Int. J. Environ. Sci. Tech.

, 5 (1), 75-82, Winter 2008

ISSN: 1735-1472 A. A. Refaat, et al.
© IRSEN, CEERS, IAU

Production optimization and quality assessment of biodiesel from

waste vegetable oil
1
*A. A. Refaat; 2N. K. Attia; 1H. A. Sibak; 1S. T. El Sheltawy, 2G. I. ElDiwani
1
Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Egypt
2
Department of Chemical Engineering, National Research Center, Dokki, Egypt
5HFHLYHG1RYHPEHUUHYLVHG1RYHPEHUDFFHSWHG'HFHPEHUDYDLODEOHRQOLQH'HFHPEHU

ABSTRACT: Biodiesel production is worthy of continued study and optimization of production procedures because
of its environmentally beneficial attributes and its renewable nature. In Egypt, millions L. of oil used for frying foods
are discarded each year into sewage systems. Thus, it adds to the cost of treating effluent or pollutes waterways. This
study is intended to consider aspects related to the feasibility of the production of biodiesel from waste/recycled oils
in an attempt to help reduce the cost of biodiesel and reduce waste and pollution coming from waste oils. The variables
affecting the yield and characteristics of the biodiesel produced from used frying oil were studied, the achieved results
were analyzed and a set of recommendations was proposed. From the obtained results, the best yield percentage was
obtained using a methanol/oil molar ratio of 6:1, potassium hydroxide as catalyst (1%) and 65 °C temperature for one
hour. The yield percentage obtained from waste vegetable oil was comparable to that obtained from neat vegetable oil
which reached 96.15% under optimum conditions. From the results it was clear that the produced biodiesel fuel,
whether from neat vegetable oil or waste vegetable oil, was within the recommended standards of biodiesel fuel.

Key words: Biodiesel, waste vegetable oil, transesterification, optimization

INTRODUCTION
Energy use is the most fundamental requirement for of the Ministry of Internal trade in Egypt and the
human existence. Consumption of fossil fuels has USDA). Egyptians eat fava beans as a source of protein
increased to a greater extent and the use of these energy in their diet and fried falafel (green fava bean paste) is
resources is seen as having major environmental the most popular food in Egypt served at houses and
impact. Energy diversification is seen as an insurance fast-food popular restaurants. As in case of French
policy against geopolitical risks and government fries, fried falafel requires frying in vegetable oil. In
insecurity about fossil fuel costs and fuel safety. addition, the Egyptian dietary pattern and habits make
Biodiesel production is worthy of continued study and use of potatoes and fish. Consequently, millions of
optimization of production procedures because of its liters of oil used for frying foods are discarded each
environmentally beneficial attributes and its renewable year into sewage systems. Thus, it adds to the cost of
nature. A major hurdle towards widespread treating effluent or pollutes waterways. From a waste-
commercialization is the high price of biodiesel. One of management standpoint, producing biodiesel from used
the means to address the higher priced hurdle is to cooking oil is environmentally beneficial, since it
research and develop methods to reduce the cost of provides a cleaner way for disposing these products
biodiesel. A reduced cost option is to produce biodiesel in comparison with what is typical. This study is
from waste fats and oils. Another option for cost intended to consider aspects related to the feasibility
reduction is to reduce the cost of processing through of the production of biodiesel from waste/recycled oils
optimizing the process variables that affect the yield in an attempt to help reduce the cost of biodiesel and
and purity of biodiesel. The annual consumption of reduce waste and pollution from waste oils. The
vegetable oil in Egypt exceeds million MT/ year variables affecting the yield and characteristics of the
(1,248,000 MT in 2005 according to the official statistics biodiesel made from used frying oil were studied. The
achieved results were analyzed and a set of
*Corresponding Author Email: [email protected]
recommendations was proposed.
Tel./Fax: +20 1222 77897
 A. A. Refaat, et al.

