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Power Systems Lab

‫ ﻗﻮاطﻊ و ﺣﻤﺎﯾﺔ أﻧﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﻘﻮى‬-٤۲٥ ‫ ھﻜﮫ‬:‫اﻟﻤﻘﺮر‬

EE425-3: Switchgear and Protection of
Power Systems
Prepared by: Dr. Houssem BEN
ARIBIA
 Safety Instructions
The electrical engineering department of JAZAN University is committed to maintaining the
safest possible laboratories. We encourage supervisors to take all reasonable precautions to
protect the health and safety of students. The instructions promote general lab rules, personal
safety, general precautions and powering electrical circuits.

General Lab Rules

 It is the responsibility of the student to read and adhere to all Lab safety instructions
 If you are uncertain about a procedure or hazard, ASK FOR HELP
 Smoking is strictly prohibited in the lab
 No Food or drinks are allowed
 Keep your cell phone turned off
 Before leaving, return items to their proper storage locations and keep work areas
clean
 Be prepared for your work in the laboratory. Read all procedures thoroughly before
entering the lab

Personal Safety

 Report any incident or injury (cut, burn, etc.) to the instructor immediately, an incident
should be taken seriously no matter how trivial it seems
 Wear safety glasses when working with high power circuits
 Do not wear jewelry, including rings, bracelets, necklaces, etc., when working with
electricity; they can cause unintentional shock
 Communicate with your partners to verify everyone is ready to power on the circuit
 If you see a problem, are unsure of what is happening, or do not know what to expect,
stop work and resolve any issues. SAFETY FIRST
 If an accident occurs, notify the instructor immediately, and call for help

General Precautions

 Keep all unnecessary objects, i.e. backpacks, papers, tools, away from test platforms
 Never connect the circuit unless you make sure that the power is off
 Choose appropriately colored, or labeled, wires to avoid confusion on connectivity
 Turn off power to the circuit before making topological changes
 Do not route wires or cables in a way that would cause a tripping or pulling hazard
  Do not use any equipment unless you are trained or approved by your supervisor
 Remove connection-leads from sockets by grapping the plug itself
 Get your wiring checked by your supervisor before turning the power-on
 Experiments must be personally monitored at all times. Do not wander around the
room, distract other students
 If you suspect or noticed something abnormal in your experiment, immediately hit the
emergency switch
 Never touch the moving parts of machinery
 Never alter an energized circuit unless you are certain of the outcomes

Safe Operation of Electrical Circuits

 Verify circuit configuration before powering

 Be aware of exposed test points
 Verify test probe and equipment ratings before connecting
 Where possible, slowly increase voltage/current levels to verify functionality
 Be aware of rotating equipment; don’t wear a tie or other loose clothing
 Switchgear and Protection of Power Systems (EE425-3)

This course will give students a sufficient background on the protection schemes of an electrical
network: protection requirements, protective devices, protection zones, primary and back-up protection,
classification of protective relays, principles characteristic of the different protective relays and
protection schemes.

Experimental List

1- Current Transformer

2- Voltage Transformer

3- Three phase Time Over/Under Voltage Relay

4- Three phase Time Over Current Relay

5- Three phase Transformer differential Protection

6- Three phase Reverse Power Relay

Laboratory Equipment and Functions

Three-phase transformer (745 50):

Three-phase transformer consists of three

single-phase transformers; the primary and
secondary windings are electrically
isolated.
The primary terminals are labelled 1U1 –
1U3 – 1V1 – 1V3 – 1W1 – 1W3;
connection is possible either in star or
delta circuit configuration for a rated
voltage of 230 or 400 V.
The secondary terminals have the
designation 2U1 – 2U6 – 2V1 – 2V6 –
2W1 – 2W6 and are provided for star
circuit configuration with accessible
neutral point connection. Using the
provided tappings, the following voltages
can be tapped in addition to the rated
voltage Un=380V, Un+5%, Un-5%, Un-
10%, Un-15% at a continuous current of
1.2A. In each case a short time overload is
possible.

Single-phase adjustable transformer

(725 77):

The experiment transformer supplies on its

secondary side variable AC voltages in the
following range:
0 – 250V / 3A
In addition, it is also equipped with a
bridge rectifier 25A for all ranges.
Power circuit breaker (745 561):

This device is designed as a power circuit

breaker model and serves to switch the
power of three-phase loads or the entire
experiment set-up on and off. It can be
actuated via pushbuttons, via a relay
contact or by means of a programmable
logic control.

Transmission line model 380 kV (745

51):

The transmission line model is constructed

as a π-element and possesses the properties
of a 380 kV overhead power line in the
form of condensed circuit elements with
three possible lengths: 144 km, 216 km and
360 km.

Resistive load (733 10):

The load is designed for three-phase and

consists of three variable ohmic resistors
R=0 to 1000 Ω each containing a series
resistor R=22 Ω. The series resistors can be
loaded with 2.5A and are correspondingly
protected. The individual resistors of the
load can be connected in either delta or star
configuration.
Time over/under voltage relay (745 181):

The digital relay is a combination of a time

over and under voltage relay which can
monitor two, three and four wires system
in low and medium voltage network. This
relay protects consumers for high and low
voltages. Otherwise, this relay is adapted to
supervise a phase sequence of the network.
In three-phase networks, the measurement
can be carrying out on the phase conductor
voltage and on star connection voltage.

Time overcurrent relay (745 2311):

The digital overcurrent relay can be used

either as a definite time or as an inverse
time overcurrent protective. In both modes
of operation the relay is equipped with an
instantaneous overcurrent stage. The
device measures the currents in all three
phases of a three-phase system. If one or
more currents exceed the set value, a
excitation occurs and the relay trips after a
time delay.

Reverse power relay (745 201):

The digital relay combines two functions in

one device: used as power relay, it can
control the active power flow and trip
according to a given value. It can also be
used to control the direction of the active
power flow. By direction reversing the
device as well trips at a preset threshold.
The reverse power relay can be designed
for single or three phases. By reaching of
the tripping value the relay achieve the
switching function after a predetermined
time delay.
Transformer differential protection
relay (745 331):

The relay is used for the selective

protection of two winding transformers.
This involves a device which is operated
digitally or biased. The relay recognizes
short circuits between individual turns of a
winding, short circuits between the primary
and secondary winding as well as earth
faults within the transformer housing.
Faults arising outside of the protective area
do not lead to really tripping.

Electronic stop-clock (313 033):

This device is used to determine the

operating time of a protective relay. It can
be used manually or automatically by
being connected to the power circuit
breaker module.
Single phase current transformer (745
10):

The single phase current transformer has a

tapping on the primary side, so that two
ratios can be obtained: 1:1 and 5:1.
The class specification 10P5 refers to the
transformation ratio 1:1 at a rated load of 5
VA. The maximum load capacity of the
current transformer is 15 VA with however
a greater error.

Load for current transformer (745 11):

The load for the single phase current

transformer consists of two isolated ohmic
resistors: one resistor with value 0.56 Ω
(load capacity 6.5 A) and a variable
resistor with a value in the range 0 – 56 Ω
(load capacity 1 A).

Single phase voltage transformer (745

14):

The single phase voltage transformer has

two windings on the secondary side, which
permit two different transformation ratios:
100/3 and 100/3.
The class designation is Cl0.5. the rated
load is 15 VA for winding 2 and 5 VA for
winding 5.
Load for voltage transformer (745 15):

The load for the single phase voltage

transformer consists of two separate ohmic
resistors: one with value 220 Ω and a
variable resistor with a value in the range 0
to 1500 Ω. A 400 Ω resistor is connected in
series with the variable resistor for reasons
of safety.

Digital Multimeter:

This device is used to measure voltage and

current in the different experimentation.
 T 11.3.2 Protective Relays

Instructions

Note on EMC
The sensitive electronics of the equipment contained in the present experiment literature can be
impaired due to the discharge of static electricity. Consequently, electrostatic build up should be
avoided (particularly by utilizing appropriate rooms) or eliminated by discharging (e.g. at the panel
frames or similar).

Experiments
The book eventually contains experiments with devices, which are not included in the delivery.
Applicable in this case are only those experiments, for which LD delivered the required material.
Further requirements of any kind, particularly indemnity requirements on the base of this manual,
are excluded. Additional experiments deviating from the procedures described here are possible by
qualified persons considering the local security standards.

