Design of Composite Beams

using Allowable Stress Design

Lecture 2
Presented by:
Dr. Sherine Swelem
(1) Choosing Section Of Composite
Beam

ts = thickness of slab

hs = height of steel section

h = total height of
composite section

Be = effective width
 (a) Steel Beam
Height of composite beam = h
Span of beam = L
h = L / (16 – 22)
If h < L / 22
Then deflecion must be checked !
Height of Steel Beam = hs
hs = h - ts
 Example 1
• If L = 20.0 m
• ts = 15 cm
• h = 2000/16 = 125 cm
• h = 2000/22 = 90.9 cm
• Let h = 115 cm
• If h ≤ 90.0 cm
• Deflection must be checked !
• hs = h – ts = 115 – 15 = 100 cm
Slab with haunch
dh = height of haunch

tan β = Slope of haunch

h = L / (16-22)

hs = h – (ts + dh)
 (b) Concrete Slab
(i) Thickness of Concrete Slab:
(a) For Buildings:
• For Roof Slabs: ts ≥ 8 cm
• For Repeated Floors: ts ≥ 10 cm
• For Floors supporting moving loads:
ts ≥ 12 cm
(b) For Roadway Bridges:

• ts ≥ 16 cm

• For Deck Bridges with direct traffic:

ts ≥ 20 cm
 (ii) Haunches for slabs
Objective:
To increase the moment of
Inertia of the composite
section
• Slope ≤ 3 : 1
• i.e. tan β ≤ 3
• i.e. β ≤ 71.5⁰
• Height of haunch:
dh ≤ 1.5 ts
• Total depth of composite
section:
h ≤ 2.5 hs
 Example 2
• Slab with haunch:
• ts = 15 cm L = 20.0 m
• tan β = 2 β = 63.4⁰
• dh ≤ 1.5 ts = 1.5 (15) = 22.5 cm
• Let dh = 20 cm
• h = 2000/16 = 125 cm
• hs = 125 – (15 + 20) = 90 cm
• h ≤ 2.5 hs = 2.5 (90) = 225 cm O.K
 (iii) Effective width Be
(a) For Buildings:
• Be ≤ span/4
• Be ≤ spacing between beams

(b) For Bridges:

• Be ≤ span/4
• Be ≤ spacing between beams
• Be ≤ 12 ts
 Example 3
For a building:
(a) If Span L = 20.0 m, Spacing of beams = 3.0 m
Be ≤ 20/4 = 5.0 m
Be ≤ 3.0 m
Taken Be = 3.0 m

(b) If Span L = 14.0 m , Spacing = 4.0 m

Be ≤ 14/4 = 3.5 m
Be ≤ 4.0 m
Taken Be = 3.5 m
Effective width in case of Edge distance
For Buildings:
• BeL = BeR ≤ Span/8
Be = (Span/8) x 2 = Span/4
• BeL = BeR ≤ Spacing/2
Be = (Spacing/2) x 2 = Spacing
• B* = Edge distance of slab
BeR = smaller of Span/8 , spacing/2 , B*
• Be = BeL + BeR
 Example
Span = 20 m
Spacing = 4.0 m
Edge distance = b* = 1.0 m
• BeL ≤ 20/8 = 2.5 m
• BeL ≤ 4.0l2 = 2.0 m
BeL = 2.0 m
• BeR smaller of 2.5 m, 2.0 m, 1.0 m
BeR = 1.0 m
• Therefore Be = 2.0 + 1.0 = 3.0 m
For Bridge Girders having a slab from one side
only:

• Be ≤ Span/12

• Be ≤ 6 ts
 (iv) Characteristic Cube Strength of
Concrete Strength Fcu

• Fcu ≥ 250 kg/cm² for Buildings

• Fcu ≥ 300 kg/cm² for Bridges

• Fcu ≥ 400 kg/cm² for Deck slabs subjected to

direct traffic
 (2) Methods of Construction
(1) Unshored Section:
• The Steel sec. alone supports Dead and
Construction loads.
• The Composite section supports Live loads and
superimposed loads ( floor finishings,
walls…etc.)
(2) Shored Section:
• The Composite section supports both Dead, Live
and superimposed loads.
 (3) Calculation of Stresses
According to the Elastic Theory, the concrete slab
is transformed to an equivalent steel section
using the modular ratio (n).

n = Es/Ec n>7

where
Es = Modulus of Elasticity of Steel
Ec = Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete
Elastic Theory
 Concrete section is transformed into
equivalent Steel section by dividing the
effective width Be by the modular ratio (n):
• Be’ = Be/n
• Ac’ = (Be/n) x (ts)
where:
ts = thickness of slab neglecting the haunch
thickness dh
 Modular Ratio (n)

Fcu Ec n
250 kg/cm² 220 t/cm² 10
300 kg/cm² 240 t/cm²
9

400 kg/cm² 280 t/cm²

8

≥ 500 kg/cm² 310 t/cm²

7
 Conditions for the Design of
Composite Sections

(1) Bending Stresses in the Steel beam and

Concrete section are calculated according to
the Elastic Theory.

