Latihan matematika bab 6 (persamaan diferensial)

1. Solve the following linear differential equations:

dy
(a) +3 y =0 (orde 1)
dx

P(x) = 3
Q(x) = 0

Y(x) = e−∫ 3 dx [ ∫ 0 e∫ 3 dx dx+ c ¿

= e−3 x [ 0 + c ]
= e−3 x [ c ]
= A e−3 x

dy
(b) −3 y=0 (orde 1)
dx

P(x) = -3
Q(x) = 0

Y(x) = e−∫ −3 dx [ ∫ 0 e∫ −3 dx dx+ c ¿

= e3 [ 0 + c ]
= e3 [ c ]
= A e3x

d2 y dy
(c) 2
+2 + y=0 (orde 2)
dx dx

y’’ + 2y’ + 1y = 0
r2 + 2r +1 = 0
( r + 1 )( r + 1 )
r = -1

y = c1 e-x + c2 xe-x

d2 y dy
(d) 2
−6 + 9 y=0 (orde 2)
dx dx

y’’ – 6y’ + 9y = 0
 r2 – 6r + 9 = 0
( r – 3 )( r – 3 )
r=3

y = y = c1 ex + c2 xex

d2 y
(e) +9 y=0
dx 2

y’’ + 9y = 0
r2 + 9 = 0
r = ±3
0+3i
0–32
U = 0 (real) w = 2 (imaginer)

y = e0x ( c1 cos 3x + c2 sin 2x )

= 1 ( c1 cos 3x + c2 sin 2x )
= c1 cos 3x + c2 sin 2x
= A e-3x _ B e-3ix

dx
(f) =k 1 ( a−x )−k 2 x ; k 1 , k 2 ,∧a it is constants
dt
dx
=k 1 a−k 1 x−k 2 x
dt
dx
=k 1 a−¿ )x
dt
dx
=1dt
k 1 a−( k 1+k 2 ) x
dx
∫ k 1 a− ( k 1+ k 2 ) x =∫ 1 dt
1
- ln ¿ ¿)x ) = t + c
(k 1+k 2)

dϕ
(g) =−aϕ ; a is constant
dr

dϕ
∫ dr =∫−aϕ
 Ln |ϕ|=−a r +c
ϕ=e−a r +c
ϕ=e−a r e c
ϕ= A e−a r

d ( A)
(h) =−k dt ; k is constant
( A)

Ln A = - kt + c

1 d2 Φ −2
(i) 2
=−m ; m is constant
Φ(ϕ) d ϕ

y’’ = - m2 ϕ 2
y’’ + m2 ϕ 2 = 0
r = 0 + mϕ
r = 0 - mϕ

ϕ= A e 2 mϕ + B e−2mϕ

d2 y
(j) m =−ky ; m∧k are constants
dt2

d 2 y −k
= y
dt 2 m
d2 y k
+ =0
dt 2 m
k
y ' '+ = 0
m
k k
y = A sin
√m
t +B
√
m
t

d 2 ψ 8 π 2 mE
(k) + ψ = 0 ; E, m, h are constants
dx2 h2
 8 π 2 mE
ψ''+ =0
h2
8 π 2 mE
r=0+
√ h2
8 π 2 mE 8 π 2 mE
ψ= A sin
√ h2
x +B cos
√ h2
x

2. Test the following differentials for exactness :

(a) dF = 2xy2 dx + 2yx2 dy
A(x,y) = 2xy2

dA
=2 x .2 y
dy
B (x, y) = 2yx2
dB
=¿
dx

(b) dF = 8x dx
dF = 8xy0 dx + 0 dy

A(x,y) = 8xy0 , B(x,y) = 0

dA dB
=8 x .0y0 -1 , =0
dy dx
dA
=0
dy

(c) dF = 12x2 dx + 4x3 dy

A(x,y) = 12x2y B(x,y) = 4x3y0
dA dB
=¿ 12x2 =¿ 4.3x2 = 12x2
dy dx

(d) dF = 5 dx
dF = 5y0 dx + 0 dy
A(x,y) = 5y0 B(x,y) = 0
dA dB
=¿ 0 =¿ 0
dy dx
 1 x
(e) dF = dx – 2 dy
y y
A(x,y) = y-1 B(x,y) = -xy-2
dA dB
=¿ -1y-2 = -y-2 =¿ -y-2
dy dx

