This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles

for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

Designation: E999 − 20

Standard Guide for

Controlling the Quality of Industrial Radiographic Film
Processing1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E999; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents

2
1.1 This guide establishes guidelines that may be used for 2.1 ASTM Standards:3
the control and maintenance of industrial radiographic film E94 Guide for Radiographic Examination Using Industrial
processing equipment and materials. Effective use of these Radiographic Film
guidelines aids in controlling the consistency and quality of E543 Specification for Agencies Performing Nondestructive
industrial radiographic film processing. Testing
E1079 Practice for Calibration of Transmission Densitom-
1.2 Use of this guide is limited to the processing of films for eters
industrial radiography. This guide includes procedures for E1254 Guide for Storage of Radiographs and Unexposed
wet-chemical processes and dry processing techniques. Industrial Radiographic Films
1.3 The necessity of applying specific control procedures E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
such as those described in this guide is dependent, to a certain E1815 Test Method for Classification of Film Systems for
extent, on the degree to which a facility adheres to good Industrial Radiography
processing practices as a matter of routine procedure. 2.2 ISO Standards:4
1.4 If a nondestructive testing agency as described in ISO 11699-1 Non-destructive testing—Industrial radio-
Specification E543 is used to perform the examination, the graphic films—Part 1: Classification of film systems for
testing agency should meet the requirements of Specification industrial radiography
E543. ISO 11699-2 Non-destructive testing—Industrial radio-
graphic films—Part 2: Control of film processing by
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the means of references values
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the ISO 18917 Photography—Determination of residual thio-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- sulfate and other related chemicals in processed photo-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter- graphic materials—Methods using iodine amylose, meth-
mine the applicability of federal and local codes prior to use. ylene blue and silver sulfide
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor- 2.3 ANSI Standards:4
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard- ANSI/PIMA IT 2.26-1998 Photography—Photographic
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the Materials—Determination of Safelight Conditions
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical 3. Terminology
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this guide,
see Terminology E1316.
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nondestruc-
tive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.01 on Radiology
3
(X and Gamma) Method. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved June 1, 2020. Published July 2020. Originally approved contact ASTM Customer Service at [email protected]. For Annual Book of ASTM
in 1990. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as E999 – 15. DOI: 10.1520/ Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
E0999-20. the ASTM website.
2 4
For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications see related Specifi- Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
cation SE-999 in Section II of that Code. 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.