(2) Tension in the Concrete section is neglected.

Distribution of Stresses for Unshored and
Shored Section
Steps of Design for Unshored
Beams
 (1) Properties of Steel Section
Total Area (As):
Afl1 = bfl1 x tfl1
Afl2 = bfl2 x tfl2
Aw = hw x tw
As = Afl1 + Afl2 + Aw

Determination of C.G
for steel section:
ΣM@x-x = 0
 Afl1(hs – tfl1/2) + Afl2(tfl2/2) + Aw(hw/2 + tfl2) = As x ys

Solve to obtain ys

• Calculation of Moment of Inertia of Steel section

about x – axis (Is):

Is = Aw hw²/12 + Aw( hw/2 + tfl2 – ys)²

+ Afl1(hs – ys – tfl1/2)² + Afl2(ys – tfl2/2)²
 (2) Properties of Composite Section
Total Area (Av):
Ac' = (Be/n) x ts
Av = As + Ac'

Determination of N.A for

Composite section:
ΣM@s-s = 0
Ac' (hs – ys + ts/2) = Av x ev

Solve to obtain ev
• Calculation of Moment of Inertia of the
Composite section about x – axis (Iv):

Iv = Is + As x ev² + Ac'(ts)²/12 + Ac'(yc - ts/2)²

(3) Calculation of Straining Actions for
the Beam
• D1 = O.W of Concrete slab and Steel beam
• D2 = Superimposed load ( wall, finishing…etc.)
• L = Live load
• Calculate Max bending moment and shear for
the beam:
• Calculate MD1 , QD1
• Calculate ML+D2 , QL+D2
(4)Check of Normal Stresses for Beam
(i) Check of Stresses for Steel section:
• fsu1 = (MD1/Is) x (hs – ys)
• fsL1 = (MD1/Is) x (ys)

(ii) Check of Stresses for Composite section:

• fc = (MD2+L /Iv) x yc /(n)
• fsu2 = (MD2+L /Iv) x yvu
• fsL2 = (MD2+L /Iv) x yvL
(iii) Total Stresses for Composite section:

• fc = fc
• fvu = fsu1 + fsu2
• fvL = fsL1 + fsL2

Total Stresses should not exceed the allowable

bending stresses of the beam.
Check of Lateral torsional buckling for
the Upper compressed Steel Flange
During Construction:
• The upper steel flange is subjected to
compressive stresses that cause lateral
torsional buckling in the upper flange.
• These compressive stresses are caused by D.L1
(Own weight of steel beam and R.C slab).
• Thus the upper steel flange should be checked
against lateral torsional buckling as defined by
the code.
 After Construction:
• The compression steel flange is completely
attached to the concrete slab by shear
connectors (after the concrete hardens).
• The compressive stresses are carried by the
R.C slab.
• Thus no lateral torsional buckling check (due
D.L2 and L.L) is needed after the concrete
hardens and the composite section acts as
one unit.
• The elastic bending stresses in the upper
flange are computed due to D.L1 and
compared with the allowable bending stress
Fb or allowable lateral torsional buckling stress
Fltb .
• fsu = (MD1/Is ) x (hs – ys) ≤ Fb or Fltb
• fsL = (MD1/Is ) x (ys) ≤ Fb
Note:
• Fb = 0.64 Fy for compact sections
• Fb = 0.58 Fy for non compact sections
 Computing Allowable Stress in
bending Fb for I-sections
• Lu = Effective laterally unsupported length of
compression flange.
• Lu is determined according to the lateral
bracing system of the beam.
• Cb = Coefficient that depends on the type of
loading and support conditions.
• Cb is given in table (2-2) in Code of Practice for
Steel buildings.
• For other conditions than that mentioned in
table (2-2), it can be calculated from the
following formula:

Cb = 1.75 + 1.05(M1/M2) + 0.3(M1/M2)2

Where:
(M1/M2) is the algebraic ratio of the smaller
to the larger end moments taken as positive
for reverse curvature bending.
• When the bending moment at any point
within the unbraced length is larger than the
values at both ends of this length, the value of
(Cb ) shall be taken as unity.
Check Compactness of Web for Plate
Girders
• Compact Section:
dw/tw ≤ 127/√Fy

• Non Compact Section:

dw/tw > 127/√Fy
dw/tw ≤ 190/√Fy
Case (1-a): (If section is compact)
If Lu ≤ 20 bf /√Fy and Lu ≤ 1380 Af Cb/(d Fy)
For Mx:
Fb = 0.64 Fy Mx/Zx ≤ 0.64 Fy

