Atomic Structure

Section A (Question 1 to 68)

For each question there are four possible answers, A, B, C and D. Choose the one you
consider to be correct.
Use of the Data Booklet may be appropriate for some questions.

Q1(o/n/18/11)

The first four ionisation energies for element X are shown in the table.

ionisation energy 1st 2nd 3rd 4th

lam
value / kJ mol–1 577 1
1980 2960 6190

Which ion of X is produced by removing an electron from a filled shell?

nA
A X+ B X2+ C X3+ D X4+

Q2 (o/n/18/12)

Beams of charged particles are deflected by an electrical field. The angle of deflection
na

of a particle is proportional to its charge / mass ratio.

In an experiment protons are deflected by an angle of +15°. In another experiment under
identical conditions 2H– ions are deflected by an angle of Y°.
Ad

What is the value of Y?

A –30.0 B –7.5 C +7.5 D +30.0

Q3(o/n/18/12)

Rubidium and bromine form ions that are isoelectronic. Each ion has 36 electrons.

Which row is correct?

bromine
rubidium radii
/ bromide radii

A atomic < ionic atomic < ionic

B atomic < ionic atomic > ionic

C atomic > ionic atomic < ionic

D atomic > ionic atomic > ionic

Contact No.
1 03348954493
 Atomic Structure

Q4 (m/j/18/11)

This question refers to isolated gaseous atoms.

In which atom are all electrons paired?

A Ba B Br C S D Si

Q5 (m/j/18/11)

Element X has a higher first ionisation energy than element Y.

Two students state what they believe is one factor that helps to explain this.

student 1 “X has a higher first ionisation energy than Y because an atom of X has more
protons in its nucleus than an atom of Y.”

m
student 2 “X has a higher first ionisation energy than Y because X has a smaller atomic
radius than Y.”
Only one of the two students is correct.
What could X and Y be?
Ala
X Y

A carbon boron
B m
magnesium aluminium
n

C oxygen nitrogen
na

D oxygen sulfur

Q6 (m/j/18/12)
Ad

The electronic configuration of an atom of sulfur is 1s22s22p63s23p4.

How many valence shell and unpaired electrons are present in one sulfur atom?

valence shell unpaired

electrons electrons

A 2 1
B 4 2
C 6 0

D 6 2

2
 Atomic Structure

Q7 (m/j/18/13)

Neutrons are passed through an electric field. The mass of one neutron relative to 1/2 the
mass of a 12C atom and any deflection in the electric field is recorded.
Which row is correct?

mass of behaviour of beam of

neutron neutrons in an electric field

A 0 deflecte
B 1 deflected
C 0 not deflected
D 1 not deflected

m
Q8 (f/m/18/12)

Ala
The electronic configuration of the two outermost shells of an atom is 3s23p63d54s2.

What is this atom?

A manganese
B phosphorus
C strontium
n

D vanadium
na

Q9 (f/m/18/12)

Drinking water may contain dissolved calcium hydrogencarbonate, Ca(HCO3)2.

How many electrons are present in a hydrogencarbonate anion?

Ad

A 30 B 31 C 32 D 33

Q10 (f/m/17/12)

Which ion has the same electronic configuration as Cl –?

A F– B P+ C Sc3+ D Si4+

3
 Atomic Structure

Q11 (f/m/16/12)
For the element sulfur, which pair of ionisation energies has the largest difference between
them?

A third and fourth ionisation energies

B fourth and fifth ionisation energies
C fifth and sixth ionisation energies
D sixth and seventh ionisation energies

Q12(f/m/16/12)
Which ion has both more electrons than protons and more protons than neutrons?

m
16
[H = 11H; D = 2
1 H; O= 8 O]

A D– B H3O+ C OD– D OH–

Q13 (f/m/16/12)
Ala
Which species contains the smallest number of electrons?

A B3+ B Be2+ C H– D He+

Q14(o//17/11)
n

The relative first ionisation energies of four elements with consecutive atomic numbers
na

below 20 are shown on the graph.

One of the elements reacts with hydrogen to form a covalent compound with formula HX.

Which element could be X?

B
Ad

first
ionisation
energy
/ kJ mol–1

D
C

atomic number

4
 Atomic Structure

Q15(o//17/12)

In which pair do the atoms contain the same number of neutrons?

