RESEARCH b.
Declaration of Helsinki – violation of human rights (The
A systematic inquiry step by step process World Medical Association developed this as a statement
Use of discipline methods & process, purposes, actions & goal: of ethical principles to provide guidance to physicians
o Qualitative – narrative and other participants in medical research involving
o Quantitative – numerical human subjects.)
Studies something new; novelty c. Morality – doing something good
Precise, accurate with no bias d. Integrity – keeps information confidential
7 CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH (C C L E A R M) RESEARCH PROCESS
1. CYCLICAL – a continuous process; unending 1. CONCEPTUAL PHASE
2. CRITICAL – good decision in judgement a. Identification Of Problem (Chapter 1)
3. LOGICAL: b. Review Of Literature (Chapter 2)
a. Deductive – general to specific (quantitative) c. Hypothesis
b. Inductive – specific to general (qualitative) 2. DESIGNED/PLANNED PHASE
4. EMPIRICAL – data presented should be objective a. Methodology (Chapter 3)
5. ANALYTICAL – descriptive/inferential 3. EMPERICAL PHASE
6. REPLICABILITY – validate a previous study a. Data Collection (Chapter 4.1)
7. METHODICAL – follows methods 4. ANALYTICAL PHASE
a. Analysis & Interpretation (Chapter 4.2)
ETHICS IN RESEARCH 5. DISSEMINATION PHASE
1. SELF-DETERMINATION – right to decide for themselves a. Publication Of Results
a. Informed consent of a person in a subject of research
i. Voluntary A. CONCEPTUAL PHASE
ii. Information (CORRECT, ACCURATE, COMPLETE) RESEARCH PROBLEM – anything needs solution. Situation w/c calls
iii. Capacitated (sane) for immediate action perceived difficulty
Legal capacity age 18 yrs. old and above o Declarative – end with a period
2. PRIVACY o Interrogative – end with a ?
a. Anonymity – protect identity of the subjects
b. Confidentiality – don’t divulged information 3 LEVELS PROBLEM STATEMENT
3. PROTECTION OF HARM 1. Descriptive 1. Factor Isolating –
a. Right from physical, mental & moral harm describe/name
4. REWARDS/PROMISES/SOCIAL JUSTICE 2. What Is The Relationship? 2. Factor Relating – define
a. Right to representation (right to be represented in the *Correlational* relationship
sample) 3. What Experimental? *Effect* 3. Situation-Relating –
b. Right to full disclosure (right of equal access to hypothesis testing
knowledge
c. No discrimination CHAPTER 1: WHERE DO YOU FIND RESEARCH? (C L I E N T)
5. DEBRIEFING – right to full explanation of experimental design o CONCEPTS
a. NUREMBERG CODE – informed consent (set of research o LITERATURES
ethics principle of human experimentation created as a o ISSUES & CONCERNS
result of the Nuremberg trials at the end of WW2) o ESSAYS
o NEW PROBLEMS b) Indirect – as noted
o THEORIES 2. PARAPHRASE – reader restates
3. SUMMARY – condensed form
CRITERIA IN EVALUATING A RESEARCH PROBLEM 4. EVALUATION
1. SIGNIFICANCE – is it important? Benefits, importance
2. RESEARCHABILITY – research anything measurable WHY? PRIMARY REASONS OF RRL
3. FEASIBILITY – “resources” (most important criteria) FRAMEWORK
4. INTERESTED Conceptual – mental images
Theoretical – abstract, scientific
CHAPTER 1:
A. INTRODUCTION/BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY HYPOTHESIS – guess (intelligent, educated, and wise)
B. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM 1. Null hypothesis
a) Purpose overall goal 2. Research hypothesis/alternatives
b) Objective specific
C. DEFINITION OF TERMS TYPES OF HYPOTHESIS
a) Conceptual dictionary 1. SIMPLE – 1 independent, 1 DV
b) Operational how used in study 2. COMPLEX – 2 or more DV
D. SCOPE & LIMITATION 3. STATISTICAL – null, deny relationship
a) Scope – boundary of study 4. ALTERNATIVES – accept relationship
b) Limitation – weaknesses 5. DIRECTIONAL – has conclusion already. A is better than B
c) Delimitation – restriction prior to study 6. NONDIRECTIONAL – no relationship specified. There is difference
E. CONCEPTUAL 7. ASSOCIATIVE – A increases as B increases (comma)
a) Assumptions – statements that are accepted as true 8. CAUSAL – cause & effect
b) Society – values, cultures, belief 9. ARTIFICAL – no relationship by time & other factors
c) Previous resources 10. DESCRIPTIVE/LOGIC HYPOTHESIS – X is A, Y is A, then X & Y are
d) Professional practice the same
CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE INDEPENDENT VARIABLES (CAUSE) – can be manipulated
o Be organized DEPENDENT VARIABLES (EFFECT) – effect
o Synthesize results EXTRANEOUS VARIABLES – start to end. Observable in nature
o Identify areas of controversy INTERVENING VARIABLES – during study (non-observable)
o Formulate questions
CONCEPTUAL LITERATURE
Published articles, documents
Proceedings
DATA-BASED LITERATURE
MECHANICS OF NOTE TAKING
1. QUOTATION – exact words
a) Direct
C. EXPLANATORY – no knowledge/little
3. TIME ELEMENT
A. HISTORICAL – past
B. RETROSPECTIVE – present to past
C. PROSPECTIVE – future
QUANTITATIVE QUALITATIVE
1. Subject/ Participants 1. Respondents/Informant
2. Concepts/Variable 2. Phenomena, Concepts,
3. Numerical Variables
4. Relationship/Causal 3. Narrative
5. Deductive 4. Patterns (Experiences,
6. Reliability, Validity, Culture)
7. Generalization 5. Inductive
6. Trustworthiness/Authenticity
1. Structured Data 1. Unstructured Data
2. Statistical Analysis 2. Summarized Data
3. Objective Conclusion 3. 3. Subjective Conclusion
(Surveys, Experiments)
CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH DESIGN
Plan/blueprint of the study 4. MIXED RESEARCH
A. MIXED MODEL – single study both methods used
TYPES OF RESEARCH B. MIXED METHOD – study 1 topic 1 quali. 1 quanti.