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Table of contents
Instructions .......................................................................................................................................2
Note on EMC .............................................................................................................................2
Experiments ...............................................................................................................................2

1. Experiments with the 3 ~ Reverse Power Relay (Cat. no. 745 201).......................................4
1.1 Introduction.........................................................................................................................4
1.2 Experiment procedure ........................................................................................................5
1.2.1 Description of the 3 ~ Reverse Power Relay......................................................................5
1.2.2 Experiment assembly and safety requirements..................................................................9
1.2.3 Experiments with the relay as Power Relay .....................................................................10
1.2.4 Experiments with the relay as Directional Power Relay ...................................................13

2. Experiments with the 3 ~ Time Over/undervoltage Relay (Cat. no. 745 181) ......................15
2.1 Introduction.......................................................................................................................15
2.2 Experiment procedure ......................................................................................................16
2.2.1 Description of the 3 ~ Time Over/Undervoltage Relay .....................................................16
2.2.2 Experiment assembly and safety requirements................................................................19
2.2.3 Experiments with the 3 ~ Time Over/Undervoltage Relay................................................20

3. Experiments with the 3 ~ Time Overcurrent Relay (Cat. no. 745 2311)................................24
3.1 Introduction.......................................................................................................................24
3.2 Experiment procedure ......................................................................................................25
3.2.1 Description of the 3 ~ Time Overcurrent Relay ................................................................25
3.2.2 Experiment assembly and safety requirements................................................................31
3.2.3 Experiments with the 3 ~ Time Overcurrent Relay ...........................................................32
3.2.4 Experiments with the relay as DMT-relay.........................................................................35

4. Experiments with the Transformer Differential Protective Relay (Cat. no. 745 331) ..........41
4.1 Introduction.......................................................................................................................41
4.2 Experiment procedure ......................................................................................................42
4.2.1 Description of the Transformer Differential Protective Relay............................................44
4.2.2 Experiment assembly and safety requirements................................................................44
4.2.3 Experiments with the Transformer Differential Protective Relay ......................................45

 Experiments with the 9ROWDJHTransformer

 Experiments with the &XUUHQWTransformer

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1. Experiments with the 3 ~ Reverse Power Relay

Equipment required

1 726 75 Three-Phase Supply Unit with FCCB

1 745 50 Three-Phase Transformer TL380KV
1 745 201 3 ~ Reverse Power Relay
1 745 561 Power Circuit Breaker Module
1 727 230USB Multifunctional measuring instrument
1 727 421 Acoustic Continuity Tester
1 733 10 Resistive Load 1.0
1 313 033 Electronic Stopclock
1 726 256 Panel Frame-VT160, Three Level
1 500 851 Safety connecting Leads, 32 A, set of 32
1 500 852 Safety connecting Leads, yellow/green, set of 10
2 500 59 Safety bridging plugs, black, set of 10
1 500 591 Safety bridging plugs, yellow/green, set of 10

1.1 Introduction

The digital processing relay combines two functions in one device: used as power relay, it can
control the active power flow and trip according to a given value. It can also be used to control the
direction of the active power flow. By direction reversing the device trips at a preset threshold as
well.

For this purpose the reverse power relay can be designed for single or three-phase application. By
reaching of the tripping value the relays achieve the switching function after a predetermined time
delay. The following studied device is designed for single phase application.

The reverse power relay suits to supervise the active power of the synchronous machine, which
for example provides the mains or a consumer. This always trips independently to the power
direction when presetting power value is exceeded. The reverse power relays may be required
when monitoring power direction of synchronous machines is necessary. These kind of relays are
also called reverse power protection and also protect generator from motoring.

In systems for supplying electrical power, in addition to the detection and the disconnection of
damaged system component (called selectivity), the used protective system may also be able to
recognise faults and to determine the direction of the power flow. The reverse power relays are
required to meet all these objectives.

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 T 11.3.2 Protective Relays

In the present experiment, such a relay will be studied when it is connected with a resistive load.

The resistive load is hooked up to the mains. A synchronous machine connected with the mains
could also be used instead of the resistive load for the following experiment.

1.2 Experiment procedure

1.2.1 Description of the 3 ~ Reverse Power Relay (Cat. no. 745 201)

Fig. 1.1: Reverse Power Relay

The device is equipped with terminal inputs suitable to three-phase circuits. The current
measurement is only carried out in the phase L1. So the relay is assumed to be used for
symmetrical three-phase power systems only.

With the aid of DIP-Switches on the device’s front panel, the required rated voltage of the monitored
components can be set to the values 100, 110, 230 or 400 V. In addition, voltage measurements
phase-to-phase or phase-to-neutral are possible.

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 T 11.3.2 Protective Relays

For the following experiment the nominal voltage of the relay has to be set to the value 400 V. The
voltage measurement is factory preset to take place between two external lines.

For all experiments, set the DIP-switch to the following values:

‫ك‬ Switch 1: OFF

‫ك‬ Switch 2: OFF
‫ك‬ Switch 3: ON
‫ك‬ Switch 4: No signification
‫ك‬ Switch 5: ON

For the present device the rated current is 1 A and may not be changed!

Calculate the rated power PN of the device!

PN = VN * IN ¥3 = 400 V * 1 A * ¥3 § 693 W

With the aid of the DIP-Switch 6, the returning time can be selected between 500 ms (OFF position)
and 40 ms (ON position). The returning time is the period time which is required by the relay to
return to the initial position when the excitation drops out (by exceeding of the selected values or by
reversing of the power direction). The hysteresis ( difference between the initialization und dropout
value) is for both tripping stages the same and is equal to 0.8% of the rated power PN.

Two other DIP-switches aid to preset the tripping times. Here the switches can continuously be
adjust in the range from 0 - 10 s (corresponding DIP-switch is OFF position) or in the range from 0 -
100 s (corresponding DIP-switch is ON position) with the aid of two potentiometers tP> or tPR. The
DIP-switch 7 adjusts the reverse power stage and the DIP-switch 8 the power stage.

The threshold value of the active power P> (independently to the direction) can be set in the range
from 0 – 120 % of the rated power PN (693 W) with the aid of two potentiometers.

By exceeding of the threshold value, the output relay P> reacts. The threshold values can exactly
be set by using two potentiometers. On the left, the coarse setting potentiometer can be actuated as
a step switch. Close, on the right the fine adjustment potentiometer can continuously be adjusted.
The resulting value is the addition of the two potentiometer values.

The two above potentiometers are used to set the threshold value of the reverse power protection
PR>. This only reacts when the active power flows in the inverse direction as usual (from the right to
the left) through the measuring instrument. The threshold value for the returning power PR> and
the active power can be set by using two potentiometers in the range from 1 - 30% of the rated
power PN.

The external relay trips when the preset threshold value is exceeded.

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 T 11.3.2 Protective Relays

The measuring inputs (L1, L2, L3) of the supervised power are protected with 1 A glass fuses. The
power consumption in the voltage circuit is 1 VA and in the current circuit 0,075 VA as maximum
value.

To be operated, the relay requires a additional voltage (terminals A1 – A2). The wide range power
supply unit allows voltage in the range from 100 - 250 V AC (50 – 60 Hz). The own power
consumption of the digital processing measuring device is about 4 W.

The readiness for service of the relay is indicated by a green LED. One of each red LED signals a
excitation of the power stage or of the returning power stage. By exciting status, the corresponding
LED flashes and switches over by tripping to steady light.

The instruction output takes place through one changeover contact by exceeding the threshold
value of the power (terminals 21, 22, 24) and when power (terminals 11, 12, 14) returns.

The functioning of the relay can be tested by pressing a test push button. When pressing this button
for five seconds, an internal hardware check-up takes place and both relays are tripped and the
tripping LEDs light up.

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Meaning of the relay’s control elements

1 3

2 5

9
8

Fig. 1.2: Front plate of the Reverse Power Relay

The numbers in the control element of the device mean the following:

ແ LED to indicate the readiness for service (green)

ໂ DIP-switch block

ໃ Test push button

ໄ LED indicator of the returning power stage (red)

໅ Setting of the returning power PR>/PN, 2 potentiometers

ໆ Time setting of the returning power tPR>

໇ LED indicator of power stage (red)

່ Setting of the power stage P>/PN, 2 potentiometers

້ Time setting of the power stage tP>

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 T 11.3.2 Protective Relays

1.2.2 Experiment assembly and safety requirements

The three-phase transformer is connected to the resistive load via the reverse power relay as
illustrated in Fig. 1.3. The measurement of the current, the voltage and the power consumption are
being processed.

The time delays of the relay (setting via a TTL-signal) can be used to control the electronic
stopclock (cat. no. 313 033) and to compare the electronic stopclock displayed values.

Note:

According to the VDE regulations, connect metal parts not under voltage-carrying
(e.g., case) to the protective earth (PE). The PE is determined exclusively for this
function and may not have to be connected in the circuit to the neutral point N.

By any change in the experiment assembly, the power circuit breaker module has always to
be actuated before.

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1.2.3 Experiments with the relay as power relay

Objectives

To acquire knowledge about the behaviour of the relay in its functioning as power relay and to study
its reaction by different parameter settings.

Assembly the components as shown below.

Fig. 1.3: Experiment assembly with the Reverse Power Relay

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 T 11.3.2 Protective Relays

The relay has to be set according to the following features:

Set DIP-switch 1 as shown in paragraph 1.2.1. DIP-switch no. 6 - 9 in position OFF. So that the
returning time is set to 500 ms and die tripping times can be set via the corresponding
potentiometers in the range from 0 – 10 s. Set the initialization value P> to 100% with the aid of the
two corresponding potentiometers.

Set the time relay value to 0 via the corresponding potentiometers.

Experiment realisation:

The setting value of the resistive load is 100% of his range and the three-phase transformer voltage
value is equal to 400 V.

Reduce slowly the value of the resistive load, so that the consumption power rises and find out at
which value the relay trips (red LED P> or connect the acoustic indicator to the terminals 21 - 24).

ResultD

Experiment realisation:D

:<Repeat the experiment for the different setting values of P

Set P> [%] to: Current I [A] Read off P [W] P [%] to rated power
   
   
   
   

Result:

For the setting value the relay trips in:

 no case
 certain cases
 all cases

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 T 11.3.2 Protective Relays

Experiment realisation:

Reduce the voltage of the three-phase transformer to 360 V and repeat the last measurements:

Set P> [%] to: Current I [A] Read off P [W] P [%] to rated power

   
   
   
   

Result:D

Experiment realisation: D

Invert the two terminals of the current input of the relay in order to change the power direction and
repeat randomly the measurement with several above values. D

Result: D

 no case
 certain cases
 all cases

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 T 11.3.2 Protective Relays

Experiment realisation:

Change the power direction to the original direction and set the time delay to 6s via the
potentiometer tP>. Repeat the last experiment for the setting value 50% of the power P>.