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 E999 − 20
4. Significance and Use 5.3.4 Use separate mixers for developer solution and for
4.1 The provisions in this guide are intended to control the fixer solution. If only one mixer is available, thoroughly rinse
reliability or quality of the image development process only. the mixer after each mix to avoid cross-contamination of
The acceptability or quality of industrial radiographic films chemicals. Use of impeller-type mixers provides rapid, thor-
processed in this manner, as well as the materials or products ough mixing. When positioning the impeller, special caution
radiographed, remain at the discretion of the user, or inspector, should be taken in choosing angle and depth to minimize the
or both. It is further intended that this guide be used as an amount of air being drawn into the solution. Over-mixing of
adjunct to, and not a replacement for, Guide E94. the solutions can cause oxidation, especially with developers,
and should be avoided. Rinse the shaft, impeller, and mounting
4.2 Users of non-classified film systems may use monitoring clamp with water after use.
films as described in 8.3 for activity testing of film processing.
5.4 Maintaining Equipment:
4.3 If required, film system manufacturers provide a con- 5.4.1 Immediately clean all mixing equipment after use.
formity statement on the classification of their film types in 5.4.2 In addition to cleaning equipment immediately after
their processing chemicals for given processing conditions use, wash any mixing apparatus that has been idle for a long
according to Test Method E1815. Users may apply “mixed period of time to eliminate dust and dirt that may have
systems” in which the film manufacturer is different from the accumulated.
manufacturer of the film development chemicals, processing 5.4.3 Processing hangers and tanks should be free of corro-
system, and specified development conditions. In this case, see sion and chemical deposits. Encrusted deposits that accumulate
8.2.2 and Appendix X1. in tanks, trays and processing equipment, which are difficult to
remove by conventional cleaning, can be removed by using the
5. Chemical Mixing for Manual and Automatic Processes specially formulated cleaning agents recommended by the
5.1 Any equipment that comes in contact with processing chemical or equipment manufacturer.
solutions should be made of glass, hard rubber, polyethylene,
6. Storage of Solutions
PVC, enameled steel, stainless steel, or other chemically inert
materials. This includes materials such as plumbing, mixing 6.1 In Original Containers—Follow the manufacturer’s
impellers, and the cores of filter cartridges. Do not allow storage and capacity recommendations packaged with the
materials such as tin, copper, steel, brass, aluminum, or zinc to chemicals. Do not use chemicals that have been stored longer
come into contact with processing solutions. These materials than recommended.
can cause solution contamination that may result in film 6.2 In Replenisher or Process Tanks—Wherever possible,
fogging or rapid oxidation. protect solutions in tanks with floating lids and dust covers. In
5.2 Mixing Chemicals: addition to preventing contaminants from entering solutions,
5.2.1 Do not mix powdered chemicals in processor tanks, floating lids and dust covers help to minimize oxidation and
since undissolved particles may be left in the square corners of evaporation from the surface of the solutions. Evaporation can
the tank. Mix solutions in separate containers made from concentrate solutions and reduce temperatures causing precipi-
materials specified in 5.1. tation of some of the solution constituents.
5.2.2 Carefully follow the manufacturer’s package direc- 6.2.1 Store replenisher solutions for small volume opera-
tions or formulas for mixing the chemicals. Start with the tions in airtight containers. The caps of these containers should
correct volume of water at the temperature specified in the be free of corrosion and foreign particles that could prevent a
instructions, and add chemicals in the order listed. During the tight fit.
mixing and use of radiographic film processing chemicals, be 6.3 Temperature—Store all solutions at normal room
sure to observe all precautionary information on chemical temperature, between 40 to 80 °F (4 to 27 °C). Storing
containers and in instructions. solutions, particularly developer, at elevated temperatures can
5.2.3 Proper mixing of chemicals can be verified with produce rapid oxidation resulting in loss of activity and a
measurements of pH and specific gravity. tendency to stain the film. Storage at too low a temperature,
particularly of fixer solutions, can cause some solutions to
5.3 Contamination of Solutions:
crystallize, and the crystals may not re-dissolve even with
5.3.1 Thoroughly clean all mixing equipment immediately heating and stirring.
after use to avoid contamination when the next solution is
mixed. When mixing fixer from powder, make sure to add the 6.4 Deterioration—Radiographic film processing chemicals
powder carefully to the water in the mixing tank so fixer dust can deteriorate either with age or with usage. Carefully follow
does not get into other processing solutions. When mixing any the manufacturer’s recommendations for storage life and useful
chemical, protect nearby tank solutions with floating lids and capacity. Discard processing solutions when the recommended
dust covers. The use of a vent hood is recommended as a safety number of films has been processed or the recommended
precaution. storage life of the prepared solution has been reached, which-
5.3.2 The water supply should either be de-ionized or ever occurs first.
filtered to 50 microns or better, so it is clean and sediment-free. 6.5 Contamination:
5.3.3 If large tanks are used for mixing, carefully mark the 6.5.1 Liquid chemicals are provided in containers with
volume levels to be certain that volumes are correct. tight-fitting tops. To avoid contamination, never interchange