1. GENERAL CLASSIFICATION
A. BASIC/PURE – knowledge sake/curiosity QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGNS (12)
B. APPLIED/PRACTICAL – to solve problems A. NONEXPERIMENTAL – not manipulated & numerical in nature
C. ACTION – to develop skills/strategies 1. DESCRIPTIVE DESIGN – surveys (preliminary study)
D. EVALUATION – determine worth, merit, quality i. DESCRIPTIVE SURVEY – describe present conditions
i. Formative – purpose of program improvement ii. DESCRIPTIVE NARRATIVE – compare results to
ii. Summative – purpose of making summary judgement national test results
E. ORIENTATIONAL – focus on inequality/discrimination iii. DESCRIPTIVE STATUS – prevailing conditions
i. Class stratification iv. DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS – describe conditions by
ii. Gender stratification separating them into parts
iii. Ethnic/racial stratification v. DESCRIPTIVE CLASSIFICATION – according to species
iv. Sexual orientation vi. DESCRIPTIVE EVALUATIVE – show worthiness
vii. DESCRIPTIVE COMPARATIVE – one is greater than
2. LEVELS OF INVESTIGATION other
A. EXPLORATORY – 50% knowledge then explore rest viii. CORRELATIONAL SURVEYS – relationship between two
B. DESCRIPTIVE – real life s situation, dagdagan ang purpose or variables
info 100%
2. DEVELOPMENTAL DESIGN 2. PURPOSIVE SAMPLING/JUDGEMENTAL SAMPLING –
i. Retrospective – based on criteria.
ii. Prospective – 3. SNOWBALL SAMPLING – through
iii. Longitudinal – referrals/recommendations and also called network
iv. Cross sectional design – sampling
4. QUOTA SAMPLE – based on percentage
3. CORRELATIONAL DESIGN –
4. CAUSAL COMPARATIVE/EXPOST FACTO – SCALES OF MEASUREMENT
o NOMINAL – category, naming
B. EXPERIMENTAL – manipulation, randomization, treatment/control o ORDINAL – ranking
o TRUE EXPERIMENT – MRT o INTERVAL – equal difference distance is meaningful
o QUASI-EXPERIMENT – lack of characteristic o RATIO – starts at zero
C. QUALITATIVE CLOSE-ENDED QUESTIONNAIRE
o PHENOMENOLOGICAL – experience o DICHOTOMOUS – 2 choices
o ETHNO – culture o MULTIPLE CHOICE – 3 or more choices
o GROUNDED THEORY – develop own theory o FILLER QUESTIONS – “skip items” screening of items
o HISTORICAL - past event o VAS – 100m line; express magnitude of an experience/belief
o CONTENT ANALYSIS/DESCRIPTIVE QUALITATIVE – o LIKERT SCALE – 5 or more options; agreement
dissecting their message
NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
D. MIXED RESEARCH o has mean, median, mode all equal
o CASE STUDY/FIELD METHOD – in depth study o Bell shaped
o 0-3; -3, +3 never touch horizontal axis
o Equal to one or 0.99; 99%
RESEARCH SAMPLING
NONPROBABILITY – limited
1. SIMPLE RANDOM – each member of the population has an
equal chance of being selected as a member of the sample
2. STRATIFIED RANDOM – when the population is divided into
categorical subgroups
3. SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING – when the sample is chosen based
on number
4. CLUSTER SAMPLING – used if population is too big, get each
cluster & group will represent entire population
PROBABILITY – everyone are equally selected
1. CONVENIENCE SAMPLE – chosen based on availability; first
come first serve; a group of individuals who meet the general
requirements of the study & are recruited in a variety of
ways (Subject pool)