ResultD

Experiments with the relay as directional power relay 1.2.4

Objectives

To acquire knowledge about the behaviour of the relay in its functioning as reverse power relay and
to study its reaction by different settings of parameters.
B

Keep the relay settings from the previous experiment. Set the initialization value for PR> with the aid
of both corresponding potentiometers to 30%. D

Set the resistive load value to 100% and the three-phase transformer value to 400 V.D

Experiment realisation

Change the power direction by inverting both terminals of the current input of the relay as
illustrated in paragraph 1.2.3. D

Reduce slowly the value of the resistive load, so that the consumption power rises and
determine at which value the relay trips (red LED P> or acoustic indicator in the terminals
11 - 14). D

Result

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 T 11.3.2 Protective Relays

Experiment realisation:

As shown in 1.2.1, check the behaviour of the relay at the setting value > 0 of the time delay. Set
the value of the potentiometer tPR> to 10 s und repeat the last part of the experiment.

Result

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 T 11.3.2 Protective Relays

2. Experiments with 3 ~ Time Over/Undervoltage Relay

Equipment required

1 726 75 Three-Phase Supply Unit with FCCB

1 745 50 Three-Phase Transformer TL380KV
1 745 181 3 ~ Time Over/Undervoltage relay
1 745 561 Power Circuit Breaker Module
1 727 230USB Multifunctional measuring instrument
1 727 421 Acoustic Continuity Tester
1 733 10 Resistive Load 1.0
1 313 033 Electronic Stopclock
1 726 256 Panel Frame-VT160, Three Level
1 500 851 Safety connecting Leads, 32 A, set of 32
1 500 852 Safety connecting Leads, yellow/green, set of 10
2 500 59 Safety bridging plugs, black, set of 10
1 500 591 Safety bridging plugs, yellow/green, set of 10

2.1 Introduction
The digital processing relay is a combination of a time over- and undervoltage relay which can
monitor two, three and four-wire systems in low and medium voltage network. This protects,
additional to systems of power generation and distribution, consumers from high or from low
voltages. Otherwise, this is also adapted to supervise a phase sequence of the network. In three-
phase networks, the measurement can be carried out on the phase conductor voltage and on the
star connection voltage.

Generally the relays can not be used for short time peaks of voltage caused by lightening. Here, the
appropriate systems are the surge voltage arrester, which can in simple case be consisted of a
spark gap.

The features of the Time over- and undervoltage relay will be studied when connected to the
resistive load via a transformer in the mains. The experiment also could be carried out with a
synchronous generator which supply a load in isolated operation.

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 T 11.3.2 Protective Relays

2.2 Experiment procedure

2.2.1 Description of the 3 ~ Time Over- and Undervoltage Relay (Cat. no.
745 181)

Fig. 2.1: Time Over- and Undervoltage Relay

The device is designed for three-phase application with a neutral conductor terminal. However, this
can be used in single phase networks.

With the aid of DIP-switches on the device front side, the monitored voltage can be set to rated
values 100, 110, 230 and 400 V. Note, that these are phase-to-phase voltages! However, lower
selected voltages do not lead to the destruction of the device. That only induces faulty
measurements. Furthermore, the measurement can be carried out by pulling up the phase
conductor phase or the neural conductor. By a four-wire systems (our present case), the neutral will
be chosen to process the measurement.

The hysteresis (difference between initialization and the returning time value of the measured
variable) can be set to 3.6 or 10%. In the present experiment, the voltage ranges have to vary in
closed limits so that this leads to a hysteresis of 3%.

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 T 11.3.2 Protective Relays

For all experiments the DIP-switch values have to be set to the following values:

‫ك‬ Switch 1 (nominal voltage): OFF

‫ك‬ Switch 2 (nominal voltage): OFF
‫ك‬ Switch 3 (nominal voltage): ON
‫ك‬ Switch 4 (Phase sequence monitoring): OFF
‫ك‬ Switch 5 (Phase voltage or line voltage): OFF
‫ك‬ Switch 6 (hysteresis): OFF
‫ك‬ Switch 7 (hysteresis): OFF
‫ك‬ Switch 8 (Multiplication of the tripping time): OFF

The voltage monitoring is performing by two separated working components:

the undervoltage tripping stages can be set with the aid of two potentiometers located on the device
front side to 75 – 105% of the rated voltage. For overvoltage tripping stages, the setting range is 95
– 125% of the chosen rated voltage. By exceeding of the threshold, the external relay U< or the
relay U> trips.

The two potentiometers are respectively to adjust the tripping values of under- or overvoltage in
order to reach fine adjustments. On the left, use the coarse setting potentiometer to set discrete
steps and on the right the fine adjustment potentiometer for a continuously variable setting. The
real default value results from the addition of both potentiometer values.

The measuring paths for the supervised voltage (L1, L2, L3) are equipped with glass fuses 1 A. The
power consumption is 1 VA in each voltage circuit.

To be operational the relay requires a auxiliary voltage (terminals A1 – A3). The included wide
range power supply unit allows, for example, a alternative voltage between 36 and 520 V (50 Hz to
60 Hz). In the present experiment the auxiliary voltage comes from the overgrown network. The own
consumption of digital working measuring devices is 3 W.

The readiness of service of the relay is indicated by a green LED. The LED flashes when the phase
sequence monitoring (DIP-switch 4) is on in case of none square field presence. By excitation the
corresponding LED flashes while it goes over to a tripping in steady light.

The instruction output occurs about a changeover contact when the undervoltage is present in at
least one phase (11, 12, 14) or the overvoltage in at least one phase (terminals 21, 22, 24).

To check its function the relay is equipped with a test push button. By pressing this test push for
button for about 5 s, an intern hardware check takes place; the two relays trip and the tripping-LEDs
light up.

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 T 11.3.2 Protective Relays

Meaning of the relay’s control elements

3
1

2 5

6
4

7 9

Fig. 2.2: Front plate of the Time Over- and Undervoltage Relay

The numbers in the control element of the device mean the following:

ແ LED to indicate the readiness for service (green)

ໂ DIP-switch block

ໃ Test push button

ໄ LED indicator of the untervoltage U< (red)

໅ Setting of the undervoltage tripping U<, 2 potentiometers

ໆ Time setting of the undervoltage tripping tU<

໇ LED indicator of the overvoltage U> (red)

່ Setting of the overvoltage tripping, 2 potentiometers

້ Time setting of the overvoltage tripping tU>

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 T 11.3.2 Protective Relays

2.2.2 Experiment assembly and safety requirements

The three-phase transformer, the power circuit-breaker module, the over- and undervoltage relay
und the resistive load are connected in series. Thereby the voltage and the current in the load are
measured.

The time delay settings on the relay can be used to control the electronic stopclock (cat. no. 313
033) about a TTL-signal and to be compared to the values on the display. The tripping terminals of
the relay can also be connected to the power circuit breaker module in order to protect the load. The
load is then separated from the supply when over- or undervoltage occurs.

In Fig. 2.3 the acoustic is connected to the external relay to indicate the tripping.

Note:

According to the VDE regulations, connect metal parts not under voltage-carrying
(e.g., case) to the protective earth (PE). The PE is determined exclusively for this
function and may not have to be connected in the circuit to the neutral point N.

By any change in the experiment assembly, the power circuit breaker module has always to
be actuated before.

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 T 11.3.2 Protective Relays

2.2.3 Experiments with the 3 ~ Time Over- and Undervoltage Relay

Objectives

To acquire knowledge about the behaviour of the relay in its functioning as overvoltage and
undervoltage relay and study its reaction by different settings of parameters.

Assembly the components as shown below.

Fig. 2.3: Experiment assembly with Time Over- and Undervoltage Relay

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 T 11.3.2 Protective Relays

Set the DIP-switch as shown in 2.1. To study the behaviour of the relay by undervoltage voltage, the
initialization time has to be set to 110%. This value will not be reach in the present experiment so
that the overvoltage stage do not operate.

Set U< to the value 92%. The time delay value equates to 0 for the undervoltage and the
overvoltage stage.

First connect the summer to the terminals 11 and 12. The acoustic tester indicates the tripping of
the relay.

On the secondary side the VN supplies the three-phase transformer the voltage and the resistive
load equates to 100%, so that there are only a small current when the voltage supply is switching
on. When the resistive load is reduced the consumption voltage decreases and the relay trips at the
undervoltage.

Note, that it is important not to maintain the value of the current bigger than 1 A for a long time
period to avoid overloading the three phase transformer.

Experiment realisation:

Increase slowly the current by reducing R until the undervoltage relay trips. Afterward reduce the
current slowly until the relay drops out.

Read the initialization value and drop out value and compare those with the setting value.

Result

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 T 11.3.2 Protective Relays

Experiment realisation:

Repeat the experiment with other settings (for example set initialization value of the undervoltage
relay to 97% and the secondary voltage of the three phase transformer VN to +5%).

Result

Experiment realisation: D

Check the reaction of the time delay for the undervoltage tripping time tU< equates to 2 s and by
reducing for a short time the voltage with the aid of the resistive load. D

As well, check if to the terminals L1, L2 and L3 a clockwise rotating field is applied when the DIP-
switch 4 is in the same time additionally on position ON. D

The relay is as well appropriate to supervise single phase voltages. Disconnect the transformer
terminals on phases L2 and L3 to the relay and bridge instead the terminals L1, L2 and L3 on the
relay input. D

Result

Experiment realisation: D

In this part the behaviour of the relay by appearing of overvoltage will be studied. D

For this purpose, set the initialization value for U< to 80%. This value will not be reached and the
case of the undervoltage stage will not be considered. D

For U> choose the value 96% . The time delay 0 have to be set back for undervoltage and the
overvoltage step. D

The acoustic tester is connected to the terminals 21 and 24. D

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 T 11.3.2 Protective Relays

On the secondary side VN supplies the three-phase transformer and the resistive load is about 30%.
Both have to be adjusted in order to reach the current value 1 A. Increase slowly the voltage by
increasing R until the relay trips.