Biodiesel refers to a diesel-equivalent, processed produce maximum biodiesel yield could be obtained.
fuel which is derived from biological sources. It is The extent of transesterification and side reactions
defined by the World Customs Organization (WCO) as depends upon the type of feedstock, catalyst
“a mixture of mono-alkyl esters of long-chain (C16-18) formulation, catalyst concentration, alcohol-to-oil ratio
fatty acids derived from vegetable oil or animal fat, and reaction temperature. Free fatty acid and moisture
which is a domestic renewable fuel for diesel engines content in the reactant mixture also play important roles
and which meets the specifications of ASTM D6751”. in biodiesel production. The source for biodiesel
Despite being energetically favorable, direct use of production is chosen according to the availability in
straight vegetable oils in fuel engines is problematic. each region or country. Any fatty acid source may be
Due to the high viscosity (about 11 to 17 times higher used to prepare biodiesel, but in the scientific articles
than diesel fuel) and low volatility, they do not burn reviewed, transesterification reactions have been
completely and form deposits in the fuel injector of studied for many vegetable oils such as soybean (de
diesel engines. Furthermore, acrolein (a highly toxic Oliveira, 2005), rapeseed (Jeong and Park, 1996),
substance) is formed through thermal decomposition sunflower (Vicente, et al., 2004), safflower (Meka, et
of glycerol (Schuchardt, et al., 1998). Several al., 2007), canola (Singh, et al., 2006), palm (Darnoko
production methodologies have been reported. These and Cheryman, 2000; Cheng, et al., 2004) and fish oil
include blending of oils, microemulsion, pyrolsis and (El Mashad, et al., 2006). Since the prices of edible
transesterification (Ma and Hanna, 1999). vegetable oils, e.g. soybean oil, are higher than that of
Transesterification is the general term used to describe diesel fuel, waste vegetable oils (Encinar, et al., 2005;
the important class of organic reactions where an ester Felizardo, et al., 2006; Dorado, et al., 2002; Cetinkaya
is transformed into another by interchange of the alkoxy and Karaosmanolu, 2004) and non-edible crude
moiety (Freedman, et al., 1986). Transesterification vegetable oils as Jatropha, Pongamia pinnata (Karmee
involves stripping the glycerine from the fatty acids and Chadha, 2005) and tigernut oil (Ugheoke, et al.,
with a catalyst such as sodium or potassium hydroxide 2007) have been intensively investigated as potential
and replacing it with an anhydrous alcohol, that is, low priced biodiesel sources. Biodiesel made from these
usually methanol. The resulting raw product is then feedstocks was predicted to be more economical than
centrifuged and washed with water to cleanse it of the biodiesel produced from refined vegetable oil.
impurities. This yields methyl or ethyl ester (biodiesel) Meanwhile, it has proved to perform similarly (Pinto,
as well as a smaller amount of glycerol, a valuable by- et al., 2005). The free fatty acid and moisture content
product used in making soaps, cosmetics and are key parameters for determining the viability of the
numerous other products. The three basic methods of vegetable oil transesterification process. To complete
ester production from oil/fat are the base-catalyzed the alkali-catalyzed reaction, a free fatty acid (FFA)
transesterification, the acid-catalyzed esterification and value lower than 3% is needed (Dorado, et al., 2002).
enzymatic catalysis. The most commonly used method Used oil will have a higher percentage of free fatty
among these is the base-catalyzed transesterification acids (FFA) produced from hydrolysis of triglycerides
technique as it is the most economical process (Singh, at high temperatures during the frying process. Before
et al., 2006). starting the transesterification process, these free fatty
The transesterification reaction is an equilibrium and acids must be removed with a base or preprocessed
the transformation occurs essentially by mixing the with acid esterification to esters (Van Gerpen, 2005).
reactants. However, the presence of a catalyst The oils used in transesterification should be
considerably accelerates the adjustment of the substantially anhydrous (0.06% w/w). The presence
equilibrium (Ma and Hanna, 1999). The stoichiometric of water gives rise to hydrolysis of some of the
reaction requires 1 mol of a triglyceride and 3 mol of produced ester, with consequent soap formation. Soap
the alcohol. However, an excess of the alcohol is used formation reduces catalyst efficiency, causes an
to increase the yields of the alkyl esters and to allow increase in viscosity, leads to gel formation and makes
its phase separation from the glycerol to be formed the separation of glycerol difficult (Guo and Leung,
(Schuchardt, et al., 1998). Through optimizing the 2003). Methanol was dominating in most of the literature
process variables that affect the yield and purity of reviewed. Methyl, rather than ethyl, ester production
biodiesel, optimal transesterification conditions that was modeled because methyl esters are the