11
A B and 12C
7
B Li and 9Be
24
C Mg and 28Si
14
D N and 16O

Q16(m/j/17/11)
Which property of an atom does not affect its first ionisation energy?

A the atomic radius

m
B the number of electron shells
C the number of neutrons
D the number of protons

Q17m/j/17/11)
Ala
Why is the second ionisation energy of sodium larger than the second ionisation
energy of magnesium?
A The attraction between the nucleus and the outer electron is greater in Na+ than in Mg+.
n
B The nuclear charge of Na+ is greater than that of Mg+.
C The outer electron of Na+ is more shielded than the outer electron of Mg+.
na

D The outer electron of Na is in the same orbital as the outer electron of Mg.

Q18(m/j/17/12)
Ad

In which species are the numbers of protons, neutrons and electrons all different?

19 − 23 + 31 32 2 −
A 9F B 11 Na C 15 P D 16 S

Q19(m/j/17/12)

The elements magnesium and sulfur each form doubly charged ions.

How do the atomic radii and ionic radii of these elements compare?

atomic ionic atomic ionic

radius radius radius radius

A Mg > Mg2+ S > S2–

B Mg > Mg2+ S < S2–
C Mg < Mg2+ S > S2–
D Mg < Mg2+ S < S2–

5
 Atomic Structure

Q20(m/j/17/13)

The ion Y3– contains 18 electrons and has a mass number of 31.

How many protons and neutrons does Y3– contain?

protons neutrons

A 15 16
B 15 18
C 18 13
D 21 10

Q21(o/n/16/11)

m
Sodium azide, NaN3 is an explosive used to inflate airbags in cars when they crash. It
consists of positive sodium ions and negative azide ions.

sodium ion azide ion

Ala
What are the numbers of electrons in the sodium ion and the azide ion?

A 10 20
B 10 22
C 12 20
n
D 12 22

Q22(o/n/16/11)
na

The 68Ge isotope is medically useful because it undergoes a natural radioactive process
to give an isotope of a different element, 68X, which can be used to detect tumours. This
transformation of 68Ge occurs when an electron enters the nucleus and changes a proton
into a neutron.
Ad

Which statement about the composition of an atom of 68X is correct?

A It has 4 electrons in its outer p orbitals.
B It has 13 electrons in its outer shell.
C It has 37 neutrons.
D Its proton number is 32.

6
 Atomic Structure

Q23(o/n/16/11)
The diagram shows the melting points of eight elements with consecutive atomic numbers.
Which element could be sodium?

D
melting
point / K
C
A

m
B
atomic number

Q24(o/n/16/12) Ala
What is the electronic configuration of an isolated Ni2+ ion?

A 1s22s22p63s23p63d64s2
B 1s22s22p63s23p63d84s2
n
C 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s2
D 1s22s22p63s23p63d8
na

Q25(o/n/16/12)

When solid aluminium chloride is heated, Al 2Cl 6 is formed.

Which bonding is present in Al 2Cl 6?

Ad

A covalent and co-ordinate (dative covalent)

B covalent only

C ionic and co-ordinate (dative covalent)

D ionic only

Q26(o/n/16/12)

In which hydride is the H–X–H bond angle the smallest?

A BH3 B CH4 C C2H6 D NH3

7
 Atomic Structure

Q27(o/n/16/12)
The graph below shows the variation of the first ionisation energy with proton number for
some elements. The letters used are not the usual symbols for the elements.

first ionisation W
energy / kJ mol–1
U

m
V
R
T

Ala Q
S

proton number

Which statement about the elements is correct?

A P and X are in the same period in the Periodic Table.

n
B The general increase from Q to X is due to increasing atomic radius.
na

C The small decrease from R to S is due to decreased shielding.

D The small decrease from U to V is due to repulsion between paired electrons.

Q28(m/j/16/11)
Ad

When nuclear reactions take place, the elements produced are different from the elements
that reacted. Nuclear equations, such as the one below, are used to represent the changes that
occur.