Read the initialization and the drop out value and compare these with the setting values:

Result

Repeat the experiment with other settings (for example, set initialization value of the overvoltage
relay to 100% and the secondary voltage of the three-phase transformer VN to +5%). Check also the
 reaction of the relay by different time delay settings when he is connected to a single-phase voltage.
D

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 T 11.3.2 Protective Relays

3. Experiments with 3 ~ Time Over/Undercurrent Relay

Equipment required

1 726 75 Three-Phase Supply Unit with FCCB

1 745 50 Three-Phase Transformer TL380KV
1 745 2311 3 ~ Time Over/Undercurrent relay
1 745 561 Power Circuit Breaker Module
1 727 421 Acoustic Continuity Tester
1 733 10 Resistive Load 1.0
1 313 033 Electronic Stopclock
1 727 31 Moving Iron Meter 1 A
1 727 32 Moving Iron Meter 2.5 A
1 727 38 Moving Iron Meter 600 V
1 726 256 Panel Frame-VT160, Three Level
1 500 851 Safety connecting Leads, 32 A, set of 32
1 500 852 Safety connecting Leads, yellow/green, set of 10
2 500 59 Safety bridging plugs, black, set of 10
1 500 591 Safety bridging plugs, yellow/green, set of 10

3.1 Introduction
In systems for supplying electrical power, the most often disturbances are short circuit and overload
faults. Today low voltage systems are mostly be protected by fusible cut-outs against faults because
of his low prices.

In middle und high voltage systems the fusible cut-outs are no longer capable to interrupt the fault
current. Here overcurrent relays are appropriate for this purpose. They send a message in order to
switch to the corresponding power circuit breaker module when the setting threshold value are
exceeded after a preset time delay. There are different types of relays: those, which time delay is
independently from the level of the fault current and those, which time delay depends on
characteristic of the fault current. The first calls in abbr. IDMT-relay (independent time overcurrent
protection) and the second in abbr. DMT-relay (dependent time overcurrent). Nowadays the most
existing relays can be separated in ”dependent” und “independent” (according to the current level)
by the consumers himself.

In the present experiment, such a relay will be studied when his is connected with a resistive load.
The resistive load is hooked up to the mains about a transformer.

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 T 11.3.2 Protective Relays

3.2 Experiment procedure

3.2.1 Description of the 3 ~ Time overcurrent relay

Fig. 3.1: Time Overcurrent Relay

The digital overcurrent time relay can be used either as a definite time or as an inverse time
overcurrent protective. This means that its range of application is very broad; for example, the
device can be used as a selective overload and short-circuit protection facility for lines and
consumers.

In both modes of operation – in definite time and inverse time overcurrent operation – in addition to
the overcurrent stage (T>) the device is also equipped with a so-called instantaneous overcurrent
stage (I>>). Standard peak currents arising during operation, for example during switch-on
processes, thus do not cause the relay to trip, whereas short-circuit currents with their very high
values are switched off with only a brief time delay.

The device measures the currents in all three phases of a three-phase system. If one or more
currents exceed the set value, a excitation occurs and the relay trips after a time delay.

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 T 11.3.2 Protective Relays

Operated values and time delays are in a wide range and can be preset with the aid of
potentiometers. To set the time delay by overcurrent stage and instantaneous overcurrent stage,
two potentiometers are available for this purpose. The range of the setting time for the overcurrent
stage can additionally be enlarged by a time factor of 10 or 100 with the aid of DIP-switches.

Additional DIP-switches serve to set the parameters of important functions like operating mode, for
example, as definite time or inverse time or to select the nominal frequency of 50 or 60 Hz. The
measurement inputs for the currents being monitored are designated 1S1 – 1S2, 2S1 – 2S2 and
3S1 – 3S2. Their nominal value IN amount to 1 A each, whereby a continuous overload up to 4 A is
possible.

The relay requires an auxiliary voltage (terminals A1 – A2) for its own operation. For this purpose
the built-in extended-range power supply unit provides either a DC voltage between 19 and 390 V or
an AC voltage between 36 and 275 V (40 up to 70 Hz). In the existing experiment the device is
supplied with an auxiliary voltage of 230 V AC.

In the case of starting the corresponding LED flashes while tripping causes the LED to remain
continuously on.

Command output is performed via one changeover contact in the case of overcurrent tripping
(terminals 11,12, 14) and instantaneous overcurrent tripping (terminals 21, 22, 24). If the
overcurrent tripping and overcurrent instantaneous tripping are supposed to act jointly on a power
circuit-breaker, the contacts must be combined externally.

The relay is equipped with a test push button to check its operation. If this is kept pressed down for
five seconds, an internal hardware test takes place during which both tripping relays operate and
the LED’s indicating tripping light up.

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 T 11.3.2 Protective Relays

Meaning of the relay’s control elements

1
3

6
2

4
5

9
1

Fig. 3.2: Front plate of the Time Overcurrent Relay

ແ LED to indicate the readiness for service (green)

ໂ DIP-switch block

ໃ Test push button

ໄ LED-indicator for overcurrent (red)

໅ Current setting for overcurrent I>IN, 2 potentiometers

ໆ Time setting for overcurrent tI>

໇ LED-indicator for overcurrent fast step (red)

່ Time setting for overcurrent fast step I>>/IN, 2 potentiometers

້ Time setting for overcurrent fast step tI>>

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 T 11.3.2 Protective Relays

Use as definite – time overcurrent time relay

If the device is supposed to be used as a definite-time overcurrent protection mechanism, the DIP-
switches 1 to 3 are to be set to “OFF”. With the DIP-switch 4 set to “ON” the overcurrent stage (I>)
can be blocked. The device then only trips according to the setting values of the instantaneous
overcurrent stage.

In contrast, the instantaneous overcurrent stage (I>>) can be blocked with the DIP-switch 5 set to
“ON”. Then the device trips only according to the set values of the overcurrent stage.

If the DIP-switch 6 is set to “OFF”, the device is set for a mains frequency of 50 Hz; whereas the
DIP switch takes the “ON” position for the frequency 60 Hz. Using the DIP-switch 7 the selection
undertaken on the setting potentiometer for the time delay in the overcurrent stage is directly taken
over (switch-position “OFF”) or multiplied by the factor 10 (switch-position “ON”). The same
correspondingly applies for DIP switch 8, only here when the switch is set to “ON” the time value set
by the potentiometer is multiplied by a factor of 100. Only one of the two switches 7 or 8 may be set
to “ON” at any given time! By means of this setting combination time delays from 0 to 100 s may be
set in the overcurrent stage.

The operate time of the current can be set to values of 0.5 – 2.IN in the overcurrent stage with either
a coarse or a fine setting potentiometer (nominal current IN = 1 A).

In the instantaneous overcurrent stage the selectable time delays lie between 0 and 2.5 s. The
operate time of the current can be set here to values of 1 – 15.IN.

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 T 11.3.2 Protective Relays

Below you find a copy of the characteristic including its possible setting ranges for the definite time
overcurrent operation:

Fig. 3.3: Characteristic of the definite time

Use a as an inverse time overcurrent time relay

If the device is supposed to be used as an inverse time overcurrent protective mechanism, then one
of the respective DIP switches 1 to 3 are to be set to “ON”. This makes it possible to preselect the
characteristic used in practice as follows: “normal inverse”, “severely inverse” and “extremely
inverse”. These characteristics have been standardized according to IEC 255-4 or BS 142. Using
DIP switch 1 the characteristic is set to “normal inverse”, with DIP switch 2 the “severely inverse”
characteristic is selected and with DIP switch 3 the “extremely inverse” characteristic is set. Only
one of the three switches 1 to 3 may be set to “ON” at any given time!

In the experiments performed here only the “normal inverse” characteristic is made use of. (The
same experiment set-up can be used to test the operating response for the other two
characteristics).

In the case of inverse time overcurrent operation the trip time is related to the so-called setting value
IS and not to the nominal current as in definite time overcurrent operation. This can be set to the
values 0.5 – 2.IN using the two potentiometers of the overcurrent stage (the nominal current IN

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 T 11.3.2 Protective Relays

amounts to 1 A as for definite time overcurrent operation).

The trip time is still dependent on one other parameter, called the time multiplier. This is set with the
aid of the potentiometer for the time delay with overcurrent tripping. Similar to definite time operation
the setting range here can be expanded by a certain factor. Here this has the value 2 and can be
set using DIP-switch 7 (switch-position “ON”). When the switches set to “OFF” the factor has the
default value of 1. (DIP-switch 8 has no significance and must be set to the “OFF” setting). By
means of this combination the time multipliers can be set between 0.1 and 2. The trip times can be
taken from the corresponding diagram.

The overcurrent stage (I>) can also be blocked here with DIP-switch 4. The device then only trips
according to the set values of the instantaneous overcurrent stage. This demonstrates the same
characteristic as for operation as a definite time overcurrent relay.

The instantaneous overcurrent stage (I>>) can be blocked with DIP-switch 5 set to “ON”. The device
then only trips according to the set values of the overcurrent stage.

Furthermore, the mains frequency can be set between 5 Hz (setting “OFF”) and 60 Hz (setting
“ON”) using DIP-switch 6.

Fig. 3.4: Normal inverse

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 T 11.3.2 Protective Relays

3.2.2 Experiment assembly and safety requirements

The single phase transformer is connected in series with the power circuit-breaker module, the
overcurrent relay und the resistive load. Thereby the voltage and the current are measured in the
load.