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 E999 − 20
the top of one container with another. For this reason, it is contrast will be consistent and stable. To bring freshly mixed
common practice for radiographic film processing chemicals solutions to a seasoned state very quickly, a chemical starter
manufacturers to color code the container tops, that is, red for can be added or exposed films can be processed. When using
developer and blue for fixer. developer starter solution, follow the manufacturer’s recom-
6.5.2 Clearly label replenisher storage tanks with the solu- mendations for the product. When using seasoning films,
tion that they contain and use that container only with that expose the films with visible light and then develop three 14 by
solution. If more than one developer or one fixer formulation 17 in.2 (35 by 43 cm2) films, or equivalent, per gallon (3.8 L)
are being used, a separate replenisher tank should be dedicated of developer, following the manufacturer’s recommended pro-
to each chemical. Differences in developer or fixer formula- cessing cycle, replenishment, and wash rates.
tions from one manufacturer to another may contaminate
similar solutions. NOTE 1—Seasoning films may be new films or films that may not be
generally suitable for production purposes due to excessive gross fog
(base plus fog) density, expiration of shelf life, or other reasons.
7. Processing
7.1.6 Handle all films carefully during the processing cycle
7.1 Manual Processing: and allow adequate time for the film to sufficiently drain before
7.1.1 Follow the temperature recommendations from the transferring it to the next solution. The use of a stop bath or
film or solution manufacturer. Check thermometers and clear water rinse between developing and fixing may also be
temperature-controlling devices periodically to be sure the appropriate. The stop bath or clear water rinse serves to arrest
process temperatures are correct. Process temperatures should development and also aids in minimizing the amount of
be checked at least once per shift. Keep the temperature of the developer carried over into the fixer solution. Insufficient
stop (if used), fixer, and wash water within 65 °F (63 °C) of
bath-to-bath drain time may cause excessive solution carry-
the developer temperature. An unprotected mercury-filled ther-
over, which can contaminate and shorten the life of solutions in
mometer should never be used for radiographic film processing
addition to causing undesirable effects on processed radio-
applications because accidental breakage could result in seri-
graphs.
ous mercury contamination.
7.1.2 Control of processing solution temperature and im- 7.1.7 When washing films, a wetting agent may be appro-
mersion time relationships are instrumental considerations priate to use to prevent water spots and streaking during
when establishing a processing procedure that will consistently drying. Prior to placing films in the dryer, ensure that the dryer
produce radiographs of desired density and quality. The actual is clean and that adequate heat and ventilation are provided.
time and temperature relationships established are governed During drying, visually examine the films to determine the
largely by the industrial radiographic films and chemicals used length of time required for sufficient drying.
and should be within the limits of the manufacturer’s recom- 7.2 Automated Processing:
mendations for those materials. When determining the immer-
7.2.1 Immersion time and solution temperature relation-
sion time for each solution, ensure that the draining time is
ships can be more closely controlled with automatic processing
included. Draining time should be consistent from solution to
since the equipment provides external gages for monitoring
solution. The darkroom timers used should be periodically
purposes. As a general guideline, follow the manufacturer’s
checked for accuracy.
recommendations for industrial processing materials.
7.1.3 Agitate at specified intervals for the times recom-
However, the actual procedure used should be based on the
mended by the film or solution manufacturer.
variables encountered by the user and his particular needs.
7.1.4 As film is processed, the components of the processing Check solutions daily or with established frequency based
solutions involved in the radiographic process are consumed.
upon usage to ensure that temperatures are within the manu-
In addition, some solution adheres to the film and is carried
facturer’s recommendations. Check the processor’s thermom-
over into the next solution while bromide ions and other
eter with a secondary thermometer during normal maintenance
by-products are released into the solutions. Replenishment is
procedures to verify correct processing temperatures within the
carried out to replace those components which have been
manufacturer’s specifications.
consumed while, at the same time, reducing the level of
by-products of the process. The volume of replenishment 7.2.2 Transport speed should be checked during normal
necessary is governed primarily by the number, size, and maintenance procedures by measuring the time it takes for a
density of films processed. Manufacturer’s recommendations given length of film to pass a specific point. (For example, if
for replenishment are based on these criteria and will generally the indicated machine speed is 2 ft ⁄min (610 mm ⁄min), place
provide suitable results for the expected life of the solution. In two marks on a length of film 1 ft (305 mm) apart. The second
any case, maintain solution levels to ensure complete immer- mark should pass a specific location, such as the entrance to the
sion of the film. processor, exactly 30 s after the first mark has passed the same
7.1.5 Newly mixed chemicals are often referred to as point.) An optional method for measuring processor speed is to
“fresh.” “Seasoning” refers to the changes that take place in the install a tachometer on the main drive motor and determine
processing solutions as films are processed after fresh chemi- desired RPM/processing speed relationships.
cals have been added to the processor. As the processing 7.2.3 Agitation is provided by the action of the processor
solutions season, provided they are replenished appropriately, rollers, recirculation pumps, and wash water flow. No external
they will reach chemical equilibrium and the film speed and agitation is needed.