235 1 144 89
92 U + 0n → 56 Ba + 36 Kr + 3 01 n

The nucleon (mass) number total is constant at 236 and the proton number total is
constant at 92.
2
In another nuclear reaction, uranium-238 is reacted with deuterium atoms, 1 H.
An isotope of a new element, J, is formed as well as two neutrons.

238 2
92 U + 1H → J + 2 01 n

What is isotope J?
238 238 240 240
A Np B Pu C Np D Pu

8
 Atomic Structure

Q29(m/j/16/11)
Why is the ionic radius of a chloride ion larger than the ionic radius of a sodium ion?

A A chloride ion has one more occupied electron shell than a sodium ion.
B Chlorine has a higher proton number than sodium.
C Ionic radius increases regularly across the third period.
D Sodium is a metal, chlorine is a non-metal.

Q30(m/j/16/12)

Four electronic configurations are shown below. Three of these configurations belong to
atoms of the elements chlorine, sodium and vanadium.

Which electronic configuration belongs to an atom of another element?

m
A 1s22s22p63s1
B 1s22s22p63s23p5
C
D
1s22s22p63s23p63d34s2
1s22s22p63s23p63d64s2
Ala
Q31(m/j/16/12)
Elements X and Y are in the same group of the Periodic Table.

The table shows the first six ionisation energies of X and Y in kJ mol–1.
n

1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th

na

X 800 1600 2400 4300 5400 10 400

Y 1000 1800 2700 4800 6000 12 300
Ad

What could be the identities of X and Y?

X Y

A antimony, Sb arsenic, As
B arsenic, As antimony, Sb
C selenium, Se tellurium, Te
D tellurium, Te selenium, Se

9
 Atomic Structure

Q32(m/j/16/12)
Sodium and sulfur react together to form sodium sulfide, Na2S.
How do the atomic radius and ionic radius of sodium compare with those of sulfur?

atomic radius ionic radius

A sodium < sulfur sodium > sulfur

B sodium < sulfur sodium < sulfur
C sodium > sulfur sodium > sulfur
D sodium > sulfur sodium < sulfur

Q33(m/j/16/13)

m
Which isolated gaseous atom has a total of five electrons occupying spherically shaped
orbitals?
A boron
B
C
fluorine
sodium
Ala
D potassium

Q34(o/n/15/11)
The table gives the successive ionisation energies for an element X.
n

1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th

na

ionisation energy / kJ mol–1 950 1800

1 2700 4800 6000 12 300

What could be the formula of a chloride of X?

A XCl B XCl 2 C XCl 3 D XCl 4

Ad

Q35(m/j/15/12)
Use of the Data Booklet is relevant to this question.

In which option do all three particles have the same electronic configuration and the
same number of neutrons?

15
A N3– 16
O2– 19 –
F
18
B O2– 19 –
F 20
Ne
19 – 20 23
C F Ne Na+
22 23 24
D Ne Na Mg2+

10
 Atomic Structure

Q36(m/j/15/13)
This question refers to isolated gaseous species.

The species F–, Ne and Na+ are isoelectronic. This means they have the same
number of electrons.
In which order do their radii increase?

smallest largest

A Na+ F– Ne
B F– Ne Na+
C Na+ Ne F–

m
D Ne F– Na+

Q37(o/n/14/12)

Ala
Use of the Data Booklet is relevant to this question.
Sir Humphrey Davy discovered boron, calcium, magnesium and sodium.
Which of these elements has the second smallest atomic radius in its group and the third lowest
first ionisation energy in its period?

A boron
B calcium
n
C magnesium
D sodium
na

Q38(o/n/14/13)
Use of the Data Booklet is relevant to this question.
In some types of spectroscopy, it is important to know if ions are isoelectronic. This means
Ad

that they contain equal numbers of electrons.

Which ion is not isoelectronic with K+?

A Ca2+ B Cl – C S2– D Ti3+

Q39(m/j/14/11)
Use of the Data Booklet is relevant to this question.
Atoms of element X have six unpaired electrons.

What could be element X?