To check the reaction of the relay, the acoustic continuity tester scan the position of the tripping
terminals. For the measurement of the operating times, when comparing to the clock display, an
electronic stopclock is triggered via a TTL-signal from the power circuit-breaker module used in the
experiment. In practical cases the OFF command of the relay opens the power circuit-breaker
module in order to protect the load (or other components as for example lines) against overcurrents
or short circuits.

Note:

According to the VDE regulations, connect metal parts not under voltage-carrying
(e.g., case) to the protective earth (PE). The PE is determined exclusively for this
function and may not have to be connected in the circuit to the neutral point N.

By any change in the experiment assembly, the power circuit breaker module is always have
to be actuated before.

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 T 11.3.2 Protective Relays

3.2.3 Experiment with the relay as IDMT-relay

Objectives

To study the functioning of the relay as IDMT-relay and his reaction for different settings.
Determination of the setting ratio and the plotting of the characteristic.

Assemble the circuit as shown in the following Fig.

Fig. 3.5: Experiment assembly to study the overcurrent time relay

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 T 11.3.2 Protective Relays

The current monitoring of the three measuring circuits proceeds in the same way . To study the
behaviour of the relay only the single phase circuit is necessary. The description of the three-phase
experiment circuit will follow.

First the DIP-switch 5 of the relay have to be set to the position “ON”, whereas the other switches
takes the position “OFF”. So that the instantaneous overcurrent stage is set off.

Set the time delay to value 0. The operate time of the overcurrent I</IN can be set to values of 0.5 –
2 and variable in the step of 0.25 (IN = 1A).

In order to avoid the overload of the ohmic resistor, the individual resistors have to be connected in
parallel for this experiment. The potentiometer is set to the scale valueof 10 %, so that the value of
the total resistance is approximately about 60 Ƿ.

The voltage value at the single transformer is 0 V at the begin and is to be increased until the relay
trips. Afterwards reduce the voltage until the relay releases again. Note, that it is important not to
overload both the transformer of the present experiment and the load resistor.

The readings of the current values are to be entered in the Table below and the values are used to
form the reset ratio of the overcurrent relay. (The voltage needed to operate the relay is used in the
experiment after next).

Set operating value I>/ IN 0.5 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 2.00
Operating value measured (A)      
Voltage required for operation (V)      
Released value measured (A)      
Resetting ratio      

Compare the measured values to those which were set on the relay !

Result

First carry out the following setting on the relay: I>/IN = 2.0. D

To be able to properly perform time measurements it is important the voltage be set on the single-
phase transformer and the load resistor R before beginning the experiment so that the relay is
reliably started (see experiment results for the circuit according to the previous experiment). D

The stop clock is started when the power circuit-breaker module is switched on; it is stopped by
opening the switch (caused here by the definite time overcurrent relay). The clock is reset after each
measurement using the reset button! D

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 T 11.3.2 Protective Relays

Use the times specified in the Table to set the replay and compare these with the measured tripping
times. To set the tripping times between 1 s and 10 s the DIP-switch 7 must be set to “ON”. To set
the tripping times between 10 s and 100 s the DIP-switch must be set to “ON”.

T set (s) 0.0 0.4 0.8 1.0 2 5 10 20 50 100

T measured (s) D         

Repeat randomly the measurements for some other current setting ranges I>/IN and compare the
desired and actual value obtained for the tripping times. (The time setting t = 0 results in the operate
time of the relay and the power circuit-breaker module).

Plot the characteristic of the relay for the values I>/IN = 0.8 to 2.0 for different time delays.
Demonstrate that the tripping times are independent of the overcurrent’s magnitude.

Fig. 3.6: Characteristic of the relay (IDMT)

Note
The way the instantaneous overcurrent stage operates is investigated in the following section.

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 T 11.3.2 Protective Relays

3.2.4 Experiment with the relay as DMT-relay

Objectives

The response of the relay is investigated for various settings. Relay characteristics are recorded.
Relay tripping is demonstrated in a three-phase system both in the overcurrent stage and in the
instantaneous overcurrent stage.

Setup the experiment assembly as shown in Fig. 3.7.

Fig. 3.7: Experiment assembly to study the tripping in three-phase network

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35
 T 11.3.2 Protective Relays

First set the relay to the following values: DIP-switches 1 and 5 “ON”, all others “OFF”. Thus the
“normal inverse” characteristic is set on the relay and the instantaneous overcurrent stage is
disabled. The parallel connection of the two resistors of the resistive load (cat. no. 733 10) taken
over unchanged from the last experiment so that the result is again a load of approx. 50 Ƿ.

Set the relay to the current value I>/IN = 0.5. The current flowing through the relay is related to this
value. The value for the time delay Tl> is initially set to the value 0.2 s.

The voltage at the single-phase transformer is also to be set so that the currents specified in the
following Table flow across the relay. At he same time the corresponding relay tripping time is
determined.

First bridge the NC contact 11 – 12 on the relay to be able to set the desired current without having
to disconnect it from the relay. Then manually interrupt the current at the power circuit breaker
module and perform the time measurement by disconnecting the bridge 11 – 12 and switching the
current back on.

Repeat the process for current to be measured and enter the measurement results in the Table
below (do not forget to reset the clock!). For the current values in excess of 2 A the measurement
need to be carried out rapidly to prevent severe heating of the resistive load. Besides that this could
also cause the equipment fuse connected there to blow.

Compare the measured trip times with those reproduced in the illustration provided with the
equipment description.

Set current (A) 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

With respect to setting value      
T measured (s)      
T from diagram (s)      

Repeat the measurements for the following time settings for a set overcurrent value kept constant:

tI> = 0.4 s

Set current (A) 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

With respect to setting value      
T measured (s)      
T from diagram (s)      

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 T 11.3.2 Protective Relays

tI> = 1 s

Set current (A) 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

With respect to setting value      
T measured (s)      
T from diagram (s)      

Proceed to carry out the following experiments:

I>/IN = 1 and tI> = 0.2 s

Set current (A) 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

With respect to setting value     
T measured (s)     
T from diagram (s)     

I>/IN = 1 and tI> = 1 s

Set current (A) 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

With respect to setting value     
T measured (s)     
T from diagram (s)     

Using the description of “normal inverse” the following approximate equation is specified in the
literature, which the tripping time as a function of the overcurrent:

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37
 T 11.3.2 Protective Relays

Using this equation randomly determine several tripping times and compare the computed values to
the measured ones!

Plot the characteristic of the relay based on the measured tripping times of the first experiment
series.

Fig. 3.8: Characteristic of the relay (AMZ)

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 T 11.3.2 Protective Relays

To demonstrate the relay tripping in three-phase system set up the following circuit:

Fig. 3.9: Experiment assembly to study the tripping in three-phase network

In this experiment the power circuit breaker is connected directly to the three-phase power supply.
To limit the current however an additional three-phase transformer (cat. no. 745 50) can be
interconnected.

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39
 T 11.3.2 Protective Relays

In this experiment the relay can be connected equally as a definite or inverse time overcurrent
relay. The instantaneous overcurrent stage is again disabled at first (DIP switch 5 is set to “ON”).

The two NC contacts for the overcurrent and instantaneous overcurrent tripping mechanisms are
connected in series. This enables the power circuit breaker to be triggered by respective stage
tripped first.

Proceed to carry out the following settings on the relay:

I>/IN = 1, I>>/IN = 10, tI> = 3 s

Before beginning the experiment the load resistor is set to 100%. If the power circuit breaker is now
switched on only a slight current flows which does not operate the relay. Slowly reduce the value of
the load resistor and observe the response of the relay.

Result

To demonstrate the instantaneous overcurrent tripping the load resistor is set to a value of approx.
20% with the power circuit breaker switched off so that a higher current can then flow. D

Switch on the instantaneous overcurrent stage on the relay (set DIP-switch 5 to “OFF”) and proceed
to carry out the following settings: D

I>>/IN = 2, I>>/IN = 1(remains), tI>> = 0.5 s. D

What is the response demonstrated after the power circuit breaker module switched on? D

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40
 T 11.3.2 Protective Relays

4. Experiments with 3 ~ Transformer differential protection relay

(Cat. No. 745 331)

Equipment required

1 726 75 Three-Phase Supply Unit with FCCB

1 745 50 Three-Phase Transformer TL380KV
1 745 331 Transformer differential protective relay
1 745 561 Power Circuit Breaker Module
1 727 421 Acoustic Continuity Tester
1 733 10 Resistive Load 1.0
1 313 033 Electronic Stopclock
1 727 31 Moving Iron Meter 1 A
1 727 32 Moving Iron Meter 2.5 A
1 727 38 Moving Iron Meter 600 V
1 726 256 Panel Frame-VT160, Three Level
1 500 851 Safety connecting Leads, 32 A, set of 32
1 500 852 Safety connecting Leads, yellow/green, set of 10
2 500 59 Safety bridging plugs, black, set of 10
1 500 591 Safety bridging plugs, yellow/green, set of 10

4.1 Introduction
The relay is used for the selective protection of two-winding transformers. This involves a device
which is operated digitally and biased. The relay recognizes short-circuits between individual turns
of a winding, short-circuits between the primary and secondary winding as well as earth faults within
the transformer housing. Faults arising outside of the protective area do not lead to really tripping.

In real systems the relay receives its measurement values via one three-phase current transformer
each on the primary and the secondary side of the transformer under protection. Thus the
transformer procedures are also located within the protection area. In the experiments performed
here the current transformer can be dispensed with because the current flowing are in the order of 1
A and can thus be supplied directly to the relay.