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 A.Tech.,
Int. J. Environ. Sci. A. Refaat,
5 (1), et al. Winter 2008
75-82,

predominant commercial products, methanol is al., 2007). In other studies, the optimum ratio was 10:1
considerably cheaper than ethanol and the dowstream (Jeong and Park, 1996; Cheng, et al., 2004; Karmee,
recovery of unreacted alcohol is much easier (Zhou 2005). Temperature had no detectable effect on the
and Boocock, 2003). Ethanol maintains its capability of ultimate conversion to ester. However, higher
being renewable as an advantage. It can be produced temperatures decrease the time required to reach
from agricultural renewable resources, thereby attaining maximum conversion (Pinto, et al., 2005). Since this
total independence from petroleum-based alcohols reaction can only occur in the interfacial region between
(Saifuddin and Chua, 2004; Encinar, et al., 2007). Most the liquids and also due to the fact that fats and alcohols
of the world’s methanol is being produced using natural are not totally miscible, transesterification is a relatively
gas as a feedstock. However, the ability to produce slow process. As a result, a vigorous mixing is required
methanol from renewable biomass resources is growing to increase the area of contact between the two
in interest. Among the most commonly used alkaline immiscible phases (Singh and Fernando, 2006). The
catalysts in the biodiesel industry are potassium determination of biodiesel fuel quality is an issue of
hydroxide (KOH) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) flakes great importance to the successful commercialization
which are inexpensive and easy to handle in of this fuel. Compromise is necessary when selecting
transportation and storage. They are preferred by small methods for analyzing biodiesel or monitoring the
producers. Alkyl oxide solutions of sodium methoxide transesterification reaction (Knothe, 2001).
or potassium methoxide in methanol, which are now
commercially available, are the preferred catalysts for MATERIALS AND METHODS
large continuous-flow production processes (Singh, This research was carried out in Cairo University in
et al., 2006). Biodiesel with the best properties was Egypt during the year 2007. For the purpose of this
obtained using potassium hydroxide as catalyst in many study, WVO from two different sources was
studies (Encinar, et al., 2005; Jeong and Park, 1996; investigated and neat sunflower oil was used as a
Karmee, 2005; Dorado, et al., 2004; Dorado, et al., 2002; reference. The experiments have been run in triplicate;
Darnoko and Cheryman, 2000; Ugheoke, et al., 2007; each set of operation conditions was conducted three
El-Mashad, et al., 2006). Besides, many other studies times, once with neat sunflower oil used as a standard
achieved best results using NaOH (Felizardo, et al., and twice with WVOs obtained from two different
2006; Vicente, et al., 2004; Cheng, et al., 2004; de sources: one collected from a house and the other from
Oliveira, 2005). Methanolysis with 1% wt. of either a fast-food popular restaurant. The used frying oil
sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide catalyst collected from the house domestic waste vegetable oil
resulted in successful conversion giving the best yields (WVOD) was sunflower oil used for 2-3 times at a
and viscosities of the esters in most of the literature cooking temperature of 120-130 °C. The used frying oil
reviewed. It was observed that the product volume collected from a popular fast-food restaurant waste
steadily increased from 0.5% w/v concentration of the vegetable oil (WVOR) included corn, sunflower and
catalyst until it reaches its peak at 0.9% wt/v of catalyst canola feedstock. Information gathered from the
concentration. Thereafter, a decrease was witnessed. participating restaurant showed that the cooking
Catalyst concentration levels greater than 1 may have temperature of the oils varied from 150-200 °C. The oils
favoured the backward reaction (Ugheoke, et al., 2007). were kept at these temperatures from ten to twenty
One of the most important variables affecting the yield hours per day and were replaced two or three times per
of ester is the molar ratio of alcohol to triglyceride. The week. For this research, commercially-available, virgin
stoichiometric ratio for transesterification requires three sunflower oil was chosen as the triglyceride feedstock
moles of alcohol and one mole of triglyceride to yield neat vegetable oil (NVO) to react with methanol in the
three moles of fatty acid alkyl esters and one mole of presence of potassium hydroxide catalyst. Sunflower
glycerol.However, transesterification is an equilibrium oil is the non-volatile oil extracted from sunflower plant
reaction in which a large excess of alcohol is required (Helianthus annus) which contains predominantly
to drive the reaction to the right. For maximum linoleic acid (polyunsaturates) in triglyceride form. In
conversion to the ester, a molar ratio of 6:1 was mostly this study, methanol was the alcohol of choice:
used (Vicente, et al., 2004; Encinar, et al., 2005; Darnoko Methanol (Analytical) El-Nasr Pharmaceutical
and Cheryman, 2000; Meka, et al., 2007; Ugheoke, et Chemicals Co. (ADWIC) Mwt. 32.04 Assay 99.8%. Both

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 A. A.and
Production optimization Refaat, et al.
quality assessment of biodiesel...

