TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE

PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF SCIENCE – Physics Department

PHYSICS FOR
ENGINEERS
PHYSENG

Instructor: Ms. Coleen M. Amado

▪ Differentiate scalar and vector quantities
▪ Determine the ways on how to represent a vector
▪ Perform operations on vectors
▪ Resolve vectors to its components
▪ Perform addition of vectors using component method
▪ Perform addition of vectors using cosine and sine law
Scalar Quantities
Scalar quantities are the quantities that can be described with just the
magnitude.

Vector Quantities
Vector quantities are the quantities that can be described with the
magnitude and the direction,
 symbol used to symbol used to represent
𝑨 represent vector A or 𝐴Ԧ the magnitude of a vector

𝐴Ԧ = 23 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠, 𝑁
𝐴Ԧ = 𝐴 = 23 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
 The direction where the arrow is
pointed represents the direction
of the vector.

The length of the arrow

represents the magnitude of the
vector.
𝑨 𝑩 𝑨 𝑩

𝑨=𝑩 𝑨 = −𝑩
parallel vectors antiparallel vectors
 magnitude and direction

Example
1.0 unit, E
W of N E of N

N of W N of E

S of W S of E
W of S E of S
 magnitude and direction

Example
2.0 units, S
W of N E of N

N of W N of E

S of W S of E
W of S E of S
 magnitude, angle, and direction

Example
10 units, 50.00 S of W
W of N E of N

N of W N of E

S of W S of E
W of S E of S
50.0o
 magnitude, angle, and direction

Example
5.0 units, 25.00 N of E
W of N E of N

N of W N of E

S of W S of E 25.0o
W of S E of S
 magnitude, angle, and direction

Try this!
W of N E of N
3.0 units, 80.00 W of N
N of W N of E

S of W S of E 80.0𝑜
W of S E of S
 magnitude and angle (polar form)

+ starting from the positive x-axis, if

you rotate in the counterclockwise
direction, the angle is positive
 magnitude and angle (polar form)

- starting from the positive x-axis, if

you rotate in the clockwise direction,
the angle is negative
magnitude and angle (polar form)

Example
1.0 unit, 90.0o
 magnitude and angle (polar form)

150.0o
Example
2.0 units, 150.0o
 magnitude and angle (polar form)

Example
5.0 units, 50.0o S of W
90o+90o+50o = 230o

90.0o 90.0o

50.0o
5.0 units, 230o
 magnitude and angle (polar form)

345𝑜

Try this! 75.0𝑜

4.0 units, 75.0o E of S
4.0 units, 345o
 with base unit vectors (Cartesian form)

A unit vector is a vector with a magnitude of 1, with no units. Its only

purpose is to point, to describe a direction in space.

Suppose 𝑢ො is a unit vector. Hence, 𝑢ො = 1. Also, if vector 𝐴Ԧ

ො then we can represent vector 𝐴Ԧ as
points in the direction of 𝑢,
𝐴Ԧ = 𝐴𝑢ො
 with base unit vectors (Cartesian form)

A unit vector is a vector with a magnitude of 1, with no units. Its only

purpose is to point, to describe a direction in space.

The base unit vectors 𝑖,Ƹ 𝑗,Ƹ 𝑘෠ point in

the direction of the 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 axes,
respectively.
 magnitude and base unit vectors (Cartesian form)

Example Example
1.0 unit, E 2.0 units, S

𝟏. 𝟎 𝒊Ƹ

−𝟐. 𝟎 𝒋Ƹ
 magnitude and base unit vectors (Cartesian form)

Example Example
1.0 unit W, 2.0 units N 1.0 unit E, 2.0 units N, 3.0 units
out of the page

−𝟏. 𝟎 𝒊Ƹ + 𝟐. 𝟎 𝒋Ƹ

෡
𝟏. 𝟎 𝒊Ƹ + 𝟐. 𝟎 𝒋Ƹ + 𝟑. 𝟎 𝒌
Suppose a force with a magnitude of 𝐹 is acting in the direction of the line
AB.
𝑢ො

𝐹
 The force can be represented by its
magnitude and a unit vector in the same
𝑢ො direction.
𝑭=𝑭𝒖 ෝ

