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 CE-402 IRRIGATION ENGINEERING
Lecture Notes
Prepared By
Engr. Arshad Ali Azeemi
Lecturer, Department of Agricultural Engineering
University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, KPK
Email: [email protected]
 CLASS OUTLINES

 Components of Irrigation System

 Irrigation Water Quality

 Irrigation Water Requirement and its

Measurements

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 Components of Irrigation System
1. Main intake structure and pumping station
• Rivers
• Lakes
• Dam
• Barrage

Annual flow of the

rivers is 142 MAF

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 Components of Irrigation System
1. Main intake structure and pumping station

Tube well Barrage

Annual water flow is 33 MAF

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 Components of Irrigation System
2. Conveyance and distribution system

• Canals
• Distributaries
• Minor
• Field water course

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 Components of Irrigation System
2. Conveyance and distribution system
Canals

Irrigation canal Link Canal

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 Components of Irrigation System
2. Conveyance and distribution system
Distributaries and minors

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 Components of Irrigation System

2. Conveyance and distribution system

• Distributaries

• Field water course

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 Quality of Irrigation Water
• A good irrigation water is the one which performs the required functions without
any side effects which retard the plant growth.

• Irrigation water may be said to be unsatisfactory for the intended use if it contains:

1. Chemicals toxic to plants or the persons using plant as food.

2. Chemicals which react with the soil to produce unsatisfactory moisture

characteristics, and

3. Bacteria injurious to persons or animals eating plants irrigated with the water.

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 Quality of Irrigation Water
• Irrigation water may contain various types of salt such as sodium, calcium,
magnesium and potassium etc. A high concentration of these salts may prove
to be injurious to the crops.

• The water quality for irrigation is determined by three approaches:

– 1. Salt Concentration
– 2. Electrical Conductivity
– 3. SAR

1. Salt Concentration
• The salt concentration is generally expressed by ppm (parts per million) or by
mg per litre.

• However, amounts in excess of 700 ppm are harmful to some plants and more
than 2000 ppm is injurious to all crops.

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 Quality of Irrigation Water
2. Electrical Conductivity
The salt concentration is also measured by determining the electrical
conductivity of water, is expressed in micro mhos per centimeter.

• Low salinity water (C1): The value up to 250 micro mhos per cm is called as
low conductivity water, can be used for irrigation.

• Medium salinity water (C2): The value from 250 to 750 is called as medium
conductivity water can be used for irrigation for normal salt tolerant plants.
(cotton, alfalfa, cereals, grain sorghum)

• High Salinity Water (C3): The value from 750 to 2250 is called high
conductivity water, can be used for high salt tolerant crops with proper
drainage. (barley and oat)

• Very high Salinity water (C4): The vale above 2250 is termed as very high
conductivity water, it is prohibited for irrigation.

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 Quality of Irrigation Water
3. SAR

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 Quality of Irrigation Water

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 Water Requirement of a Crop

Types of Soils

Preparation of Land for Irrigation

Classes and Availability of Soil Water

Limiting Soil Moisture Conditions

Depth and Frequency of Irrigation

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 Duty and Delta
• Crop Period: Crop period is the time in days, that a crops takes from the instant of its
sowing to that of its harvesting. OR
• The time required by a crop from the time of sowing to the time of harvesting.

• Base Period: Base period for a crop refers to the whole period of cultivation from the
time when irrigation water is first issued for preparation of the ground for planting the
crop to its last water before harvesting and is denoted by B.

• Kor Period and Kor Depth: Crops need maximum water at the start of 1st watering.
The depth of such water is kor water and the number of days to apply such water is
known as kor period.

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 Duty and Delta
• Duty: represents the irrigation capacity of a unit of water. It is the relation between
the area of a crop irrigated and the quantity of irrigation water required during the
entire period of the growth of that crop. It is denoted by D.

• It is the total area irrigated by a unit discharge running continuously during the base
period and its unit is area/discharge.

• Thus, duty gives the relationship between the volume of water and the area of the
crop which it matures.