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 E999 − 20
7.2.4 For processors with replenishment systems, use the 8. Activity Testing of Solutions for Manual and
replenishment rates recommended by the film or solution Automatic Processing
manufacturer. 8.1 Certified Pre-exposed Control Strips—The processing
7.2.4.1 Accurate replenishment increases the useful life of system can be controlled by use of certified pre-exposed
solutions to a great extent by replacing ingredients that are control strips as specified by ISO 11699-2. Certified pre-
depleted and maintains the process at a constant, efficient level. exposed control strips are commercially available for quality
7.2.4.2 Replenishment rates should be verified during nor- testing of classified film systems. Certified pre-exposed control
mal maintenance procedures to ensure that the correct volumes strips are exposed to X-rays and are accompanied by a
are being injected into the solutions. For installations process- certificate from the film control strip manufacturer. Certified
ing very large amounts of film (in excess of two tank turnovers pre-exposed strips should be the same brand as the films
of solution per week), checks on replenishment rates should be processed in the facility. After processing, speed and contrast
indexes are determined and compared to the reference speed
made more frequently. Processor manufacturer’s recommenda-
and contrast values provided on the certificate.
tions will generally provide an adequate procedure for check-
ing replenishment volumes. 8.2 User Verification of Compliance With a Classified Film
7.2.5 For seasoning freshly mixed developer solution, refer System According to Test Method E1815 or ISO 11699-1:
8.2.1 Film Systems of the Same Manufacturer of Films and
to the provisions in 7.1.5.
Processing Chemistry—For testing compliance with a classi-
7.2.6 Always fill the fixer tank first, following the manufac- fied film system, pre-exposed film strips of the same manufac-
turer’s instructions, then rinse and fill the developer tank. This turer as the films and chemicals under verification may be used.
minimizes the possibility of fixer accidentally splashing into If the reference values cannot be achieved at the time of
the developer solution. When replacing or removing processor installation of the processing system, the temperature of the
racks, always use a splash guard to further reduce the possi- developer may be adjusted by 62 °C from the temperature
bility of contamination. which was specified in the pre-exposed film strip certificate
7.2.7 Drying: according to ISO 11699-2.
7.2.7.1 Make sure the dryer is clean and that no foreign 8.2.2 Film Systems of Different Manufacturer’s Films and
material has settled on the rollers. Routinely examine the Processing Chemistry (Mixed Systems)—The film system
ventilation system to ensure that air paths are not blocked and manufacturer provides the conformity statement on classifica-
that films are uniformly dried. There are two types of dryer tion for their film types in their processing chemicals and given
systems used in automatic film processors for industrial radio- processing conditions only. Users may apply "mixed systems,"
graphic films: in which the film manufacturer is different from the manufac-
(1) Convection dryers are circulating air systems with turer of the film development chemicals, processing system,
and specified development conditions. See Appendix X1 for
thermostatic controls. Normal drying temperatures range from
optional user verification.
80 to 120 °F (27 to 49 °C) when relative humidity (RH)
conditions are approximately 40 % to 75 %. A relative humid- 8.3 Radiographic Monitoring Films—To establish a reliable
ity above 75 % may require higher temperatures. procedure for determining the activity of processing solutions,
(2) Infrared (IR) dryers are based principally on absorption it will be necessary to provide a minimal amount of equipment
rather than temperature. Relative humidity has no adverse and the proper selection and storage of radiographic control
effect on infrared drying. Infrared energy levels are preset by films. Radiographic films are made in batches where the
the manufacturer and provide a range of dryer settings. characteristics may vary slightly between batches. These
changes from emulsion to emulsion may be detectable and
7.2.7.2 The dryer efficiency can be tested by processing six
could be confused with the changes in the radiographic
consecutive 14 by 17 in.2 (35 by 43 cm2) production films, or processing system.
equivalent, and examining them immediately after the drying 8.3.1 Step Wedge for Exposure of Monitoring Films—A
cycle is complete. If damp or undried areas are observed, metallic step wedge, or other suitable object(s) of uniform
increase the dryer setting. Should an increase in dryer tempera- material and varying thickness(es), of either aluminum or steel
ture for convection dryers or an increase in energy for infrared can be used with a given X-ray or gamma-ray exposure to
dryers not dry the film, the following conditions should be create a radiographic monitoring film. ISO 11699-2 describes
investigated: the exposure of metallic step wedges for the production of
(1) Wash water that is too warm will cause excessive monitoring films and the design of metallic step wedges.
emulsion swelling. This can adversely affect film drying in 8.3.1.1 Electronic sensitometers that expose film to white
convection dryers. light are also commercially available. The user of electronic
(2) Incoming dryer air that is either too humid or too cold sensitometers should be aware that such usage, when accom-
can adversely affect film drying in the convection dryer. panied by an appropriate white-light sensitive industrial film,
(3) Check if oven-temperature devices or IR radiators, or may result in different response. Consequently, maintenance of
both, are operational in infrared dryers. developing parameters must be at a more frequent level.
(4) The fixer solution activity may not be in accordance to 8.3.2 Monitoring films must be properly stored to ensure
manufacturing recommendations and should be tested in ac- that the film characteristics of the first sheet will be the same as
cordance with 8.6. the last sheet used. See Guide E1254