A carbon
B chromium
C iron
D selenium

11
 Atomic Structure

Q40(m/j/14/12)
Shown on the graph are the relative values of the first ionisation energies of four
elements that have consecutive atomic numbers.
One of the elements reacts with hydrogen to form a covalent compound with formula HX.
Which element could be X?

first
ionisation

m
energy
/ kJ mol–1

Ala C
D

atomic number

Q41(m/j/14/13)
n
Use of the Data Booklet is relevant to this question.
The most common ion-molecule reaction in gas clouds of the Universe is as shown.
na

H2(g) + H2+(g) → H(g) + H3+(g)

What could be the composition of an H3+ ion?

Ad

protons neutrons electrons

A 2 1 1
B 2 1 2
C 3 0 1
D 3 0 2

12
 Atomic Structure

Q42(m/j/14/13)
The species Ne, Na+ and Mg2+ are isoelectronic. This means that they have the same
number of electrons.
In which order do their radii increase?

smallest largest

A Ne Na+ Mg2+
B Ne Mg2+ Na+
C Mg2+ Ne Na+
D Mg2+ Na+ Ne

m
Q43(o/n/13/12)
Use of the Data Booklet is relevant to this question.

A Co2+, Co3+, Co4+

Ala
In which set do all species contain the same number of electrons?

B F–, Br –, Cl –
C Na+, Mg2+, Al 3+
D K2SO4, K2SeO4, K2TeO4
n

Q44(o/n/13/13)
na

Use of the Data Booklet is relevant to this question.

Element X forms X– ions that can be oxidised to element X by acidified

potassium manganate(VII).
Ad

What could be the values of the first four ionisation energies of X?

1st 2nd 3rd 4th

A 418 3070 4600 5860

B 577 1820 2740 11 600
C 590 1150 4940 6480
D 1010 1840 2040 4030

13
 Atomic Structure

Q45(o/n/13/13)
The graph below shows the variation of the first ionisation energy with the number of
protons for some elements.

first ionisation X
energy / kJ mol–1
V

m
W
S
U

AlaR
T

proton number

Which statement is correct?

A Elements Q and Y are in the same period in the Periodic Table.

n
B The general increase from elements R to Y is due to increasing atomic radius.
C The small decrease between elements S and T is due to decreased shielding.
na

D The small decrease between elements V and W is due to repulsion between

paired
Q46(m/j/13/11)
Use of the Data Booklet is relevant to this question.
Ad

The elements radon (Rn), francium (Fr) and radium (Ra) have proton numbers 86, 87
and 88 respectively.

What is the order of their first ionisation energies?

least most
endothermic endothermic

A Fr Ra Rn
B Fr Rn Ra
C Ra Fr Rn
D Rn Ra Fr

14
 Atomic Structure

Q47(m/j/13/11)

In which species are the numbers of protons, neutrons and electrons all different?

27 35 − 32 2 − 39 +
A 13 Al B 17 Cl C 16 S D 19 K

Q48(m/j/13/12)
Equations involving four enthalpy changes are shown.

Na(g) → Na+(g) + e– ∆H = W

Na(g) → Na2+(g) + 2e– ∆H = X

Na(s) → Na(g) ∆H = Y

m
Na(s) → Na2+(g) + 2e– ∆H = Z

What is the second ionisation energy of sodium?

A X

Q49(m/j/13/12)
B X–W
Ala C Y–W D Z–Y

Which ion has more electrons than protons and more protons than neutrons?

[H = 11 H ; D = 2
1H ;O= 16
8 O]
n
A D– B H3O+ C OD– D OH–
na

Q50(m/j/13/13)
Use of the Data Booklet is relevant to this question.
In which species are the numbers of protons, neutrons and electrons all different?
Ad

19 − 23 + 31 32 2 −
A 9F B 11 Na C 15 P D 16 S

Q51(m/j/13/13)
The first six ionisation energies of four elements are given.
Which element is most likely to be in Group IV of the Periodic Table?

ionisation energy / kJ mol−1

1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th

A 494 4 560 6 940 9 540 13 400 16 600

B 736 1 450 7 740 10 500 13 600 18 000
C 1 090 2 350 4 610 6 220 37 800 47 000
D 1 400 2 860 4 590 7 480 9 400 53 200

15
 Atomic Structure

Q52(o/n/12/12)
Use of the Data Booklet is relevant to this question.