𝐹
We can get the unit vector from the
position vector of point B with respect to A.
A position vector is a vector that represents the position of some point relative to
a fixed point.
Suppose we have a point with coordinates (𝑟𝑥 , 𝑟𝑦 , 𝑟𝑧 ). The position vector 𝑟Ԧ from the
origin (0,0,0) to this point is given by

𝑟Ԧ = 𝑟𝑥 − 0 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑟𝑦 − 0 𝑗Ƹ + 𝑟𝑧 − 0 𝑘෠
෡
𝒓 = 𝒓𝒙 𝒊Ƹ + 𝒓𝒚 𝒋Ƹ + 𝒓𝒛 𝒌
Its magnitude is given by

𝒓 = 𝒓𝟐𝒙 + 𝒓𝟐𝒚 + 𝒓𝟐𝒛

 The position vector 𝐴𝐵 has the same
direction as the unit vector. Hence, we can
𝑢ො represent this position vector as
𝐴𝐵 = 𝐴𝐵 𝑢ො
𝐹

Hence, the expression for the unit vector 𝑢ො is

𝑨𝑩
ෝ=
𝒖
𝑨𝑩
 𝑢ො Given 𝐴 has the coordinates (𝑥𝐴 , 𝑦𝐴 , 𝑧𝐴 ) and 𝐵 has the
coordinates (𝑥𝐵 , 𝑦𝐵 , 𝑧𝐵 ), the position vector 𝐴𝐵 is given by
𝑨𝑩 = 𝒙𝑩 − 𝒙𝑨 𝒊Ƹ + 𝒚𝑩 − 𝒚𝑨 𝒋Ƹ + 𝒛𝑩 − 𝒛𝑨 𝒌 ෡
𝐹

and its magnitude is given by

𝑨𝑩 = 𝒙𝑩 − 𝒙𝑨 𝟐 + 𝒚𝑩 − 𝒚𝑨 𝟐 + 𝒛𝑩 − 𝒛𝑨 𝟐

Hence, 𝑢ො is given by
෡
𝒙𝑩 − 𝒙𝑨 𝒊Ƹ + 𝒚𝑩 − 𝒚𝑨 𝒋Ƹ + 𝒛𝑩 − 𝒛𝑨 𝒌
ෝ=
𝒖
𝒙𝑩 − 𝒙𝑨 𝟐 + 𝒚𝑩 − 𝒚𝑨 𝟐 + 𝒛𝑩 − 𝒛𝑨 𝟐
 𝑢ො

Therefore, the force can be represented as

෡
𝒙𝑩 − 𝒙𝑨 𝒊Ƹ + 𝒚𝑩 − 𝒚𝑨 𝒋Ƹ + 𝒛𝑩 − 𝒛𝑨 𝒌
𝑭=𝑭
𝒙𝑩 − 𝒙𝑨 𝟐 + 𝒚𝑩 − 𝒚𝑨 𝟐 + 𝒛𝑩 − 𝒛𝑨 𝟐
Suppose an object undergoes a displacement 𝑨 followed by a second
displacement 𝑩.
The final result is the same as if the object had
𝑩 started at the same initial point and undergone a
single displacement 𝑪.
𝑨
This vector 𝑪 is called the vector sum or
𝑪
resultant of vectors 𝑨 and 𝑩.

𝑨+𝑩=𝑪
In this method, the second vector is drawn In this method, the vectors are drawn from
at the tip of the first vector. resultant the same point. A parallelogram is formed
vector is drawn from the tail of the first the resultant vector is the diagonal of the
vector to the tip of the second vector. parallelogram.

𝑩 𝑩

𝑨 𝑨 𝑪
𝑪
In this method, the vectors are drawn from head to tail to form an open polygon. The
starting point is arbitrary. The resultant vector is drawn from the tail of the first vector to
the head of the last vector
When we subtract two vectors, 𝑨 − 𝑩, we define it to be the vector sum of 𝑨 and
− 𝑩. Thus,

𝑨 − 𝑩 = 𝑨 + −𝑩

𝑨
𝑩

𝑨−𝑩=𝑪
When a vector 𝑨 is multiplied to a scalar 𝑐, the resulting vector c𝐴Ԧ has a magnitude
|𝑐|𝐴.

If the scalar 𝑐 is greater than 1, the magnitude of the vector increases. If it is less than 1,
the magnitude of the vector decreases.