KOH and NaOH were used in this study: NaOH pellets then cleaned thoroughly by washing with warm (50 ºC)
purified SISCO Research Laboratories PVT Ltd – India de-ionized water. The methyl ester was then dried with
KOH pellets purified Thann-Fransu. The method anhydrous Na2SO4. Determination of the composition
applied in this study is the alkali-catalyzed C16:0, C16:1, C18:0, C18:1, C18:2 and C18:3 of the used three
transesterification. The transesterification process was oils was done by gas chromatograph using fused silica
studied at two catalyst loadings (0.5% and 1.0% KOH capillary column 60 m x 0.32 mm (ID) at the split ratio
wt./wt.), two reaction temperatures (25 and 65 °C) and 1:5. The oven temperature was planned to remain at
three alcohol-to-oil molar ratios (3:1, 6:1 and 9:1). 150 ºC for 1 min., then heated at 30 ºC/min. up to 240 ºC.
Basically, methanol was the alcohol of choice and KOH Helium was used as the carrier gas with a flow rate 1
was used as the catalyst. The production methodology mL/min. and also as an auxiliary gas for FID. One µm of
followed was obtained by researching current methods each diluted sample with analytical grade
of small-scale production. Potassium or sodium dichloromethane from BDH (England) was injected.
methoxide solution was prepared freshly by mixing a
predetermined amount of methanol (20% by weight of RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
oil) with KOH or NAOH (1.0% by weight of oil) in a To achieve maximum yield of biodiesel using the
container. The reaction was carried out for 1-3 h. under waste feedstock, the optimum conditions were studied
reflux at 60-70 ºC. Stirring was started with the reaction and compared with those produced from a neat
at the moment of adding potassium or sodium vegetable oil. The results of product yield of all
methoxide solution. After the predetermined reaction experimental runs are summarized in Table 1.
time, the mixture was carefully transferred to a Best results were achieved with the neat vegetable
separating funnel and allowed to stand there overnight. oil followed by the domestic waste vegetable oil and
The lower layer (glycerol, methanol and most of the the least results were achieved from the restaurant
catalysts) was drained out. The upper layer (methyl vegetable oil.
esters, some methanol and traces of the catalyst) was

Table 1: Summary of experimental results

Process variables
Run Feedstock Catalyst Catalyst Alcohol/oil Rea ction Rea ction Exp. results
conc. (% wt) m olar ratio tem p. ( o C) tim e (h.) yield (%)
1 NVO KOH 1 6:1 65 1 96.15
2 NVO KOH 1 6:1 65 3 96.30
3 NVO KOH 1 9:1 65 1 98.16
4 NVO KOH 1 3:1 65 1 88.04
5 NVO NaOH 1 6:1 65 1/2 86.15
6 NVO KOH 1 6:1 65 1 94.73
7 NVO KOH 1 6:1 25 1 75.40
8 NVO KOH 0.5 6:1 65 1 82.07
9 W VOD KOH 1 6:1 65 1 95.79
10 W VOD KOH 1 6:1 65 3 95.94
11 W VOD KOH 1 9:1 65 1 97.79
12 W VOD KOH 1 3:1 65 1 84.82
13 W VOD NaOH 1 6:1 65 1/2 83.50
14 W VOD KOH 1 6:1 65 1 90.49
15 W VOD KOH 1 6:1 25 1 71.74
16 W VOD KOH 0.5 6:1 65 1 83.00
17 W VOR KOH 1 6:1 65 1 94.51
18 W VOR KOH 1 6:1 65 3 94.93
19 W VOR KOH 1 9:1 65 1 95.74
20 W VOR KOH 1 3:1 65 1 80.28
21 W VOR NaOH 1 6:1 65 1/2 83.50
22 W VOR KOH 1 6:1 65 1 90.14
23 W VOR KOH 1 6:1 25 1 69.15
24 W VOR KOH 0.5 6:1 65 1 83.43