The 68Ge isotope is medically useful because it undergoes a natural radioactive process to
give a gallium isotope, 68Ga, which can be used to detect tumours. This transformation of
68
Ge occurs when an electron enters the nucleus, changing a proton into a neutron.
Which statement about the composition of an atom of the 68Ga isotope is correct?

A It has 4 electrons in its outer p subshell.

B It has 13 electrons in its outer shell.
C It has 37 neutrons.
D Its proton number is 32.

Q53(o/n/12/12)

m
Why is the ionic radius of a chloride ion larger than the ionic radius of a sodium ion?

A A chloride ion has one more occupied electron shell than a sodium ion.
B
C
Ala
Chlorine has a higher proton number than sodium.
Ionic radius increases regularly across the third period.
D Sodium is a metal, chlorine is a non-metal.

Q54(o/n/12/12)
Which diagram shows the variation of the metallic radius r of the Group I elements, Li, Na,
n
K and Rb, with increasing proton (atomic) number?

A B C D
na

r r r r
Ad

proton number proton number proton number proton number

Q55(o/n/12/13)
The table gives the successive ionisation energies for an element X.

1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th

ionisation energy / kJ mol–1 950 1800 2700 4800 6000 12300

What could be the formula of the chloride of X?

A XCl B XCl2 C XCl3 D XCl4

16
 Atomic Structure

Q56(o/n/12/13)
Use of the Data Booklet is relevant to this question.
Why is the ionic radius of a sulfide ion larger than the ionic radius of a potassium ion?

A Ionic radius always decreases with increasing atomic number.

B Positive ions have smaller radii than negative ions.
C The potassium ion has more protons in its nucleus than the sulfide ion.
D The sulfide ion is doubly charged; the potassium ion is singly charged.

Q57(m/j/12/12)
In which species are the numbers of protons, neutrons and electrons all different?

m
11 19 − 23 + 24 2+
A 5B B 9F C 11Na D 12 Mg

Q58(o/n/11/11)

orbitals of principal quantum number 2?

A beryllium
Ala
Which element has an equal number of electron pairs and of unpaired electrons within

B carbon
C nitrogen
D oxygen
n

Q59(o/n/11/12)
na

Use of the Data Booklet is relevant to this question.

From which particle is the removal of an electron the most difficult?

A Cl –(g) B F–(g) C K+(g) D Na+(g)

Ad

Q60(o/n/11/12)
Ar, Ca2+ and K+, contain the same number of electrons.
In which order do their radii increase?

smallest radius largest radius

A Ar K+ Ca2+
B Ca2+ Ar K+
C Ca2+ K+ Ar
D K+ Ar Ca2+

17
 Atomic Structure

Q61(m/j/11/11)
Which equation represents the second ionisation energy of an element X?

A X(g) → X2+(g) + 2e–

B X+(g) → X2+(g) + e–

C X(g) + 2e– → X2–(g)

D X–(g) + e– → X2–(g)

Q62(m/j/11/11)
Which factor helps to explain why the first ionisation energies of the Group I elements
decrease from lithium to sodium to potassium to rubidium?

m
A The nuclear charge of the elements increases.
B The outer electron is in an ‘s’ subshell.
C
D
Ala
The repulsion between spin-paired electrons increases.
The shielding effect of the inner shells increases.

Q63(m/j/11/12)

Helium, He, is the second element in the Periodic Table.

n
Tritium is the isotope of hydrogen 3H.

What is the same in an atom of 4He and an atom of 3H?

na

A the number of electrons

B the number of neutrons

C the number of protons

Ad

D the relative atomic mass

Q64(m/j/11/12)
In 1999, researchers working in the USA believed that they had made a new element and
that it had the following electronic configuration.

[Rn] 5f146d107s27p6

In which Group of the Periodic Table would you expect to find this element?

A II B IV C VI D 0

18
 Atomic Structure

Q65(m/j/11/12)
The diagram shows the first ionisation energies of 11 consecutive elements.

first
ionisation
energy
/ kJ mol–1

X Y

atomic number

m
Which type of elements are labelled X and Y ?

A Group I metals
B
C
Group II metals
halogens
Ala
D noble gases

Q66 (o/n/10/ 11)

n
A simple ion X+ contains eight protons.