𝑩 2𝑩 0.5𝑩

If the scalar 𝑐 is negative, the resulting

vector is directed in the opposite direction. −0.5𝑩
Examples
Determine the magnitude and the direction of the resultant of the following pairs of
vectors:
1. 𝑨 = 𝟓. 𝟎 𝒎, 𝑬 𝑩 = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟎 𝒎, 𝑾
2. 𝑨 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟎 𝒎, 𝑺 𝑩 = 𝟗. 𝟎 𝒎, 𝑵

Solution: 𝑩 𝑨
1. 5.0 𝑚 + −12.0 𝑚 = −7.0 𝑚 → 𝟕. 𝟎 𝒎, 𝑾
2. −11.0 𝑚 + 9.0 𝑚 = −2.0 𝑚 → 𝟐. 𝟎 𝒎, 𝑺 𝑪
𝑪
𝑨 𝑩
Examples
Determine the magnitude and the direction of the resultant of the following pairs of
vectors:
3. 𝑨 = 𝟑. 𝟎 𝒎, 𝑵 𝑩 = 𝟒. 𝟎 𝒎, 𝑬
4. 𝑨 = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟎 𝒎, 𝑾 𝑩 = 𝟏𝟓. 𝟎 𝒎, 𝑺
Solution:
𝑩 3. 𝐶 = 3.0 𝑚 2 + 4.0 𝑚 2 = 5.0 𝑚
𝐴 −1
𝐴 −1
3.0 𝑚
𝑨 𝑪 opp
tan 𝜃 = → 𝜃 = tan = tan = 36.9𝑜
𝐵 𝐵 4.0 𝑚
𝜽
𝒐
adj 𝑪 = 𝟓. 𝟎 𝒎, 𝟑𝟔. 𝟗 𝑵 𝒐𝒇 𝑬
Examples
Determine the magnitude and the direction of the resultant of the following pairs of
vectors:
3. 𝑨 = 𝟑. 𝟎 𝒎, 𝑵 𝑩 = 𝟒. 𝟎 𝒎, 𝑬
4. 𝑨 = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟎 𝒎, 𝑾 𝑩 = 𝟏𝟓. 𝟎 𝒎, 𝑵
Solution:
4. 𝐶 = 10.0 𝑚 2 + 15.0 𝑚 2 = 18.0 𝑚
𝑩 𝑪 𝐵 𝐵 15.0 𝑚
−1 −1
opp
tan 𝜃 = → 𝜃 = tan = tan = 56.3𝑜
𝜽 𝐴 𝐴 10.0 𝑚
𝒐
adj 𝑨 𝑪 = 𝟏𝟖. 𝟎 𝒎, 𝟓𝟔. 𝟑 𝑵 𝒐𝒇 𝑾
Try this!
Determine the magnitude and the direction of the resultant of the
following pairs of vectors:
1.. 𝑨 = 𝟐. 𝟎 𝒎, 𝑺 𝑩 = 𝟔. 𝟎 𝒎, 𝑵
2. 𝑨 = 𝟖. 𝟎 𝒎, 𝑬 𝑩 = 𝟔. 𝟎 𝒎, 𝑺

Answers:
1. 4.0 𝑚, 𝑁
2. 10.0 𝑚, 36.9𝑜 𝑆 𝑜𝑓 𝐸
Two soccer players kick a ball
simultaneously from opposite sides.
Red #3 kicks it with a force of 50.0
N while Blue#3 kicks it with a force
of 65.0 N. What is the net force on
the ball?
Solution:
50.0 𝑁 + −65.0 𝑁 = −𝟏𝟓. 𝟎 𝑵
Answer:
𝟏𝟓. 𝟎 𝑵, 𝒕𝒐 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒍𝒆𝒇𝒕
A cross-country skier skis north
1.00 km north and then 2.00 km
east on a horizontal snow field.
How far and in what direction is he
from the starting point?
 𝜽

Solution: Answer:
1.00 𝑘𝑚 2 + 2.00 𝑘𝑚 2 = 2.24 𝑘𝑚 𝟐. 𝟐𝟒 𝒌𝒎, 𝟐𝟔. 𝟔𝒐 𝑵 𝒐𝒇 𝑬
1.00 𝑘𝑚 −1
1.00 𝑘𝑚
tan 𝜃 = → 𝜃 = tan = 26.6𝑜
2.00 𝑘𝑚 2.00 𝑘𝑚
Try this!
A plane is heading west. After 240
miles, the pilot changes its direction
towards south. After the plane has
travelled 480 miles in this direction,
how far is it from the starting point?
Answer:
537 𝑚, 63.4𝑜 𝑆 𝑜𝑓 𝑊
 We can represent a vector lying in the
xy-plane as the sum of a vector parallel
to the x-axis and a vector parallel to
the y-axis. These two vectors are called
the components of the vector.