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 Int. J. Environ. Sci.A.Tech., 5 (1), 75-82,
A. Refaat, et al. Winter 2008

(a) Type of feedstock (b) Catalyst formulation and co nce ntr ation

100 100

98 95

Yield (%)
Yield (%)

96 90

94 85

92 80
90
75
N VO W VOD W VO R
NVO WVOD WVOR
T y pe of o il Type of oil
KOH 1% NaOH 1% KOH 0.5%

(c) Alco hol-to-oil molar ratio (d) Te mpe rature

100
100

95 90
Yield (%)

Yield (%)

90
80
85
70
80

75 60
N VO W VO D W VOR NVO WVOD WVOR
T ype of oil Type of oil
6:01 9:01 3:01 65°C 25°C

(e) Time of reaction

98
96
94
92
Yield (%)

90
88
86
84
82
80
78
76
NVO WVOD WVOR

Type of oil
30 min. 1 h. 3h.
Fig. 1: The Effects of the process variables on biodiesel yield

Higher yields were reported with KOH with all types Similarly, the results for WVOD were 95.79% for
of feedstock. This was evident by comparing the results KOH, 90.49% for NaOH and WVOR, 94.51% for KOH
obtained from both formulations under the same and 90.14% for NaOH.
conditions, i.e. the results obtained from exp. 1 were The yield percentage was affected drastically by
compared with that of exp. 6 for NVO (96.15 yield % for lowering the catalyst concentration under the same
KOH and 94.73 yield % for NaOH). conditions (from 96.15 to 82.07 for NVO).

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 A. A. Refaat, et al.

Table 2: The quality of the produced biodiesel 100%

Percent composition
Property/Characteristic NVO WVOD WVOR 80%
Feedstock composition (%)
60%
Linoleic acid 53.93 59.93 47.34
Oleic acid 35.96 29.60 23.20 40%
Stearic acid 2.91 3.67 9.43
Palmetic acid 7.19 7.20 20.30 20%
Average molecular weight 916.3 916.0 907.1
0%
Density (g/cm3 at 20 oC) 0.8817 0.8866 0.8796
NVO WVOD WVOR
Flash point (oC) 174 176 168
Cloud point (oC) 3 3 15 Type of oil
Pour point (oC) -6 -6 9 Linoleic (18:2) Oleic (18:1)
Viscosity (mm2/s at 40 oC) 5.07 5.64 6.40 Stearic (18:0) Palmetic (16:0)
Calorific value 9453.2 10570.7 9395.6
Fig. 2: Feedstock composition
Table 3: The properties of methyl esters from
vegetable oils Table 4: The viscosity of original oils and the
corresponding methyl ester produced
Acid Molecular Melting
Methyl Ester Viscosity at 40 ºC mm2/s
acronym weight point (o C)
Methyl palmitate 16:0 270.46 30.5 Feedstock Original oil Methyl ester
Methyl stearate 18:0 298.51 39.1 NVO 27.1 5.07
Methyl oleate 18:1 296.49 -20.0 WVOD 31.5 5.64
Methyl linoleate 18:2 294.48 -35.0 WVOR 48.5 6.40