• For example, if one cumecs of water is applied to 100 hectares of field throughout the
base period of B days then the duty will be 100 hectares/m3sec-1 for B days.

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 Duty and Delta
• Delta: is the total depth of water required by a crop during the entire period the crop
is in the field and is denoted by the symbol Δ.
Let, D = Duty of crop in ha/cumecs
B = Base period of crop in days
Δ = Delta is depth of water in m

 Now 1 m3/sec of water running continuously for a period of B days provides a

volume of:
[(B x 24 x 60 x 60) x 1] m3

 Amount of water required to flood 1 ha of land with a depth Δ m

= (1 x 104)m2 x Δ m

 Hence, the area in ha that can be irrigated by 1 m3/sec running for the base period B
days:
Total depth of water required, Δ = (B x 24 x 60 x 60)/(104 x D)
Δ = 8.64 x B/D

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 Duty and Delta

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 Duty and Delta

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 Duty and Delta

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 Planning a Water Resources Project
Planning a Water Resources Project:
o To know about the water sources,

o Water quantity needed for an area,

o How water should be applied to the plantation, and

o What must be the maximum capacity of a canal system.

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 Types of Areas
The following basic information essential to know about the capacity of
canal at certain durations.
 Cross Commanded Area (GCA)
The total area lying between drainage boundaries of a watershed which
can be commanded or irrigated by a canal system.
 Culturable Commanded Area (CCA)
It is the area which is irrigated to grow crops. It is further classified as;

1. Culturable Cultivated Area

It is the area on which crop is grown at a particular time or crop season.

2. Culturable Uncultivated Area

It is that area in which crop is not sown in a particular season.

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 Intensity of Irrigation
Intensity of Irrigation:
Intensity of irrigation is defined as the percentage of culturable commanded area
proposed to be irrigated either a crop season or during a year.
Intensity of irrigation means the ratio of area under cultivation to the total culturable
area.
• If this intensity is more, more area is under cultivation, hence water requirements is
more.
• For example if CCA of an irrigation field is 120 hectares, out of which 90 hectares of
the land is cultivated during Kharif season and 60ha during Rabi season, the intensity
of irrigation during Kharif season will be (90/120) * 100 = 75 %.

• The intensity of irrigation during Rabi crop will be (60/120) * 100 = 50%.

• However, the yearly intensity of irrigation will be equal to the sum of the two, i.e.
equal to 125%.

• Thus yearly intensity of irrigation can be more than 100%.

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 Kharif-Rabi Ratio
• From the agricultural point of view, the year can be divided into two
principal cropping seasons, i.e. Rabi and Kharif.

• Normally, Rabi starts from 1st October and ends on 31st March, while
Kharif starts from 1st April and ends on 30th September.

• Theses dates are not rigid dead lines. The time may vary up to 1-3 months
on either side. Sugarcane, which is an important cash cop, extends over
both seasons.

• Kharif crops are rice, maize, cotton etc. and the Rabi crops are wheat,
gram, mustard etc. Kharif crops require more water than Rabi crops.

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 Kharif-Rabi Ratio
Crop Ratio:
• The ratio of proposed areas, to be irrigated in Kharif season to that in the Rabi season
is called Kharif-Rabi ratio or crop ratio. This ratio is generally 1:2 i.e. Kharif area is
one-half of the Rabi area.
• The crop ratio is so selected that the discharge in the canal during both the seasons
may be uniform.

Outlet Factor
It is defined as the duty at the outlet.

Time Factor
It is the ratio of the number of days the canal has actually run to the number of days of
irrigation period.
Like if the number of days of irrigation is 15 and canal run for 5 days. Then time factor
= 5/15 = 0.33

Capacity Factor
It is the ratio of mean supply to full supply of the canal.
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 Factors Affecting Duty
• Methods and system of irrigation
• Mode of applying water to the crops
• Method of cultivation
• Time and frequency of tilling
• Type of the crop
• Base period of the crop
• Climatic conditions of the area
• Quality of water
• Method of assessment of irrigation method
• Canal conditions
• Character of soil and sub-soil of the canal
• Character of soil and sub-soil of the irrigation fields

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