𝑨 = 𝑨𝒙 + 𝑨 𝒚
The components of a vector can be
calculated if its magnitude and direction
are known.
𝑨𝒙
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 = → 𝑨𝒙 = 𝑨𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽
𝑨
𝑨𝒚
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 = → 𝑨𝒚 = 𝑨𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽
𝑨
 𝑩𝒙
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 = → 𝑩𝒙 = 𝑩𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽
𝑩
𝑩𝒙
𝑩𝒙 = −𝑩𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽
𝜃 = 30.0𝑜
𝑩𝒚
𝑩 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 = → 𝑩𝒚 = 𝑩𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽
𝑩𝒚 𝑩
𝑩𝒚 = −𝑩𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽
 If you want to use the equations
𝑩𝒙 = 𝑩𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽
180𝑜 + 60𝑜 = 𝟐𝟒𝟎𝒐
𝑩𝒚 = 𝑩𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽
𝑩𝒙
and not think about whether you will put a negative
𝜃 = 30.0𝑜
sign on the components due to their location in the
𝑩 plane, you can get the angle of from the positive x-
𝑩𝒚
axis instead and use it in the calculation.
 Using the given angle:
270𝑜 + 45𝑜 = 𝟑𝟏𝟓𝒐
𝐷𝑥 = 𝐷𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 = 3.00 𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑠 45𝑜 = 𝟐. 𝟏𝟐 𝒎
𝐷𝑦 = −𝐷𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 = − 3.00 𝑚 sin 45𝑜 = −𝟐. 𝟏𝟐 𝒎

Using the angle from the positive x-axis:

𝐷𝑥 = 𝐷𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
= 3.00 𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑠 315𝑜
Example = 𝟐. 𝟏𝟐 𝒎
What are the x- and y-components of 𝐷𝑦 = 𝐷𝑐𝑜𝑠
vector 𝑫? The magnitude of vector is D = 3.00 𝑚 sin 315𝑜
= 3.00 m and the angle α = 450. = −𝟐. 𝟏𝟐 𝒎
 90𝑜 − 37𝑜 = 𝟓𝟑𝒐

Example Solution
What are the x- and y-components 𝐸𝑥 = 𝐸𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 4.50 𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑠 53𝑜
= 𝟐. 𝟕𝟏 𝒎
of vector 𝑬? The magnitude of
𝐷𝑦 = 𝐸𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 4.50 𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑠 53𝑜
vector is E = 4.50 m and the angle
= 𝟑. 𝟓𝟗 𝒎
β= 37.00.
Given the components, how do we find the magnitude and direction of the
vector?
Suppose 𝐶𝑥 = 1.0 𝑚 and 𝐶𝑦 = 1.5 𝑚, then the magnitude
of 𝐶 is
𝐶= 𝐶𝑥2 + 𝐶𝑦2 = 1.0 𝑚 2 + 1.5 𝑚 2 = 𝟏. 𝟖 𝒎

𝑪𝒙
For the direction,
𝜽 𝐶𝑦 −1
𝐶𝑦 −1
1.5 𝑚
tan 𝜃 = → 𝜃 = tan = tan = 𝟓𝟔. 𝟑𝒐
𝐶𝑥 𝐶𝑥 1.0
𝑪𝒚
𝑪
Hence vector 𝐶Ԧ is 𝟏. 𝟖 𝒎, 𝟓𝟔. 𝟑𝒐 𝑺 𝒐𝒇 𝑬.
Try this!
1. What are the x- and y-components of vector 𝑳 with a magnitude of 10.0
m and direction 35o S of E?
2. Find the x- and y- components of vector 𝐶Ԧ shown in the figure.
3. Find the magnitude and direction of the vector with x- and y- components
2.0 m and -4.0 m, respectively.
30.0 N Answers:
𝟖𝟓𝒐 1. 18.19 𝑚, −5.74 𝑚
2. −2.61𝑁, 29.9 𝑁
3. 4.47 𝑚, 63.4 𝑆 𝑜𝑓 𝐸
 Ԧ
𝐶(10.0 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠)