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 E999 − 20
8.3.3 A monitoring film should be the same brand and type 8.7 Wash:
predominantly used in the facility’s processing system 8.7.1 Proper washing is necessary to remove residual fixer
8.3.4 The first monitoring film processed through freshly from the film. If not removed from the film, these chemicals
mixed and seasoned chemicals (see 7.1.5) will become the will cause subsequent damage (staining) and deterioration of
reference or standard for a box of monitoring films. the radiographic image, especially in low-density areas.
8.3.5 Subsequent monitoring films are then produced on an 8.7.2 The effectiveness of washing may be checked using
as-needed basis and compared to the first reference film to the residual thiosulfate chemicals test described in Guide E94
determine sensitometric changes within the processor. or ISO 18917.
Generally, the higher the film volume processed, the more 8.7.3 If physical examination of the films after washing
often QA checks should be performed. shows dirt or scum that was not present before washing, the
8.3.6 If a monitoring film produces unusually high or low wash tanks should be drained and cleaned. Drain wash tanks
densities exceeding the tolerance limits, then the processing whenever they are not being used. In order to minimize
and sensitometric exposure conditions should be rechecked and washing artifacts, it is recommended that “cleanup” films be
repeated, if necessary. If the results are still out of tolerance, processed at start up to clear out scum and foreign material.
the cause must be located and corrected. Generally, a small “Cleanup” films are commercially available. The use of
adjustment in replenishment rates is necessary until a sensito- algaecides is also recommended to retard the growth of
metric film processor activity balance is established. organisms within the wash bath.
8.3.7 Whenever it becomes necessary to change a monitor- 8.7.4 The newer cold-water-type processors do not require a
ing film from one emulsion to another, two films each (from the control valve to regulate water temperatures. However, many
new box and the old box) should be exposed and processed older-type processors require that the incoming water tempera-
simultaneously to adjust for normal film manufacturing sensi- ture be set within certain limits of the developer temperature.
tometric variations. Exceeding these limits may not allow the processor to ad-
8.4 Densitometer: equately control the developer temperature, which may cause
8.4.1 A transmission densitometer should be used capable density variations.
of reading densities within the allowable range of optical 8.8 Safelights:
densities utilized in production radiographs, with an aperture 8.8.1 Follow all safelight recommendations for the particu-
on the order of 1.0 to 3.0 mm in diameter. The densitometer lar film being used. Refer to the product or manufacturer’s
should be calibrated in accordance with Practice E1079. instructions for recommended safelight filter, bulb wattage, and
8.5 Developer: minimum safelight distance.
8.5.1 The developer activity should be checked by process- 8.8.2 The sensitivity of most film emulsions does not end