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 T 11.3.2 Protective Relays

4.2 Experiment procedure

4.2.1 Description of the transformer differential protective relay

Fig. 4.1: Transformer differential protective relay

The measurement inputs for the currents being monitored have been designated 1S1 – 1S2, 2S1 –
2S2 and 3S1 – 3S2 for the primary side (conventionally the high-voltage side of the transformer) as
well as 4S1 – 4S2, 5S1 – 5S2 and 6S1 – 6S2 for the secondary side (conventionally the low-voltage
side). Their nominal values amount to 1 A each, whereby a continuous overload up to 4 A is
possible. In order for the differential protection to be able to operate properly, the phase sequence
of the voltages must produce a clockwise rotating field. Another feature to be considered is that the
default setting of the relay used here has been set to star-star connection by the manufacturer for
the protection of the transformer. The power consumption of the measurement inputs (also referred
to as burden) lies under 0.1 VA for the nominal current. The relay can be used in a frequency range
from 50 – 60 Hz.

For operation it requires an auxiliary voltage (terminals A1 – A2). The built-in long-range power
supply permits for this either a DC voltage between 19 and 390 V or an AC voltage between with an
auxiliary voltage of 230 V AC.

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42
 T 11.3.2 Protective Relays

The functional readiness of the relay is displayed by green LED. A successful starting is signalled by
the red LED with the designation “TRIP”. Furthermore one or more of the three LEDsL1, L2 or L3
light up on the phase affected. The other LED (designated D2 and shown with a transformer
symbol) is used in conjunction with the stabilization of the relay against magnetizing inrush. It lights
up when the relay is blocked briefly during switch on to avoid fault trips. Further the relay is required
with a reset button to acknowledge fault messages. The command output is performed via a
changeover contact (terminal11, 12,14).

For the setting of the tripping characteristic the device has two stepping switches on the front panel
with a setting range of 5% to 42.5% respectively in 16 stages.

For current values Id lower than the nominal current (1 A) the horizontal section of the characteristic
applies, while tripping of the relay is executed by the magnitude of the through-current. Tripping
occurs depending on the setting of the switch Id1, whose values are related to the nominal current.

The characteristic is suited for current values Id greater than the nominal current. Here the relay trips
in proportion to the through-current Is. This is identical to the through-current for currents higher than
the nominal.

The subsequent figure specifies the possible setting ranges for Id1 and Id2 and the tripping range of
the relay resulting from it. Bear in mind that the depiction is double-logarithmic scale.

Fig. 4.2: Tripping range

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 T 11.3.2 Protective Relays

4.2.2 Experiment assembly and safety requirements

Note:

According to the VDE regulations, connect metal parts not under voltage-carrying
(e.g., case) to the protective earth (PE). The PE is determined exclusively for this
function and may not have to be connected in the circuit to the neutral point N.

By any change in the experiment assembly, the power circuit breaker module has always to
be actuated before.

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 T 11.3.2 Protective Relays

4.2.3 Experiments with the transformer differential protective relay

Objectives

First set up a circuit in which current only flows through one phase on the input side of the relay.
Since the output side is not connected, this current corresponds to the differential.
The differential protection type used here is designed for a three-phase transformer in double three-
phase start connection. For that reason the internal adapter converters of the relay are each
connected in delta configuration and translate the measured current in a ratios 1: ¥3. This should be
taken into account when evaluating the following measurement sequence.

Assemble the circuit according to the Fig. 4.3.

Fig. 4.3: Experiment assembly to investigate the response of a transformer differential protection relay during single phase loads

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 T 11.3.2 Protective Relays

The resistive load is set to a value of approx. 10%.

The tripping parameter Id1 of the relay is varied from 5% to 35% in steps of 10%; while the Id2 setting
plays no role.

The voltage of the single-phase transformer is slowly increased beginning from 0 V respectively,
until the relay closes. Afterwards the voltage is lowered until the relay releases again. The current
readings are entered into the Table below and used to form the reset ratio.

Setting value for Id1 (%) 5 15 25 35

Set current 1.73 A    
Read off pick-up value (A)    
Read off release value (A)    
Resetting ratio    

Randomly test the response of the relay when using other input transformers (terminals 2S1 – 2S2
and 3S1 – 3S2).

Result

With any given input transformer used (e.g. 1S1 – 1S2) set a current value of approx. 1 A (the
position of the switch for Id1 plays no role here) and then interrupt the current. Observe the
response of the relay when the current is switched back on again.

Result

The measurement of the power consumption is performed similar to other relays. D

First determine the apparent power consumed power of the voltage being applied, i.e the current
flowing. Determine the consumed apparent power of a measurement circuit at a current of approx. 1
A flowing using the resistive load. D

U =  mV, I =  A, S =  VA

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46
 T 11.3.2 Protective Relays

To demonstrate the operation of the relay in a three-phase system, set up according to Fig. 4.4 in
star connection and the rated voltage supplies the secondary side. The resistive load is used as
load, which is initially set to a value of approx. 20%. As a result the relay is very sensitive against
current differences on the primary and secondary side of the transformer. Switch the load on and
slowly reduce the current by increasing the value of the resistive load. What response is shown by
the relay?

Fig. 4.4: Experiment assembly to protection of a rotary transformer using a differential protection relay

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47
 T 11.3.2 Protective Relays

Result

Now vary both tripping parameters to the value 32.5% and set the resistive load so that a current of
approx. 1 A flows on the primary side of the transformer. Test the response of the relay for various
faults, which can be connected to the secondary side of the transformer: 1st short-circuit between
two phases, e.g. by connecting terminals 2U1 – 2V1. D

Result

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48
 TPS 11.3.1
Power Transmission

Current and Voltage

Transformers

by Prof. G. Schultz

Hürth, June 1991

LEYBOLD DIDACTIC GMBH Leyboldstraße 1 P.0.Box 1365 D-5G0 Hurth Pnone (02235) 604-0 Telelax (0223) 604-222 Telex 17223332 LHPCGN
by Leybold Didacic GrmbH,
Prnled in the Federal
Republik ol Germany
Techncal allerauons veseivec
 TPS11.3.1 Power Transmission 1.1
Current and Voltage Transformers

1. Theoretical Section
1.1 Introduction

in electrical power supply systems, the voltages and currents are constantly measured
and monitored to ensure that they remain within certain limits. The measured values are
required for three reasons:
To provide the maintenance personnel with constant information regarding the state
of the system

2. To be able to determine the amount of power supplied to a customer

3 To switch off faulty network sections rapidly in case of a fault.

Generally, the voltage and current voltage values are so high that they cannot be
measured directly. For this reason, special transformers are used to reduce these values
to a level which can be
processed safely and economically.
The transiformers are subject to
differing accuracy requirements, depending on whether
the values are to be processed for
display in the control room, for accounting purposes or
for protection. This leads to the
grouping of the transformers into so-called accuracy
classes
In most cases, these units function
according to the transformer principle; they are, how-
ever, designed for very
low power values (up to
approx. 100 VA) on the secondary side.
The protection and measuring devices
connected to the transformer make up the load.
We distinguish between current and
voltage transformers, depending on the quantity to be
transformed.
 1.2
Power Transmission

TPS11.3.1 Current and Voltage

Transformers

1.2 Current transformers

of the
transformers;
the current
single-phase
constructed as
transformers are
Current
the primary side. on theP
flows directly through a rated current
0414, these supplyinstallation. h e r a r e d
installation
German VDE standard
accordance with the of the
In
A at rated operation
of 1 A, or also 5 1000 A/5 A.
secondary side fraction, e.g.
l2n is given in
the form of a direction of the
current.
transtormaton ratio Ky =
lIn attention must be paid
to the
and
When installing
current transformers,
labelled "K" (for power plant)
side are
the terminals on the primary a r e labelled
"k" and "|".
For this purpose, side
terminals on the secondary current
Correspondingly, the connection of a
"L" (for line). symbol and the
illustration shows the graphic
The following
transformer.

k
K

connection of a current transformer.

Fig. 1.1: Graphic symbol and
relationships on the secondary side,
one
order to maintain unambiguous potential
In be grounded.
terminal (usually terminal k) must
measure the conductor currents in a three-phase system;
The following circuit is used to
three-transformer three-phase system.
this circuit is usually called a

L L3

Fig. 1.2: Three-transformer three-phase system for measuring conductor

Currents.

7
 Power Transmission 1.2
TPS 11.3.1 Current and Voltage Transformers

is the
In the case of asymmetrical faults in three-phase networks, the significant value
Current flowing through the neutral conductor. This current is termed the zero-phase

sequence current.
In order to detect the zero-phase sequence current in the case of asymmetrical faults, a
three-transformer summing circuit is used.

L L2
Fig. 1.3: Three-transformer summing circuit for measuring the zero-phase
sequence current.

The summation current transformer, which is generally constructed as a cable-type

current transformer, is also used for measuring zero-phase sequence currents. This
device utilizes the principle of the toroidal core, through which the primary currents of the
three phases are led. A secondary winding is mounted on the toroidal core; a voltage is
induced in this winding only when the primary currents no longer add up to zero, for
example, in the case of an asymmetrical fault.
The following illustration demonstrates the measurement of the zero-phase sequence
current for a cable with fault to ground, using a summation current transformer.