Example 20.0𝑜

Find the resultant of vector 𝑪, and 75.0𝑜

𝑳 shown in the figure. 𝐿(8.0 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠)

Solution:.
1. Find the x- and y- components of the vectors.
x-component y-components
𝐶Ԧ 𝐶𝑥 = 10.0 cos(160𝑜 ) = −9.40 𝐶𝑦 = 10.0 sin(160𝑜 ) = 3.42
𝐿 𝐿𝑥 = 8.0 cos −75.0𝑜 = 2.07 𝐿𝑦 = 8.0 sin −75𝑜 = −7.73

2. Calculate the summation of the all the x-components

and all the y-components of the vectors.

𝛴𝑅𝑥 = −9.40 + 2.07 = −7.33

𝛴𝑅𝑦 = 3.42 + −7.73 = −𝟒. 𝟑𝟏
Solution:.
3. Get the magnitude and direction of the
resultant vector from its components.

𝑅 = −7.33 2 + −4.31 2
𝑹𝒙
𝑹 = 𝟖. 𝟓𝟎

𝑹 𝑹𝒚 𝑅𝑦 4.31
𝜃= tan−1 = tan−1
𝑅𝑥 7.33
𝜽 = 𝟑𝟎. 𝟓𝒐

𝑹 = 𝟖. 𝟓𝟎 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔, 𝟑𝟎. 𝟓𝒐 𝑺 𝒐𝒇 𝑾
Example
Three horizontal ropes pull on a large
stone truck in the ground, producing
the vector forces 𝑨, 𝑩, and 𝑪
shown in the figure. Find the vector
sum of the forces.
Solution:.
1. Find the x- and y- components of the vectors.
x-component y-components
𝐴Ԧ 𝐴𝑥 = 100.0𝑁 cos(30𝑜 ) 𝐴𝑦 = 100.0𝑁 sin(30𝑜 )
𝐴𝑥 = 86.6𝑁 𝐴𝑦 = 50.0𝑁
𝐵 𝐵𝑥 = 80.0𝑁 cos 120𝑜 𝐵𝑥 = 80.0𝑁 sin 120𝑜
𝐵𝑥 = −40.0𝑁 𝐵𝑥 = 69.3𝑁
𝐶Ԧ 𝐶𝑥 = 40.0𝑁 cos(233𝑜 ) 𝐶𝑥 = 40.0𝑁 cos(233𝑜 )
𝐶𝑥 = −24.1𝑁 𝐶𝑥 = −31.9𝑁

2. Calculate the summation of the all the x-components

and all the y-components of the vectors.
𝛴𝑅𝑥 = 86.6𝑁 + −40.0𝑁 + −24.1𝑁 = 25.2𝑁
𝛴𝑅𝑦 = 50.0𝑁 + 69.3𝑁 + −31.9𝑁 = 87.4𝑁
Solution:.
3. Get the magnitude and direction of the
resultant vector from its components.

𝑹𝒚 𝑹
𝑅 = 25.2𝑁 2 + 87.4𝑁 2
𝑹𝒙 𝑹 = 𝟗𝟏. 𝟎𝑵

𝑅𝑦 87.4𝑁
𝜃= tan−1 = tan−1
𝑅𝑥 25.2𝑁
𝜽 = 𝟕𝟑. 𝟗𝒐

𝑹 = 𝟗𝟏. 𝟎 𝑵, 𝟕𝟑. 𝟗𝒐 𝑵 𝒐𝒇 𝑬
Try this!
Three players on a reality TV show are brought to the center of
a large, flat field. Each is given a meter stick, a compass, a
calculator, a shovel, and the following three displacements:
72.4 m, 32.00 east of north
0 Answer:
57.3 m, 36.0 south of west
12.7 𝑚, 51.1𝑜 𝑁 𝑜𝑓 𝑊
17.8 m, straight south
The three displacements lead to the point where the keys to a
new Jeep are buried. Two players start measuring immediately
but the winner first calculates where to go. What does she
calculate?
When vectors are expressed in Cartesian form, they are expressed in terms of their
components.

