LM1868 AM/FM Radio System

February 1995

LM1868 AM/FM Radio System

General Description Features
The combination of the LM1868 and an FM tuner will pro- Y DC selection of AM/FM mode
vide all the necessary functions for a 0.5 watt AM/FM radio. Y Regulated supply
Included in the LM 1868 are the audio power amplifier, FM Y Audio amplifier bandwidth decreased in AM mode,
IF and detector, and the AM converter, IF, and detector. reducing amplifier noise in the AM band
The device is suitable for both line operated and 9V battery Y AM converter AGC for excellent overload
applications. characteristics
Y Low current internal AM detector for low tweet radiation

Block Diagram

TL/H/7909 – 1
Order Number LM1868N
See NS Package Number N20A
Note: See table for coil data

C1995 National Semiconductor Corporation TL/H/7909 RRD-B30M115/Printed in U. S. A.

 Absolute Maximum Ratings
If Military/Aerospace specified devices are required, Storage Temperature Range b 55§ C to a 150§ C
please contact the National Semiconductor Sales Operating Temperature Range 0§ C to a 70§ C
Office/Distributors for availability and specifications.
Lead Temperature (Soldering, 10 sec.) 260§ C
Supply Voltage (Pin 19) 15V
Package Dissipation 2.0W
Above TA e 25§ C, Derate Based on
TJ(MAX) e 150§ C and iJA e 60§ C/W

Electrical Characteristics Test Circuit, TA e 25§ C, VS e 9V, RL e 8X (unless otherwise noted)

Parameter Conditions Min Typ Max Units
STATIC CHARACTERISTICS eAM e 0, eFM e 0
Supply Current AM Mode, S1 in Position 1 22 30 mA
Regulator Output Voltage (Pin 16) 3.5 3.9 4.8 V
Operating Voltage Range 4.5 15
DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICSÐAM MODE
fAM e 1 MHz, fmod e 1 kHz, 30% Modulation, S1 in Position 1, PO e 50 mW unless noted
Maximum Sensitivity Measure eAM for PO e 50 mW,
8 16 mV
Maximum Volume
Signal-to-Noise eAM e 10 mV 40 50 dB
Detector Output eAM e 1 mV
40 60 85 mV
Measure at Top of Volume Control
Overload Distortion eAM e 50 mV, 80% Modulation 2 10 %
Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) eAM e 10 mV 1.1 2 %
DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICSÐFM MODE fFM e 10.7 MHz, fmod e 400 Hz, Df e g 75 kHz, PO e 50 mW, S1 in Position 1
b 3 dB Limiting Sensitivity 15 45 mV
Signal-to-Noise Ratio eFM e 10 mV 50 64 dB
Detector Output eFM e 10 mV, Df e g 22.5 kHz
40 60 85 mV
Measure at Top of Volume Control
AM Rejection eFM e 10 mV, 30% AM Modulation 40 50 dB
Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) eFM e 10 mV 1.1 2 %
DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICSÐAUDIO AMPLIFIER ONLY f e 1 kHz, eAM e 0, eFM e 0, S1 in Position 2
Power Output THD e 10%, RL 8X
VS e 6V 250 325 mW
VS e 9V 500 700 mW
Bandwidth AM Mode, PO e 50 mW 11 kHz
FM Mode, PO e 50 mW 22 kHz
Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) PO e 50 mW, FM Mode 0.2 %
Voltage Gain 41 dB

Typical Performance Characteristics (Test Circuit) All curves are measured at audio output
Quiescent Supply Current
vs Voltage FM Limiting Characteristics FM IF AM Rejection

TL/H/7909 – 2

2
Typical Performance Characteristics (Continued)
All curves are measured at audio output (Test Circuit)
Gain vs Frequency Audio
AM Characteristics Recovered Audio vs Supply Amplifier Only

Power Dissipation vs Power Power Dissipation vs Power Distortion vs Frequency

Output, RL e 8X Out, RL e 16X Audio Amplifier Only

TL/H/7909 – 3

Test Circuit

Note: See table for coil data TL/H/7909 – 4

3
 Typical Application
4

FM Performance (88 MHz–108 MHz) AM Performance (525 kHz–1650 kHz)

# 30 dB quieting sensitivity: 3.5 mV # Maximum sensitivity: 100 mV/m
# b 3 dB limiting sensitivity: 7 mV # 20 dB quieting sensitivity: 250 mV/m
# Tweet* worst case: 5%
100 mV/m: 1.5%

*Tweet is an audio tone produced by the 2nd and 3rd harmonic of the IF
beating against the received signal. It is measured as an equivalent modu-
lation level: i.e., a 30% tweet has the same amplitude at the detector as a
desired signal with 30% modulation.

TL/H/7909 – 5
PC Board Layout

TL/H/7909 – 6
Component Side

Typical Performance Characteristics Typical Application

All curves are measured at audio output

TL/H/7909 – 7 TL/H/7909 – 8

5
IC External Components (Application Circuit)
Typical Typical
Component Comments Component Comments
Value Value

(
C1 100 pF Removes tuner LO from IF input R9 240k Set AGC time constant
C2 0.1 mF Antenna coupling capacitor C19 1 mF
C4, C5 0.01 mF FM IF decoupling capacitors C7 10 mF IF coupling

(
C6, C9 0.005 mF AM smoothing/FM de-emphasis C8 0.1 mF IF coupling
network, de-emphasis pole is
(
R5 1k C20 0.1 mF High frequency load for audio
given by. amplifier, required to stabilize
R10 5X
1 audio amplifier
f1 j