For My:
Fb = 0.72 Fy My/Zy ≤ 0.72 Fy

For Mx and My:

(Mx/Zx)/(0.64 Fy) + (My/Zy)/(0.72 Fy) ≤ 1.0
Case (1-b): (If section is non compact)
If Lu ≤ 20 bf /√Fy and Lu ≤ 1380 Af Cb/(d Fy)
For Mx:
Fb = 0.58 Fy Mx/Zx ≤ 0.58 Fy

For My:
Fb = 0.58 Fy My/Zy ≤ 0.58 Fy

For Mx and My:

(Mx/Zx)/(0.58 Fy) + (My/Zy)/(0.58 Fy) ≤ 1.0
Case (2): (Compact or non compact section)
If Lu > 20 bf/√Fy and Lu ≤ 1380 Af Cb/(d Fy)
For Mx:
Fb = 0.58 Fy Mx/Zx ≤ 0.58 Fy

For My:
Fb = 0.58 Fy My/Zy ≤ 0.58 Fy

For Mx and My:

(Mx/Zx)/(0.58 Fy) + (My/Zy)/(0.58 Fy) ≤ 1.0
Case (3): (Compact or non compact section)
If Lu > 20 bf/√Fy and Lu > 1380 Af Cb/(d Fy)
For Mx:
Fb = Fltb Mx/Zx ≤ Fltb

For My:
Fb = 0.58 Fy My/Zy ≤ 0.58 Fy

For Mx and My:

(Mx/Zx)/(Fltb) + (My/Zy)/(0.58 Fy) ≤ 1.0
 Calculation of Lateral torsional
buckling stress Fltb
Fltb = ( Fltb12 + Fltb22)1/2

Fltb1 = 800 Af Cb/ (Lu d) ≤ 0.58 Fy

There are three conditions to calculate Fltb2:

(i) If Lu/rT < 84(Cb/Fy)1/2 :

Fltb2 = 0.58 Fy
(ii) If 84(Cb/Fy)1/2 ≤ Lu/rT ≤ 188(Cb/Fy)1/2

Fltb2 = Fy [0.64 – (Lu/rT)2Fy /(1.176 x 105 Cb)]

≤ 0.58 Fy

(iii) If Lu/rT > 188(Cb/Fy)1/2

Fltb2 = 12000 Cb/(Lu/rT)2 ≤ 0.58 Fy

 Determination of rT
rT = Radius of gyration about the minor axis of a
section consisting of the compressed flange plus
one sixth of the web area

• rT = √(IyT/AT)

Where:

• AT = tf bf + ( dw/6) tw

• IyT = tf (bf)3/12 + (dw/6) (tw)3/12

 Check of vertical shear stress
Qt = QD1 + QD2+L

qact = Qt /Aw ≤ qall

qall = allowable shear

stress
= 0.35 Fy
 Check of Lateral Buckling of web
(1) For unstiffened webs:

(2) For stiffened webs:

For stiffened web:
• α = d1/d
Where:
• d1 = Spacing between
transverse stiffeners
• d = Web depth
• kq = Buckling factor for shear

• kq = 4 + (5.34/α2) for α ≤ 1
• kq = 5.34 + (4/α2) for α > 1
For unstiffened web: kq = 5.34
Allowable Buckling Stress In Shear qb
• The buckling shear stress qb depends on the
value of the web slenderness parameter λq .
• The web slenderness parameter λq can be
obtained from the following formula:
For λq ≤ 0.8
qb = 0.35 Fy

For 0.8 < λq < 1.2

qb = (1.5 – 0.625 λq)( 0.35 Fy)

For λq ≥ 1.2
Check:

• Qt = QD1 + QD2+L

• qact = Qt /Aw ≤ qb

• qb = allowable buckling shear stress as

calculated before
Design of Shored Composite Beams
using ASD
 Creep and Shrinkage Deformation of
Concrete
• Concrete under stress undergoes a gradual
increase of strain with time.
• The final creep strain may be several times as
large as the initial elastic strain.
• Creep behavior is inelastic.
• Creep is the property of concrete, by which it
continues deforming over a considerable
length of time under sustained (continued)
stress.
• In concrete, creep deformations are generally
larger than elastic deformation.
Concrete under constant axial compressive
stress :
 Effect of Creep and Shrinkage in
concrete slab
• In shored beams the composite section will carry
D.L and L.L during the hardening of concrete.
• Under the long-time loading (D.L) the concrete is
subjected to creep and shrinkage.
• To account for this inelastic behavior the effective
width Beff is divided by (2n) instead of (n).
• This results in a reduced concrete area A’cr and a
reduced moment of Inertia Ivr that is used in
computing Stresses and Deflections due to Dead
Loads (D1).
(a) Due to Dead Load (D1):
• Acr' = (Be/2n) x ts
• IvD = Ivr