Increasing the alcohol-to-oil ratio from 3:1 to 6:1 consideration as far as using waste vegetable oils as
increased the yield percentage (from 88.04 to 96.15 for feedstock for producing biodiesel. The more heavily-
NVO). However, increasing the ratio to 9:1 has had a used the oil is, the more hydrogenated it becomes,
negligible effect. resulting in higher melting points for the molecules.
The effect of temperature on the transesterification The viscosity difference forms the basis of an
for the three types of food was studied. The optimum analytical method, i.e. viscometry, applied to determine
temperature was 65 °C. At lower temperatures of 25 °C, the conversion of vegetable oil to methyl ester. The
the process was incomplete. Most of the viscosity difference between the componential
transesterification process was completed in the first triacylglycerols of vegetable oils and their
30 min. (86.15 yield % for NVO); this was completed to corresponding methyl esters resulting from
96.15 after 1 h. By increasing the reaction time to 3 h., transesterification is approximately one digit (Knothe,
no noticeable increase in the yield was detected (from 2001). Kinematic viscosity has been included in
96.15 to 96.30%). From the obtained results, the best biodiesel standards (1.9-6.0 mm2/s in ASTM D6751 and
yield percentage was obtained using a methanol/oil 3.5-5.0 mm2/s in EN 14214) (Knothe, 2005). The viscosity
molar ratio of 6:1, potassium hydroxide as catalyst (1%) of the original oil and the produced biodiesel was
and 65°C temperature for one hour. This is depicted in calculated using Brookfield viscometer model DV-II.
Fig. 1. The results obtained are tabulated in Table 4. The
Laboratory tests were conducted to establish the figures mentioned for methyl esters are those obtained
properties and characteristics of biodiesel produced at optimum conditions (Exp 1 for NVO - Exp 9 for WVOD
from neat vegetable oil and that produced from used - Exp 17 for WVOR). The obtained results denote
cooking oil. Table 2 summarizes the obtained results satisfactory completion of the transesterification
for the quality of the biodiesel produced. process. These results are depicted in Fig. 3.
Table 2 and Fig. 2 show the fatty acid profiles of oils The Calorific value of the boidiesel obtained from
used in this study (%wt.) that is obtained by gas different oils used in this study is listed in Table 2 and
chromatography (GC) using GC apparatus Perkin Elmer are represented in Fig. 4. The results showed that the
Sigma 2b. Table 3 above shows the main characteristics calorific value of the obtained biodiesel is comparable
of the methyl esters made from the fatty acids listed in to the results from the literature.
Table 2. When the unsaturated acids are hydrogenated, • From the obtained results, the best yield percentage
the melting temperature of the acid (or the oil of which was obtained using the methanol/oil molar ratio of 6:1,
the acid is a part) raises. This is an important potassium hydroxide as catalyst (1%) and 65 °C

80
 Int. J. Environ. Sci.A.
Tech., 5 (1), 75-82,
A. Refaat, et al. Winter 2008

50 1 1 0 01 10

Calorific value (10 3 )

40
Viscosity

1 0 0 01 0
30 9 0 0 09
20 8 0 0 08
10 7 0 0 07
0 6 0 0 06
NVO W VOD WVOR
5 0 0 05
T ype of oil N VO W VO D W VO R

Original oil Methyl Ester T Time

im e of
o f oil
o il
Fig. 3: The viscosity of the samples Fig. 4: The calorific value of the produced biodiesel

temperature. From the results, it was clear that the support for the development of community-based
produced biodiesel fuel was within the recommended alternative fuel programs.
standards of the biodiesel fuel with 96.15% yield. • Facilitate the cooperation between ministries and
• Since the prices of edible vegetable oils, as stakeholders to implement biodiesel.
sunflower oil, are higher than that of diesel fuel, waste • Raise the awareness about the benefits of biodiesel.
vegetable oils are preferred as potential low-priced • Support oil plant research.
biodiesel sources. This product is comparable in • Transfer technologies and research results.
composition, similar in calorific value to biodiesel • Mandate a minimum 1% biodiesel blend in diesel
produced from refined sunflower oil. fuel.
• Biodiesel processing technology needs to be further • Run biodiesel in government fleets.
investigated. Improving biodiesel production should
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AUTHOR (S) BIOSKETCHES

Refaat, A. A., Teaching assistant, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University,
Egypt. Email: [email protected]

Attia, N. K., Associate professor, Chemical Engineering and Pilot Plant Department, National Research
Center, Dokki, Egypt. Email: [email protected]

Sibak, H. A., Professor of inorganic technology and physical chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University
and Vice Director of Center for Environmental Research and Studies (CERS), Cairo University. Email:
[email protected]

El Sheltawy, S.T., Professor of chemical technology and environmental engineering, Faculty of Engineering,
Cairo University and Director of Center for Environmental Research and Studies (CERS), Cairo University,
Egypt. Email: [email protected]

ElDiwani, G. I., Research professor, Head of Chemical Engineering and Pilot Plant Department and Head of
Engineering Development and Consultancy Unit, National Research Center, Dokki, Egypt.
Email: [email protected]

This article should be referenced as follows:

Refaat, A. A.; Attia, N. K.; Sibak, H. A.; El Sheltawy, S.T.; ElDiwani, G. I., (2008). Production optimization and
quality assessment of biodiesel from waste vegetable oil. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Tech., 5 (1), 75-82.

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