What is the electronic configuration of X+?

na

A 1s2 2s1 2p6

B 1s2 2s2 2p3
C 1s2 2s2 2p5
Ad

D 1s2 2s2 2p7

Q67 (o/n/10/ 11)

Equations involving four enthalpy changes are shown.

Na(g) → Na+(g) + e– ∆H = W

Na(g) → Na2+(g) + 2e– ∆H = X

Na(s) → Na(g) ∆H = Y

Na(s) → Na2+(g) + 2e– ∆H = Z

What is the second ionisation energy of sodium?

A 2W B X–W C Y–W D Z–Y

19
 Atomic Structure

Q68 (o/n/10/ 11)

Why is the first ionisation energy of phosphorus greater than the first ionisation energy of
silicon?

A A phosphorus atom has one more proton in its nucleus.

B The atomic radius of a phosphorus atom is greater.
C The outer electron in a phosphorus atom is more shielded.
D The outer electron in a phosphorus atom is paired.

m
n Ala
na
Ad

20
 Atomic Structure
Section B (Question 69 to 98)

For each of the questions in this section, one or more of the three numbered statements 1
to 3 may be correct.
Decide whether each of the statements is or is not correct (you may find it helpful to put a
tick against the statements that you consider to be correct).
The responses A to D should be selected on the basis of

A B C D

1, 2 and 3 1 and 2 2 and 3 1 only

m
are only are only are is
correct correct correct correct

Ala
No other combination of statements is used as a correct response.

Use of the Data Booklet may be appropriate for some questions.

n
na
Ad

21
 Atomic Structure

Q69 (o/n/18/11)

Which ions contain one or more unpaired electrons?

1 Cu2+
2 Mn3+
3 V3+

Q70 (m/j/18/12)

In which pairs do both species have the same number of electrons?

m
35
1 Cl and 37Cl
35
2 Cl – and 40Ar
40
3 Ar and 40K+

Q71(m/j/17/11)
Ala
Beams of charged particles are deflected by an electric field. In identical conditions the
angle of deflection of a particle is proportional to its charge / mass ratio.

In an experiment, protons are deflected by an angle of +15°. In another experiment

under identical conditions, particle Y is deflected by an angle of –5°.
n

What could be the composition of particle Y?

na

protons neutrons electrons

1 1 2 2
2 3 3 5
Ad

3 4 5 1

Q72(m /j/17/12)
An isolated gaseous atom of element X has paired electrons in at least one of its 3d
orbitals and has a filled 4s subshell.

What could be the identity of element X?

1 iron
2 gallium
3 copper

22
 Atomic Structure

Q73(m /j/17/12)

Which statements about the atoms 23Na and 24Mg are correct?

1 They have the same number of filled electron orbitals.

2 They have the same number of neutrons.
3 They are both reducing agents.

Q74(o/n/16/11)
A sample of boron contains aluminium as the only impurity. A mass spectrum of the
+ + +
mixtureshows three lines corresponding to three ions, X , Y and Z .

m
+
ion
o X Y+ Z+

m/e 10 11 27
percentage 15.52 74.48 10.00

Which statements are correct?

abundance Ala
1 There are more electrons in Z+ than in X+.
2 The Ar of boron in the sample is 10.83 to four significant figures.
3 There are more protons in Y+ than in X+.
n
na

Q75(o/n/16/12)
X is an element that has

● its outer electrons in the 4th principal quantum shell,

Ad

● a higher 1st ionisation energy than calcium.

What could be the identity of X?

1 bromine
2 krypton
3 xenon

Q76(m/j/16/11)
X is a particle with 18 electrons and 20 neutrons.
What could be the symbol of X?
38
1 18 Ar

40 2+
2 20 Ca

39 +
3 19 K

23
 Atomic Structure

Q77(m /j/16/12)
The first ionisation energies of twenty successive elements in the Periodic Table are
represented in the graph.
The letters given are not the normal symbols for these elements.

2500

2000
first
ionisation
energy / 1500
_
kJ mol 1

m
1000

500 Ala
0
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T
element
n
Which statements about this graph are correct?
na

1 Elements B, J and R are in Group 18 of the Periodic Table.

2 Atoms of elements D and L contain two electrons in their outer shells.
3 Atoms of elements G and O contain a half-filled p subshell.
Ad

Q78(m /j/16/13)
Compound X is made from two elements. One element has the second highest value of
first ionisation energy in its group and the other element has the third highest value of first
ionisation energy in its group.