(b) Due to Live Loads (L + D2):

• Ac' = (Be/n) x ts
• IvL = Iv
Steps of Design for Shored Beams
(1) Properties of Steel section:
• Obtain As, C.G and Is for Steel Beam as before

(2) Properties of Composite section:

• Calculate (Ac', ev , yc , yvu, yvL , Iv ) as before
• Calculate (Acr', evr , ycr , yvur , yvLr , Ivr)

(3) Straining Actions for beam:

• Calculate the Maximum MD1 , QD1 , ML+D2 , QL+D2
according to the beams structural system
 (4) Check of Normal Stresses:
(i) Check of Stresses due to D.L:
• fcD = (MD1/Ivr ) x ycr /(2n)
• fDu = (MD1/Ivr ) x yvur
• fDL = (MD1/Ivr ) x yvLr

(ii) Check of Stresses due to L.L:

• fcL = (ML+D2/Iv ) x yc /(n)
• fLu = (ML+D2/Iv ) x yvu
• fLL = (ML+D2/Iv) x yvL
(iii) Total Stresses for Composite Section:

• fc = fcD + fcL

• fvu = fDu + fLu

• fvL = fDL + fLL

• Total Stresses should not exceed the allowable

bending stresses of the beam.
 Deflection of Composite Beams
(a) Unshored Beams:
• The Total Deflection is the sum of the
deflection of Steel beam due to D.L (D1) and
the deflection of Composite beam due to L.L
and Superimposed load (L + D2).
• For Simply supported beams:
yD = 5 wD1 L⁴/(384 E Is)
yD2+L = 5 wD2+L L⁴/(384 E Iv)
y = yD + yL+D2
(b) Shored Beams:
• The Total Deflection is the sum of deflection due
to D.L (D1) using reduced moment of Inertia Ivr
and the deflection due to L.L and superimposed
load (L + D2) using moment of Inertia Iv .
• For Simply supported beams:
yD = 5 wD1 L⁴/(384 E Ivr)
yL+D2 = 5 wL+D2 L⁴/(384 E Iv)
y = yD + yL+D2
• Total Deflection should not exceed the allowable
deflection limit.
yall = L/300
 Effect of creep due to Prolonged time
loads in shored beams
(1) Garages and Storages:

• If Live Loads are expected to remain for a

prolonged time such as garages and storages,
creep and shrinkage would occur due to L.L as
well. Reduced moment of Inertia is used in
computing Stresses and Deflections due to both
D.L and L.L , i.e. the effective area of the concrete
slab is divided by (2n) instead of (n) for both D.L
and L.L.
• Acr = Be/(2n) x ts
• Calculate evr , Ivr
• Check of Total Normal Stresses:
fc = (MD1+D2+L /Ivr ) x ycr /(2n)
fvu = (MD1+D2+L /Ivr ) x yvur
fvL = (MD1+D2+L /Ivr ) x yvLr
• Deflection:
yT = 5 wD1+D2+L L⁴/(384 E Ivr)
(2) Roadway Bridges:

• For Roadway Bridges reduced moment of

Inertia is used in computing sustained load,
creep Stresses and Deflections due to D.L.
• The effective area of the concrete slab is
divided by (3n) instead of (n) for both D.L (D1).
(a) Due to Dead Load (D1):
• Acr' = (Be/3n) x ts
• IvD1 = Ivr

(b) Due to Live Loads (D2 + L):

• Ac' = (Be/n) x ts
• IvD2+L = Iv
• Check of Total Normal Stresses:
fc = (MD1 /Ivr ) x ycr /(3n) + (MD2+L /Iv ) x yc /(n)
fvu = (MD1 /Ivr ) x yvur + (MD2+L /Iv ) x yvu
fvL = (MD1 /Ivr ) x yvLr + (MD2+L /Iv ) x yvL

• Deflection:
yT = 5 wD1 L⁴/(384 E Ivr) + 5 wD2+L L⁴/(384 E Iv)
 Effect of creep due to Prolonged time
loads in unshored beams:
• If the composite beam is unshored and the
Live Loads are not of the prolonged type,
creep effect may be neglected.

• If the composite beam is unshored and the

Live Loads are of the prolonged type, as in the
case of storages and garages, creep effect
must be accounted for.
 For Storages and Garages

• Check of Total Normal Stresses:

fc = (MD2+L /Ivr ) x ycr /(2n)
fvu = MD1(hs – ys)/Is + (MD2+L /Ivr ) x yvur
fvL = MD1(ys)/Is + (MD2+L /Ivr ) x yvLr

• Deflection:
yT = 5 wD1 L⁴/(384 E Is) + 5 wD2+L L⁴/(384 E Ivr)