E 2
3
6

Fig. 1.4: Summation current transfomer (cable-typ current transformer)

Key: 1: Inleed side 2: Consumer side 3: Ground fault location
4: Cable sheath (conductive) 5: Cable sheath ground 6: Cable-type _ummation transformer

8
 1.2
Power Transmission
TPS11.3.1
IH Current and Voltage Transformers

the line end

must be grounded at
If the cable is provided with a metal sheath, this sheath
4. If this is-no
leading out the line through the summation transformer as shown in Fig.
by via the cable
back to the infeed point
done, the component of the fault current flowing
sheath will the summation value formed in the transformer.
falsify
fault
transformer is used in so-called
In the low-voltagerange, the summation current
circuit-breakerF-circuit breakers): the
Current circuit breakers (residual-current-operated
the sum of the the currents
line and the connected devices are only fault-free when
flowing to and from the consumer are equal to zero.

is referred to as "differential
In high-voltage technology, the same measuring principle
of transformers by
protection". The principle permits, for example, the monitoring
them under consideration
measuring the inflowing and outflowing currents and comparing
of the transformation ratio.
and never be
Current transformers are designed for loads with a very low resistance, may
operated with an open circuit on their secondary side. Otherwise, a dangerously high
voltage appears at the terminals and the transformer could be destroyed by its strong

magnetic field through core burning. For this reason, fuses may not be used in the
secondary circuit.
The currents of an installation and thus the primary currents of transformers can, in the
case of a short-circuit, increase to values many times the rated current. Because of the
resulting saturation of the iron core, no transtormer is able to transfom the entire current
range with sufficient accuracy. For this reason, the operating currents are measured using
instrument transformers (designated M) and short-circuit currents are measured by
protection transformers (labelled P). The cores of the respective transformers are very
often installed in a common housing.
The deviation of the secondary current from the set value in percent is called the current
error F.

Fi 100 %
(1 primary current in A, l2 = secondary current in A,
Ky=rated transformation ratioofthe transformer)
In the way, a difference in the phase angles occurs between the
same
primary and
secondary voltages; this difference is called the angular difference.
Transformers are divided into classes similar to measurement instruments; in the Federal
Republic Germany, the
of respective
limits for current error and angular difference are
established for the individual classes in the VDE regulations.
 Power Transmissioon 1.2
TPS 11.3.1| Current and Voltage Transformers

for exact measurements (e.g. for

Transformers in the classes 0.1 to 0.5 are used
the ratio error is limited to 0.1 to 0.5 % in a
electricity accounting). These units ensure that
current. For operating measurements (recorders,
range up to 1.2 times the rated
this range will be
cOunters), transformers of the classes 1 to 5 are sufficient. The error in
at most 1 to 5 %.
The respective accuracy, however, is only ensured when the transformer is operated with
must
its rated load, i.e. when the rated poweris consumed at the secondary side. This fact
be considered when connecting measuring instruments and relays.
The linear range of the iron core's magnetizing curve is exceeded at overcurrents, so that
a systematic ratio error occurs and a measuring instrument in the circuit shows a current
which is too low. This property is advantageous for instrument transformers, as it protects
the measuring devices from overloáding in the case of overcurrents. Protection
transformers, on the other hand, should show a transformation ratio that is as accurate as
possible, i.e. linear, in the overcurrent range.
The range in which the ratio error of a transformer does not yet exceed a certain value is
called the rated accuracy limit factor. It is given after the designation (M or P) and provides
information on the ratio error at n-times the rated current; the corresponding percentage
error is given in front of the designation letter. Thus, in accordance with VDE 0414, a
protection transformer labelled 1OP10 may show a maximum measuring error of 10% at
an overcurrent of 10 times the rated current; if the device is labelled 5P20, the maximum
error is 5% at an overcurrent 20 times the rated current.

The specification of the rated accuracy limit factor is only applicable with the rated load.
When a load smaller than the rated load is connected, the accuracy limit factor increases;
overloading decreases it.
For this reason, care must be taken that the secondary load of transformer is
a carefully
matched to its rated power.

10
 1.3
Power Transmission
TPS11.3.1 Current and Voltage Transfomers

1.3 Voltage transformers

between two
measure the voltage
transformers in three-phase systems
Voltage earth.
between one conductor and
conductors or the voltage inductive
transformers

isolation of the primary and secondary circuits, or

je to the electrical a voltage of 100 V,
here. In accordance with
VDE 0414, they supply
are also preferred
also 100 V /13 the secondary side in rated operation.
on 220,000 V/100 V),
is given as a fraction (e.g.
transformation ratio Ky= UinU2N
The rated
for current transformers.
as is the case
and connection of a voltage
illustration shows the graphic symbol
The following
transformer.

Fig. 1.5: Graphic symbol and connection of a voltage transformer.

at point on the
transformers, like current transformers, must be grounded
one
Voltage
clear-cut potential ratios.
secondary side, in order to maintain

11
 Power Transmission 1.3
TPS 11.3.1
Curent and Voltage Transformers

There are single-pole (only one side isolated against high voltage) and two-pole types
the most common circuit
(both sides isolated against high voltage), in accordance with
types.
L
L2

- e

U V W

Fig. 1.6: Three single-pole isolated transformers with auxiliary winding in

open delta circuit.

The secondary side is conneted in a star circuit and supplies an "image" of the three
phase voltages of the network.
The auxiliary winding (in open delta connection) bears the terminal designation "e - n" and

serves to measure the faults to ground.

According to VDE regulations, its voltage is given in the form U3, where U is the voltage
resulting at the three individual windings connected in series at a dead fault to ground of
one outer conductor.

12
 TPS11.3.1| Power Transmission 1.3
Current and Voltage Transformers

Two two-pole isolated transformers are required for the following circuit. It supplies tne
three conductor voltages and can thus be used for measurement only in the case or
symmetrical operation.

L
Ls

U W

Fig. 1.7: Two two-pole isolated transformers in open delta connection.

Voltage transformers are designed for high-resistance loads and thus may never be short
circuited on their secondary side. Unlike current transformers, the secondary circuit can t
protected with fuses.
The deviation of the secondary voltage from the set value in percent is termed the voltage
error Fu

Fi
U2 Kn-U 100 %
U
(U = primary voltage in V, U2 = secondary voltage in V,
KN= rated transformation ratio of the transformer).
Voltage transformers also always show certain angular differences; their magnitudes, as
well as the voltage error, are specified in specific accuracy classes.
Transformers in the class of 0.2 to 1 are normally used for measuring purposes.
In protective devices, the measuring accuracy in the nominal voltage range is of less
significance than the obsenvance of specific eor limit values within a large voltage range.

Voltage transformers for protective purposes are indicated with the letter P following the
class specification. Transformers of the classes 3P or 6P are common.

13
 Power Transmission 2.1
TPS11.3.1 Current and Voltage Transformers

Single-phase experiment transformer, adjustable (Cat. No. 725 77):

The experiment transformer supplies on its secondary side variable AC voltages in
the following rangesS:
0-250 V/3 A, 0 - 42 V/3 A, 0 - 24 V/6 A, 0- 12 V/12 A.

In addition, it is also equipped with a bridge rectifier 25A for all ranges.

16
 TPS 11.3.1 Power Transmission 2.1
Current and Voltage
Transformerss
Single-phase experiment transformer, adjustable

O..250V

-O
3A

M4

..42V
3A
0..24
6A
0..12V
o
12A -O

O
-O

72577

17
 Power Transmission 2.1
TPS 11.3.1 Current and Voltage Transformers

Single-phase current transformer (Cat. No. 745 10):

The single-phase current transformer has a tapping
on the primary side, so that two
obtained:when the terminals 1.1 -1.2 are
different transformation ratios can be
used, the transformation ratio is 1:1 with a primary rated current of 1 A; when
are used, the rated transformation ratio
is 5:1 (primary rated
terminals 1.2 -1.3
current 5 A)

The class specification 10 P 5 refers to the transformation

ratio 1:1 at a rated load
of 5 VA. The maximum load capacity of the transformer
is 15 VA, with, however, a
greater emor.

When carrying out the experiments, care must be taken that the secondary side of
the transtormer is never operated in open circuit! lf, for instance, the measurement
must be changed during the
range of the multimeter connected in the circuit
course

of the experiment, the secondary circuit must first be short-circuited.

20
 TPS11.3.1 Power Transmission 2.1
Current and Voltage Transformers

Single-phase current transformer

1.1
(K) 1.3Q5A
1A
1.2
(1)
O-

1A 15VA
(1A 10P5 5VA)

2.2
()

21(0)
2.2()

2.1
(k)

-O

O
74510
SINGLE-PHASE CURRENT TRANSFORMER

21
 Power Transmission 2.1
TPS11.3.1 Current and Voltage Transformers

Load for current transformer (Cat. No. 745 11):

The load for the single-phase current transfomer consists of two isolated ohmic
resistors: one resistor R = 0.56 n (load capacity 6.5 A) and a varñable resistor
R 0 56o (load capacity 1 A).

A fuse (1 A, slow blowing) is installed to protect the variable resistor from overloads.
When carrying out measurements, great care must be taken that the fuse does not
blow, as the secondary circuit is then open and the transformer is destroyed.

22
 TPS11.3.1 Power Transmission 2.1
Current and Voltage Transformers

Load for current transformer

6.5A 0.56 N

O
. T1

1A 56

50
40 60

30 70

20 1 80

10 I 90

100

OpE
A 74511
LOAD FOR cURRENT TRANSFORMER

23
 Power Transmission 2.1
TPS11.3.1 Current and Voltage Transformers

Single-phase voltage transformer (Cat. No. 745 14):

The single-phase voltage transformer has two windings on the secondary side,
which permit two different transformation ratios to be obtained. The transformer is
designed for a primary rated voltage of 220 V (terminals 1.1-1.2). The secondary
voltages are thus 100/3 V (terminals 2.1-2.2) and 100/3 V (terminals 3.1 - 3.2).

The class designation is M0.5. The rated load is 15 VA for winding 2 and 5 VA for
winding 5.