(f) dF = xy dx + x3 dy
A(x,y) =xy B(x,y) = x3
dA dB
=¿ x =¿ 3x2
dy dx

dA dB
≠
dy dx

nR nR
(g) dP = dT – 2 dV ; n and R are constants
V V
dP = nR.V-1 dT – nRT.V-2 dV
A ( V ,T )=−nRT .V -1
dA
=nR .−1V −2
dV
B(T , V )=−nRT . V −2
dB
=nR .−1 V −2
dT

(h) dV = π r 2 dh + 2 πrh dr
A(h,r) = π r 2 B = 2 πrh
dA dB
=π 2 r =¿2 πr
dr dh

nRT
(i) dq = n CV dT + dV ; n, CV, and R constants
V
A(T,V) = n CV . V0 B(T,V) = n R T . V-1
dA dB
=0 =n R . V
dV dT

−PM M
(j) d ρ= dT + dP ; M , R are constants
RT 2
RT
A(T,P) = - PM.RT-2 B(T,P) = M.RT-1
 dA dB
=−M . RT −2 =−M . R−1 T −2
dP dT

n2 a
(k) d E=¿ dq = n CV dT + dV ; n , CV, a are constants
v2
n2 a 0
A(T,V) = n CV . V0 B(T,V) = 2 . T
v
dA dB
=0 =0
dV dT

3. show that the differential dq = nCv dT + (nRT/V) Dv, where n, Cv, R are constants, can be made
exact by multiplying by an integrating factor 1/T. the resulting differential dS this called the
differential entropy change.
Answer :
A(T,V) = n CV B(T,V) = n R T . V -1
dA dB
=0 ≠ =n R .V-1
dV dT
dq = (n CV dT + n R T . V-1 dv) 1/T
= n CV T-1 + n R . V-1 dv
dA dB
=0 =0
dV dT

4. Show that if sin 3x and cos 3x are particular solution to the differential equation
d2 y
2
+9 y=0
dx
Then a linear combination of the two solutions also is a solution,
Answer :
r2 = 9
r = 0 ±3
r1 = u + w i r2 = u – w i
=0+3 =0–3

Y = e0 x ¿
= A cos 3 x +B sin 3 x

5. Bessel’s equation is an important differential equation having the general form

 d2 y
2 dy
x 2
+x + ( x2 – c2 )y = 0
dx dx
where c is constant . find theidenticial equation for the series solution ¿this equation

6. A one-demensional harmonic oscillator is described classically by the equation

d2 y 2 2
2
+4 π v y=0
dt

7. The differensial equation describing the spacial behaviour of A one-demensional wave is

d2 f 4 π 2
2
+ γ f (x )=0
2

dx

8. Boundary condition are special restricions imposed on the solutions to differential equations.
The boundary solution for a plucked string bound at both ends between x = 0 and x = L, and
described by equation givwn in problem 7, are that f(x) goes to 0 at x = 0 and x = 1, show how
these boundary conditions affect the solution the equation in problem 7.

9. Show that if we let x = cos θ , the solution to the associated Legendre’s equation [equation (6-
47)], is y = cos θ , when l = 1, m = 0, and is y = sin θ , when l=1 ,m=1.

10. Show that if we let x = cos θ , the solution to the associated Legendre’s equation [equation (6-
1
47)], is y = ( 3 cos 2 θ−1¿ , whenl=2 , m=0.
2

11. The shcrodinger