Which compounds could be compound X?

1 calcium chloride
2 magnesium bromide
3 potassium sulfide

24
 Atomic Structure

Q79(m /j/16/13)
Why is the first ionisation energy of aluminium less than that of magnesium?

1 The outer electron in the aluminium atom is more shielded from the nuclear charge.
2 The outer electron in the aluminium atom is in a higher energy orbital.
3 The outer electron in the aluminium atom is further from the nucleus.

Q80(o /n/15/11)
Which statements about orbitals in a krypton atom are correct?

1 The 1s and 2s orbitals have the same energy as each other but different sizes.
2 The third energy level (n=3) has three subshells and nine orbitals.

m
3 The 3d subshell has five orbitals that have the same energy as each other in an
isolated atom.

Q81(o /n/15/12) Ala

The relative molecular mass, Mr, of a particular sample of chlorine is 72.0.
Which properties of the atoms in this sample will be the same for all of the atoms?

1 radius
n

2 nucleon number
na

3 isotopic mass

Q82(o /n/15/12)
Ad

Which of the following influence the size of the ionisation energy of an atom?

1 the amount of shielding by the inner electrons

2 the charge on the nucleus

3 the distance between the outer electrons and the nucleus

25
 Atomic Structure

Q83(m /j/15/11)

Use of the Data Booklet is relevant to this question.

The isotope 99Tc is radioactive and has been found in lobsters and seaweed adjacent to
nuclear fuel reprocessing plants.
Which statements are correct about an atom of 99Tc?

1 It has 13 more neutrons than protons.

2 It has 43 protons.
3 It has 99 nucleons.

Q84(m/j/15/12)

m
Use of the Data Booklet is relevant to this question.

Which statements about the phosphide ion, 31P3–, and the chloride ion, 35Cl –, are correct?

1
2
Ala
They have the same number of electrons.
They have the same number of neutrons.
3 They have the same number of protons.

Q85(m/j/15/13)
The technetium-99 isotope, 99Tc, is radioactive and has been found in lobsters and seaweed
n
near to nuclear fuel reprocessing plants.
na

Which statements about an atom of 99Tc are correct?

1 It has 13 fewer protons than neutrons.
2 It forms 99Tc2+ which has 45 electrons.
3 It has 56 nucleons.
Ad

Q86(o/n/14/12)
Use of the Data Booklet is relevant to this question.

Which ions contain one or more unpaired electrons?

1 Cu2+
2 Mn3+
3 V3+

26
 Atomic Structure

Q87(o /n/14/13)
Which statements are correct when referring to the isotopes of a single element?

1 The isotopes have different masses.

2 The isotopes have different numbers of nucleons.
3 The isotopes have different chemical reactions.

Q88(m/j/14/13)
In 2011 an international group of scientists agreed to add two new elements to the
Periodic Table. Both elements had been made artificially and were called ununquadium (Uuq)
and ununhexium (Uuh).

m
Uuq Uuh

proton number 114 116

nucleon number 289 292

1
Ala
Which statements about these elements are correct?

One atom of Uuh has one more neutron than one atom of Uuq.
2 One Uuq2– ion has the same number of electrons as one atom of Uuh.
3 One Uuh+ ion has the same number of electrons as one Uuq– ion.
n
Q89(o/n/13/12)

X is a particle with 18 electrons and 20 neutrons.

na

What could be the symbol of X?

38
1 18 Ar

40 2+
Ad

2 20 Ca

39 +
3 19 K

Q90(o/n/13/13)
The 1H3+ ion was first characterised by J. J. Thomson over a century ago. 6Li is a rare
isotope of lithium which forms the 6Li+ ion.

Which statements are correct?

1 Both ions contain the same number of protons.

2 Both ions contain the same number of electrons.
3 Both ions contain the same number of neutrons.

27
 Atomic Structure

Q91(m /j/13/11)
Use of the Data Booklet is relevant to this question.

Free-radicals play an important part in reactions involving the destruction of the ozone layer
and the substitution of alkanes by chlorine.