Unlike current transformers, voltage transformers can be operated in open circuit on

the secondary side, but they may never be short-circuited. For this reason, the
measuring circuits should be provided with fuses.

30
 TPS 11.3.1 Power Transmission 2.1
Current and Voltage Transformers

Single-phase voltage transformer

1.1(U) O-O
100V
3.1(u2)
5VA
3
3.2(2)
-0-
380V

O-O
2.1(u1)
100V 15VA
2.2(v1)
1.2(V) -0-0

OPE
745.14
SINCLE-PHASE VOLTACE TRANSFORMER

31
 Power Transmission 2.1
TPS11.3.1
Current and Voltage Transformers

Load for voltage transformer (Cat. No. 745 15):

The load for the single-phase voltage transformer consists of two separate ohmicC
resistors: one resistor R = 220 0 (capacity 0.5 A ith fuse 0.5 A slow-blow) and a
variable resistor R 0 - 1500 a (capacity 0.25 A with fuse 0.25 A slow-blow).
A 400 Q resistor (also with 0.25 A capacity) is connected in series for reasons of
safety.

32
 TPS 11.3.1 Power Transmission 2.1
Current and Voltage Transformers

Load for voltage transformer

TO.5 0.5A 2209

o
O

TO.25 0.25A 400

O
0.25A 1500

40 50 60

30 70
20 80

101

100

OpE
74515
LOAD FOR voLTAGE TRANSFORMER

33
 TPS 11.3.1 Power Transmission 2.2

IH Current and Voltage Transformers

2.2 Experiment set-up, safety measures, model scale

the
In addition to the above equipment, only the single-phase variable transformer,
corresponding load and two current and voltage meters are required for measurements on
the single-phase current and voltage transformers.
The common three-phase transformer circuits are set up using the three-phase
transformer and the corresponding three-phase loads in the secondary circuits of the
transformers.
On account of their weight, the three-phase transformer, the current and voltage
transformers, and the individual load resistors should al be placed in the bottom row of
the panel frame.
In accordance with the regulations of the West German Society of Electrical Engineers
(VDE), non-energized metal parts (e.g. housings) must be connected to a protective earth
conductor (PE). The PE is intended solely for this function and is not to be connected to
the neutral conductor N in the circuit under any circumstances!
High induced voltages can occur at inductances (e.g. transformers and transíormer
windings) when the current is interrupted. When altering the experiment set-up (e.g.
selecting a different measuring range on a multimeter), therefore, the current must first be
switched off at the main switch.
Real electrical power networks carry voltages of several kV, and the currents flowing in
them reach values greater than 1 kA. The power values are thus in the MW (megawatt,
10) to GW (gigawatt, 10 ) range. In these experiments, voltages and currents on a scale
of 1:1000 are used throughout. This means that the scale for the power as the product of
the previous two quantities is 1 :1,000,000.

The following correlations apply:

Real netwok Experiment simulation value

kV
kA A
1 MW W
1 MVA 1 VA

37
 Power Transmission 2.3
TPS 11.3.1 Current and Voltage Transformers

Measurements on current transformers

2.3

Experiment Objective:
To detemine the transformation ratio of a current
transformer various primary
for
ratio.
currents and to investigate the influence of the
load on the transformation

rated accuracy limit

-
To explain the terms ratio error (current error), accuracy class and

factor.
measurements on three-phase
current transformer circuits for
To assemble the common

networks.
demonstrate the
current transformer and
To carry out measurements on a summation
principle of differential protection.

Procedure:

Assemble the circuit as shown in Fig. 2.1.

39
TPS11.3.1 Power Transmission
Current and Voltage Transformers
2.3

Fig. 2.1 Circuit for measuring the

transformation ratio of a cur
rent transformer for various
primary currents and loads.

40
 Power Transmission 2.3
TPS 11.3.1 Current and Voltage Transformers

on iIs
operated in open circuit
Do not forget that the current transformer may not be
secondary sidel
individual
The resistive load (Cat. No. 733 10) is located in the primary
circuit; the three
This means that the system
resistors are to be connected in parallel for this experiment.
can handle loads up to a maximum current value of 9 A

At the beginning of the experiment the resistance value

is to be set to 100 %.
side to an initial value of
0 %.
Set the load for the current tránsformer on the secondary and its
This means that the only load on the secondary circuit
is the ammeter in the circuit,
internal resistance is negligible.
ratio is
Initially, connect the current transformer so that the resulting current transíormation
1:1.
and/or change
Then, stating increase the value of the single-phase transformer
from 0 V,
circuit
the ohmic load to obtain the values l 0.1 A to 1 A in steps of 0.1 A in the primary
=

currents l2 in the secondary circuit

of the current transformer. Read off the corresponding
and enter these in the table below.

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
Current yA): .

Current l2 (A):

Current eror (%):

What is the maximum current error? Fi

Now repeat the above experiment, but with a transformation ratio of 5:1.

steps of 0.5 A (observe

from 1A to 5.5 A in the
Vary the current on the primary side
maximum current values of the single-phase transformer in the respective ranges).
Enter the current values you have measured in the table below and determine the current
error here as well.

Current 14 (A): 1.0 1.5 2.0D 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5

Current l2 A):

Current eror (%):

What is the maximum current error? Fi =

41
 Power Transmission 2.3
TPS TPS 11.3.1| Current and Voltage Transformers

The rated load of the transformer is 5 VA, ie., 5 2 at a rated current of 1 A on the
secondary side.
Set the resistance of this load to approximately this value, and repeat the above
experiment at a transformation ratio of 1:1.

Current (A): 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0

Current l2 (A):

Current error (%):

What is the maximum current error? Fi

The iniluence of the load on the secondary current can be best represented by recording
the voltage on the secondary side as a fuhction of the load resistance at a constant
primary current.
To do this, connect a voltmeter to the terminals kand I of the current transformer and vary
the value of the load from 0Q to the maximum 56 Qin steps of approximately 50.
For this experiment, the current in the primary circuit of the transformer must be set to 1A
and be held constant by regulating either the voltage or the load resistance. Enter the
values you have measured in the table below.

Load (Ohn): 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 56

U2 (V):
In order to test the performance of the transformer at overcurrent, alter the circuit aS
shown in Fig. 2.2.

42
 Power Transmission 2.3
TPS11.3.1 Current and Voltage Transfomers

Fig. 2.2 Circuit for investigating the

transformer at overcurrent

43
 TPS11.3.1 Power Transmission 2.3
Current and Voltage Transformers

Vary the current l in the primary circuit from 1 A to approx. 6.5 A in steps of 1 A and
measure the corresponding current in the secondary circuit. Enter your measurementsin
the table below.

Current l (A): 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 6.5

Current l2 (A):

Current error (%):

What is the current I when the transformer

operates at its rated load and how great is the
transformer error?
Compare your measured value with that specified in the transformer data (accuracy
class
Result:

The three-phase current transformer (Cat. No. 745 12) is required for
three-phase currenttransformers.Assemble the circuit with this device measurements onn
to according Fig.2.3.

44
 Power Transmission 2.4
TPS11.3.1 Current and Voltage Transformers

Measurements on voltage transformers

2.4
Experiment objectives:
transformation ratio of a transformer at various primary
voltage
-

To determine the
transformation ratio.
the effect of the load on the
voltages and to investigate
class.
-
To understand the tems
transformation error (voltage error) and accuracy
measurements in three-phase
To set upthe common voltage transformer circuits for
networks.

with a fault to ground.

-
To measure the residual voltage in a three-phase system

Procedure:
transformer according to Fig. 2.6:
Set up the circuit with the single-pole voltage

51
 Power Transmission 2.4
TPS11.3.1
Current and Voltage Transformers

-0-0-

(>}

Fig. 2.6: Circuit for measuring the

transformation ratio of a
voltage transformer at
various primary voltages
and loads.

52
 Power Transmission 2.4
TPS 11.3.1
Current and Voltage Transformers

Don't forget that the voltage transformer must never be short-circuited on the secondary

side during operation!

The connection to the load for the voltage transformer (Cat. No. 745 15) is to be opened

initially.
Thus the only load on the transformer is the (high-ohm) one of the voltmeter
Increase the voltage on the single-phase experiment transformer from 20 V to 220 V in
steps of 40 V and measure the primary voltage U 1.1 - 1.2 and the two secondary
voitage error F, for each case and
voltages U2.1 2.2 andU3.1 3.2. Determine the
enter this value in the table, too:

U 1.1 1.2 (V): 20 60 100 140 180 220

U2.1-2.2 (V):
Voltage error (%):

U 3.1-3.2 (V):
Voltage error (%):

What is the maximum voltage error in each case?

Fu2 %, Fu3
To study the effect of the load on the transformation ratio, connect the load for the voltage
transformer as shown in Fig. 2.6.
The transformer is now loaded with a fixed "basic load" at terminals 3.1 3.2
while a variable load of 400 1500 2 is present at terminals 2.1 - 2.2.
-

(220 2),
Set thevoltage of the single-phase experiment transformer to 220 V and measure the
secondary voltage U2.1-2.2 at various values for the load:
Load (%) 100 80 60 40 20

U2 (V):

In addition, calculate the apparent power drawn by the two

secondary windings when the
variable load is set to the minimum value of 400 2 and the rated
primary side: voltage is applied to the

S2 VA, Sa VA

53
 Power Transmission 2.4
TPS11.3.1 Current and Voltage Transformers

situation?
Is the value of the rated load exceeded in any

Result:

The three-phase voltage transformer (Cat. No. 745 16) is required for experiments on
three-phase systems; in the following, we will also refer to this as simply the "voltage
transformer". Assemble the circuit according to Fig. 2.7:

54