𝐴 = 𝐴𝑥 𝑖Ƹ + 𝐴𝑦 𝑗Ƹ + 𝐴𝑧 𝑘෠

Hence, the components of vector 𝐴Ԧ along the x-, y-, and z-axes are 𝐴𝑥 , 𝐴𝑦 , and 𝐴𝑧 ,
respectively.
Given
𝐴Ԧ = 2.0 𝑖Ƹ + 2.0 𝑗Ƹ − 3.0 𝑘෠
𝐵 = 2.0 𝑖Ƹ − 4.0 𝑗Ƹ + 2.0 𝑘෠
Find 𝐴 + 𝐵

Solution:
𝐴Ԧ + 𝐵 = 2.0 + 2.0 𝑖Ƹ + 2.0 − 4.0 𝑗Ƹ + −3.0 + 2.0 𝑘෠
෡
𝐴Ԧ + 𝐵 = 𝟒. 𝟎 𝒊Ƹ − 𝟐. 𝟎 𝒋Ƹ − 𝒌
Given
𝐴Ԧ = 2.0 𝑖Ƹ + 5.0 𝑗Ƹ − 3.0 𝑘෠
𝐵 = 4.0 𝑖Ƹ − 4.0 𝑗Ƹ + 6.0 𝑘෠
Find the magnitude of 𝐴 − 𝐵

Solution:
𝐴Ԧ − 𝐵 = 𝐴Ԧ + −𝐵 = 2.0 − 4.0 𝑖Ƹ + 5.0 + 4.0 𝑗Ƹ + −3.0 − 2.0 𝑘෠
𝐴Ԧ − 𝐵 = −2.0 𝑖Ƹ + 9.0 𝑗Ƹ − 5.0 𝑘෠
𝐴Ԧ − 𝐵 = −𝟐. 𝟎 𝟐 + 𝟗. 𝟎 𝟐 + −𝟓. 𝟎 𝟐 = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟓
Cosine Law Sine Law
Example
Given that 𝒗 = 𝟏𝟎, 𝟎𝒐 and 𝒖 = 𝟔, 𝟓𝟎𝒐 , find the magnitude and direction of
𝒖 + 𝒗.
Using the cosine law,
Solution
𝑢 + 𝑣Ԧ = 102 + 62 − 2 10 6 𝑐𝑜𝑠 1300
𝒖 𝒖+𝒗 𝒖 + 𝒗 = 𝟏𝟒. 𝟔

𝟓𝟎𝒐 𝟏𝟑𝟎𝒐 6
𝜽 Using the sine law,
10
𝒗 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟏𝟑𝟎𝒐 𝟔𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟏𝟑𝟎𝒐
= → 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝜽 =
𝟔 𝟏𝟒. 𝟔 𝟏𝟒. 𝟔
𝒐
𝟔𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟏𝟑𝟎
𝜽 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏−𝟏 = 𝟏𝟖. 𝟑𝒐
𝟏𝟒. 𝟔
The scalar product is denoted by 𝑨 ∙ 𝑩. In equation, it is expressed as

𝑨 ∙ 𝑩 = 𝐴𝐵𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
For unit vectors,
𝑖Ƹ ∙ 𝑖Ƹ = 𝑗Ƹ ∙ 𝑗Ƹ = 𝑘෠ ∙ 𝑘෠ = 1 1 cos 00 = 1
𝑖Ƹ ∙ 𝑗Ƹ = 𝑗Ƹ ∙ 𝑘෠ = 𝑖Ƹ ∙ 𝑘෠ = 1 1 cos 900 = 0

Thus, for
𝐴Ԧ = 𝐴𝑥 𝑖Ƹ + 𝐴𝑦 𝑗Ƹ + 𝐴𝑧 𝑘෠ and 𝐵 = 𝐵𝑥 𝑖Ƹ + 𝐵𝑦 𝑗Ƹ + 𝐵𝑧 𝑘෠

𝑨 ∙ 𝑩 = 𝑨𝒙 𝑩𝒙 + 𝑨𝒚 𝑩𝒚 + 𝑨𝒛 𝑩𝒛
Example 𝜽 = 𝟏𝟑𝟎𝒐 − 𝟓𝟑. 𝟎𝒐 = 𝟕𝟕. 𝟎𝒐
Find the scalar product 𝑨 ∙ 𝑩 of the two
vectors in the figure whose magnitudes
are A = 4.00 and B = 5.00.