Some free-radicals contain two unpaired electrons. Such species are called diradicals.

Which species are diradicals?

1 O
2 Cl
3 CH3

m
Q92(m /j/13/11)
The first ionisation energies of twenty successive elements in the Periodic Table are
represented in the graph.
Ala
The letters given are not the normal symbols for these elements.

2500

2000
n

1500
na

first
ionisation
energy / 1000
_
kJ mol 1
Ad

500

0
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T
element

Which statements about this graph are correct?

1 Elements B, J and R are in Group 0 of the Periodic Table.

2 Atoms of elements D and L contain two electrons in their outer shells.
3 Atoms of elements G and O contain a half-filled p subshell.

28
 Atomic Structure

Q93(m /j/13/12)
Use of the Data Booklet is relevant to this question.

In which pairs do both species have the same number of unpaired p electrons?

1 Al 2– and O+
2 N and Cl 2+
3 C and Cl +

Q94(m /j/13/13)

Use of the Data Booklet is relevant to this question.

m
Which statements are correct when referring to the atoms 23Na and 24Mg?

1 They have the same number of full electron orbitals.

2
3
Ala
They have the same number of neutrons.
They are both reducing agents.

Q95(o /n/12/12)

Use of the Data Booklet is relevant to this question.

n
The isotope 99Tc is radioactive and has been found in lobsters and seaweed adjacent to nuclear
fuel reprocessing plants.
na

Which statements are correct about an atom of 99Tc?

1 It has 13 more neutrons than protons.

2 It has 43 protons.
Ad

3 It has 99 nucleons.

Q96(o /n/12/13)
31 3– 32 2–
The phosphide ion 15 P and sulfide ion 16 S have the same number of which
sub atomic particles?

1 neutrons
2 electrons
3 protons

29
 Atomic Structure

Q97(m /j/12/11)

Use of the Data Booklet is relevant to this question.

In which pairs do both species have the same number of unpaired p electrons?

1 O and Cl +
2 F+ and Ga–
3 P and Ne+

Q98(o /n/11/12)
Use of the Data Booklet is relevant to this question.

m
Which properties would be expected for radium, 88Ra, or its compounds?

1 Radium carbonate would not decompose at the temperature of a Bunsen flame.

2 Radium hydroxide is very insoluble.
3 Ala
Radium does not react with cold water.
n
na
Ad

30
 Atomic Structure

Question Answer Marks

1 D 1

2 B 1

3 C 1

4 A 1

5 D 1

6 D 1

7 D 1

8 A 1

m
9 C 1

10
10 C 1

1
11

12
1 D

D
Ala 1

13 D 1

14
14 A 1
n
15 A 1

16 C 1
na

17 A 1

1
188 B 1
Ad

1
199 B 1

20 A 1

21 B 1

22 C 1

23 C 1

24 D 1

25
25 A 1

26 D 1

27 D 1

28 A 1

31
 Atomic Structure

Question Answer Marks

29
29 A 1

30 D 1

31
31 A 1

32 D 1

33 C 1

34 C 1

35 B 1

36 C 1

m
37 C 1

38
38 D 1

39

40
B

A
Ala 1

41 D 1

42 D 1
n
43 C 1

44
na

D 1

45 D 1

46 A 1
Ad

47 D 1

48 B 1

49 D 1
50 B 1

51 C 1

52 C 1

53 A 1

54 A 1
55 C 1

56 C 1

32
 Atomic Structure

Question Answer Marks

57 C 1

58 D 1

59 D 1

60 C 1

61 B 1

62 D 1

63 B 1

64 B 1

m
65 A 1

66 B 1

67

68
B

A
Ala 1

69 A 1

70 A 1
n
71 B 1

72 B 1
na

73 C 1

74 B 1
Ad

75 B 1

76 A 1

77 A 1
78 A 1

79 A 1

80 C 1

81 D 1

82 A 1
83 A 1

84 D 1

33
 Atomic Structure

Question Answer Marks

85 D 1

86 A 1

87 B 1

88 A 1

89 A 1

90 B 1

91 D 1

92

m
A 1
93 A 1

94 C

95 A
Ala 1

96 B 1

97 B 1

98 D 1
n
na
Ad

34