ing a pre-exposed film strip, a radiograph of a step wedge abruptly at a particular wavelength—most emulsions are some-
(monitoring film), or a test part for measuring four film what sensitive to wavelengths outside the intended range,
densities, one at base + fog (unexposed area of film) and three including wavelengths transmitted by the recommended safe-
between 1.5 and 4.0 in three areas of interest (high, medium, light filter. Therefore, always minimize the exposure of pho-
and low densities). These four areas are also known as the aim tographic materials to safelight illumination. Safelight condi-
film densities. tions can be tested and verified as prescribed in ANSI/PIMA
8.5.2 The film densities in the areas of interest being IT 2.26.
monitored should be within 610 % of the original monitoring
film density. Variations within this range are generally consid- 9. Records
ered normal and should not adversely affect radiographic 9.1 Accurate records should be kept of the following items:
quality. 9.1.1 Brand name and model of processor, if used.
8.6 Fixer: 9.1.2 Brand names and batch number of chemicals used.
8.6.1 Fixer solution activity can be determined by measur- 9.1.3 Time of development.
ing the clearing time. After the fixer solution has reached an 9.1.4 Temperature of processing chemicals.
operating temperature, place an unprocessed X-ray film into 9.1.5 Date new chemicals were placed in use.
the fixer solution and measure the time required to remove the 9.1.6 Replenishment rates.
silver halide crystals; this is known as the clearing time.
Removal of the X-ray film silver halide crystals can be 10. Maintenance
observed when the X-ray film turns from a reflective color to
a clear translucent film in the fixer. The film should remain in 10.1 Maintenance schedules provided by the manufacturer
the fixer solution for twice the amount of time necessary for it for preventive maintenance should be adhered to in order to
to become clear. The film should be periodically agitated assure consistent chemical and mechanical operation as set
during manual processing. forth by the manufacturer.
8.6.2 If physical examination shows unfixed spots or areas,
the fixer should be discarded. Unfixed areas may appear as 11. Keywords
dull, non-reflective areas that may be yellowish in color 11.1 automatic processing; film; manual processing; pro-
depending on the actual lack of fixer activity. cessing; radiographic; solutions

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 E999 − 20
APPENDIX

(Nonmandatory Information)

X1. USER VERIFICATION OF A MIXED FILM SYSTEM ACCORDING TO ISO 11699-2

X1.1 The user may process certified pre-exposed film strips film manufacturer in his certified film system, using the
according to ISO11699-2 from the film manufacturer, if reference values for the certified film test strips of the film
demonstration of conformity to the film manufacturer’s clas- manufacturer. The user may write a conformity statement for a
sification is desired. The measured index values Sx and Cx in mixed system based on these results of the mixed film system.
the “mixed” film system should be within Sr 610 % and Cr See ISO 11699-2 for more details.
+15 % - 10 % to the reference values Sr and Cr given by the

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