Solution
𝐴Ԧ ∙ 𝐵 = 𝐴𝐵𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝐴Ԧ ∙ 𝐵 = 4.00 5.00 cos 77.0𝑜
𝐴Ԧ ∙ 𝐵 = 𝟒. 𝟓𝟎
Example
Find the dot product of the following vectors:

෠ and 𝑩 = (−5.0𝑖Ƹ + 2.0𝑗Ƹ − 𝑘)

𝑨 = (3.0𝑖Ƹ − 2.0𝑗Ƹ + 4.0𝑘) ෠

Solution
𝐴Ԧ ∙ 𝐵 = 𝐴𝑥 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐴𝑦 𝐵𝑦 + 𝐴𝑧 𝐵𝑧
𝐴Ԧ ∙ 𝐵 = 4.0 −5.0 + −2.0 2.0 + (4.0)(−1.0)
𝐴Ԧ ∙ 𝐵 = −𝟐𝟖
Example Solution
Vector 𝑨 has a magnitude of 6.00 𝐴Ԧ ∙ 𝐵 = 𝐴𝐵𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
units, vector 𝑩 has a magnitude of 𝐴Ԧ ∙ 𝐵 𝐴Ԧ∙𝐵
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = → 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 ( )
7.00 units and 𝑨 ∙ 𝑩 has a value of 𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝐵
14.0. What is the angle between 𝑨 −1
14.0
𝜃 = cos
and 𝑩? (6.00)(7.00)
𝜽 = 𝟕𝟎. 𝟓𝒐
Try this!
Given
𝐴Ԧ = (𝑖Ƹ − 2.0 𝑗Ƹ + 4.0 𝑘) ෠
𝐵 = (2.0 𝑖Ƹ + 3.0 𝑗Ƹ − 2.0 𝑘) ෠
Find: Answer:
(a) 𝐴Ԧ ∙ 𝐵 (a) -12
(b) the angle between the two vectors. (b) 129o
The cross product is denoted by 𝑨 × 𝑩. In equation, it is expressed as

𝑨 × 𝑩 = 𝐴𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑛ො
Note: 𝑨 × 𝑩 = −𝑩 × 𝑨
For unit vectors,

Thus,
𝑨 × 𝑩 = 𝐴𝑦 𝐵𝑧 − 𝐴𝑧 𝐵𝑦 𝑖Ƹ + 𝐴𝑧 𝐵𝑥 − 𝐴𝑥 𝐵𝑧 𝑗Ƹ + (𝐴𝑥 𝐵𝑦 − 𝐴𝑦 𝐵𝑥 )𝑘෠
Example
Find the dot product of the following vectors:

෠ and 𝑩 = (−5.0𝑖Ƹ + 2.0𝑗Ƹ − 𝑘)

𝑨 = (3.0𝑖Ƹ − 2.0𝑗Ƹ + 4.0𝑘) ෠

Solution
𝐴Ԧ × 𝐵 = 𝐴𝑦 𝐵𝑧 − 𝐴𝑧 𝐵𝑦 𝑖Ƹ + 𝐴𝑧 𝐵𝑥 − 𝐴𝑥 𝐵𝑧 𝑗Ƹ + (𝐴𝑥 𝐵𝑦 − 𝐴𝑦 𝐵𝑥 )𝑘෠
𝐴Ԧ × 𝐵
= −2.0 −1.0 − 4.0 2.0 𝑖Ƹ + 4.0 −5.0 − 3.0 −1.0 𝑗Ƹ
+ 3.0 2.0 − −2.0 −5.0 𝑘෠
෡
𝐴Ԧ × 𝐵 = −𝟔. 𝟎 𝒊Ƹ − 𝟏𝟕 𝒋Ƹ − 𝟒. 𝟎 𝒌
Try this!
Calculate the cross product of the two vectors

෠ and 𝑩 = (−4.0𝑖Ƹ + 4.0𝑗Ƹ − 𝑘)

𝑨 = (2.0𝑖Ƹ + 3.0𝑗Ƹ + 𝑘) ෠

Answer:
−7 𝑖Ƹ − 2 𝑗Ƹ + 20 𝑘෠