf.v
+ 6 = 0 and
-1,
bisects the
xx + y, +.Zg'x + 2J''y + c'= 0 is the diameter of the latter circle (or the fbnner
circumference of the latter) if 2g'(g- g) + Lf'(f - t- \ = c - c''

= 0 and,l: + y2 +2b1t + c = 0touch each

otherif
4. Show that thecircles xz + yz +Zctx* C

&'ffi lll
--f
a" b-
-; - -'
('

- 2x =0 and x2 + y? + 6x - 6y + 2 = Abuch each other'

* f Find the
5. Show that 15s slr(:los +

CO-.grdinates of the point of contact.

Is the point of contact external or internal?

Find the equation of the circle which cuts the follorving circles
orlhogonally
6.
(i) r2+y?'+ 4x*7 =A, 2f"+'2r-2+31+5y*9 =0' 'f'+y2+v=g
(ii) .f +y2+ 2x+4y+1 =0,2f +2l2+6,r+8y-3 =0,*+yz-2x+6y-3=0
(iii) "x2 +y2+Lr+Llv+4=O,*+y2+ 1x+6y+ 11= O, *+y2-x+22t+3=0
(iv) .r2 + f +4x+?y+ 1=0, 2(* +.y2; + 8x +6y -3 = 0' 'r2 +y2+ 6x-71t -3 =0 t,
r,.

f
V
,tl@',1

. Key Concepts
* Wedenote *+y2+2gx+Zfy+cby S and .r2 +f +Zg, x+27,y+ r,by S,
+ If cl, cr are the centres and r,, r, are radii of two intersecting circles S = 0 and 5, = 0, CrCr=d
ffi
and 0 is the angle between them, then
cos 0=
d' * \' t r]
2rrr, l,r,'
ffi
ffi
{. If 0 is the angle between the two intersectir-rg

cos0 =
rz
9+ c'-2gg'*?"ff'
*,,17;7=
circles S = 0 and S, = 0 rhen
ffi
s'+f
* Tlvo circles S = 0 and S'= 0 are orthogonallff
Z(gg,+
t If s = 0' s'= 0 are any two intersecting circles and 1,, p are any two real
ff,) = c + cn. ffi
numbers such that
'f,+p * 0 thenl's+ps'=0representsacirclepassingthroughtheintersectionof
S=0, S'=0.
* Ifs=0' s'=0 areanytwointersectingcirclesand/e
thecircles
@
-
isanyrealnumberwhere k**l,thens r. t.l
+ fts'= 0 represents a circle passing through the points
of intersection of them.
a Ifs=0andastraightlineL=0intersectthenforanyrealnumberft,s+&L=0represent$a 2.(
circle passing through their intersection.
+ The equation of the common chord of two
intersecting circles S 0, s,= 0 is s * s,=
tr l.(i
= 0.
+ The equation of common tangent at the point
of contact when the circles s 0, s,= 0 touch
= ^^
L,J
eachotherisS_* S'=0.
4. 7(
* The radical axis of two circles is defined to
be the locus of a point which moves so that its
powers with respect.to the two circles
are equal.
rtr 1."c
a Theradical axis of S = 0 and S'= 0 is S - S,= 0. 5. (,
* Hthe centres of any three circles are non-collinear,
then the radical axes of each pair of circles 6, 13(
chosen from these three circles are concwrent.
.:. The radical axis of two circles S 0 and S,=
8. *t
1 = 0 is
(i) the common chord when the two circres intersect
at two distinct points.
(i0 the common tangent at the point of contact
when the circles touch each other.
* The radical axis of any two circles bisects
the line segment joining the points of contact
t 1.(i)
of
coilImon tangent of these two circles. (iii)
 System of Circles

Note

ir=d
t
r... i
iY'. "'
I

,,

',
#
)b,
*

F*\ [ 1.(i) 8 (ii) -?/+

(iii) 1 (iv) -8
b

z. (i) tl4 (ii)

2n
3

tr. t. (i) 2(*+Yz)-7x*2Y=A (ii) / +f +6x-3y=0

2. 3(* +f1+2x+4Y - 15 =0 3. *+f-4x-4Y=0

H=\ Itr.
4.

1.
7(*+f)*8x-8Y'12=0
*+f -6x-6Y+9=0
5. *+f-4x-6Y+9=0
2. *+f-4x-2Y+3=0

5. (r) f+f'5x-14Y-34=0 (ii) .* +f -t4x-5Y-34=0

r:::
h
6. 13(l a Yz1' 4x -6Y-
8. *+f -3ox+bY =O
50 = 0 7. *+f-6x+4=O

r
F

I
L 1. (i) x+10Y-13=0 (ii) 2x-3Y-L=0
F
ot (iv) x+y-3 =0
[dconuct
(iii) 8x+ L74-19 =0 tr
(

c
 Mathcmatics - IIB

) (i) x+2y-l=Q (ii) 2x+ 1=0

(iii) x-y=0
II. 1. (, 4x+3y+7 =0 (i\ x-2y-2=A
(tt 7 \
1
l;'-rJ
4. (i) (7t6, tU6) (ir) (2,1)
m. l. 2Ji

2. (i) ?-x+y+l='g,! $) x+?;y-2=0,2 ,-

E4
.E !s'
t (i, i), .*n"s externarlv
6. (i) *+yr-4x*2y-t =e (i0 *+f*5x- l4y-34=0
(lii) *+y2 -6x-4y-44 =0 (iv) * +y'- l4x-5y -34 = g
qllivewa
becqaefa
writW i
eeus
.1.i.,':i.,,

I,
I Intro&ctio
In theprer
of the equations
re shall study al
described when,
(4.2628.c. _ (

$,r,r+#ffi
Infactcirck
tines, a straight I
because each is a
rithaplane. Thes
in planetarymodo
in flash lights etc.

More genera
f ' with the axis of
the cone is s. Then
(i) acircteif B,

'!m