# R4 J
R4 R6 C21 250 mF Output coupling capacitor
2q (C6 a C9)
a R6 R1 6k2 Sets Q of quadrature coil,
C10 10 mF Regulator decoupling capacitor determining FM THD and
recovered audio
C11 0.1 mF Regulator decoupling capacitor
R2 12k IF amplifier bias R
C12 10mF AC coupling to volume control
R3 5k6 Sets gain of AM IF and Q of AM
C13 0.1 mF Power supply decoupling
IF output tank
C14 50 mF Power supply decoupling
R4 10k Detector load resistor
C15 0.1 mF Audio amplifier input coupling
R6 50k Volume control

( Power amplifier feedback

R7 3k Roll off signals from detector in
C18 0.02 mF Power supply decoupling
C16 0.001 mF the AM band to prevent radiation
R11, R12 150X Terminates the ceramic filter,
C17 100 mF
biases FM IF input stage
decoupling, sets low frequency
supply rejection D1 1N4148 Optional. Quickens the AGC
response during turn on
R8 16k AM detector bias resistor

Coil and Tuning Capacitor Specifications

C1 AM ANT 140 pF max 5.0 pF min FM 20 pF max 4.5 pF min T1 Qu l 70 @ 10.7 MHz, L to
AM OSC 82 pF max 5.0 pF min TOKO CY2-22124PT resonate w/82 pF @ 10.7 MHz
Trimmers 5 pF TOKO KAC-K2318 or equivalent
L1 640 mH, Qu e 200 AM antenna
RP e 3k5 @ F e 796 kHz 1 mV/meter induces
(At secondary) approximately 100 mV
open circuit at the secondary
L0, L2 360 mH, QU l 80 @ F e 796 kHz TOKO RWO-6A5105 or TL/H/7909 – 10
equivalent
T2 Qu l 14 @ 455 kHz, L to
Toko America resonate w/180 pF @ 455 kHz
1250 Feehanville Drive TOKO 159GC-A3785 or
Mount Prospect, IL 60056 equivalent
(312) 297-0070

TL/H/7909 – 9
L4 SWG Ý20, N e 3(/2T, inner TL/H/7909 – 11
diameter e 5 mm
CF1 TOKO CFU-090D or equivalent
L5 SWG Ý20, N e 3(/2T, inner BW l 4.8 kHz @ 455 kHz
diameter e 5 mm
L6 L e 0.44 mH, N e 4 (/2T, Qu e 70
L7 SWG Ý20, N e 2 (/2T, inner
diameter e 5 mm
TL/H/7909 – 12
CF2 10.7 MHz ceramic filter Murata
MURATA SFE 10.7 mA or 2200 Lake Park Drive T3 Apollo Electronics NS-107C
equivalent Smyrna, GA 30080 or equivalent
(404) 436-1300

TL/H/7909 – 13

6
Layout Considerations Circuit Description (See Equivalent Schematic)
AM SECTION AM SECTION
Most problems in an AM radio design are associated with The AM section consists of a mixer stage, a separate local
radiation of undesired signals to the loopstick. Depending oscillator, an IF gain block, an envelope detector, AGC cir-
on the source, this radiation can cause a variety of problems cuits for controlling the IF and mixer gains, and a switching
including tweet, poor signal-to-noise, and low frequency os- circuit which disables the AM section in the FM mode.
cillation (motor boating). Although the level of radiation from Signals from the antenna are AC-coupled into pin 7, the
the LM1868 is low, the overall radio performance can be mixer input. This stage consists of a common-emitter ampli-
degraded by improper PCB layout. Listed below are layout fier driving a differential amp which is switched by the local
considerations association with common problems. oscillator. With no mixer AGC, the current in the mixer is
1. Tweet: Locate the loopstick as far as possible from de- 330 mA; as the AGC is applied, the mixer current drops,
tector components C6, C9, R4, and R5. Orient C6, C9, R4, decreasing the gain, and also the input impedance drops,
and R5 parallel to the axis of the loopstick. Return R8, C6, reducing the signal at the input. The differential amp con-
C9, and C19 to a separate ground run (see Typical Applica- nected to pin 8 forms the local oscillator. Bias resistors are
tion PCB). arranged to present a negative impedance at pin 8. The
2. Poor Signal-to-Noise/Low Frequency Oscillation: frequency of oscillation is determined by the tank circuit, the
Twist speaker leads. Orient R10 and C20 parallel to the axis peak-to-peak amplitude is approximately 300 mA times the
of the loopstick. Locate C11 away from the loopstick. impedance at pin 8 in parallel with 8k2.
After passing through the ceramic filter, the IF signals are
applied to the IF input. Signals at pin 11 are amplified by two
AGC controlled common-emitter stages and then applied to
the PNP output stage connected to pin 13. Biasing is ar-
ranged so that the current in the first two stages is set by
the difference between a 250 mA current source and the
Darlington device connected to pin 12.
When the AGC threshold is exceeded, the Darlington device
turns ON, steering current away from the IF into ground,
reducing the IF gain. Current in the IF is monitored by the
mixer AGC circuit. When the current in the IF has dropped
to 30 mA, corresponding to 30 dB gain reduction in the IF,
TL/H/7909 – 14
the mixer AGC line begins to draw current. This causes the
mixer current and input impedance to drop, as previously
In general, radiation results from current flowing in a loop. In
described.
case 1 this current loop results from decoupling detector
harmonics at pin 17; while in case 2, the current loop results The IF output is level shifted and then peak detected at
from decoupling noise at the output of the audio amplifier detector cap C1. By loading C1 with only the base current of
and the output of the regulator. The level of radiation picked the following device, detector currents are kept low. Drive
up by the loopstick is approximately proportional to: 1) 1/r3; from the AGC is taken at pin 14, while the AM detector
where r is the distance from the center of the loopstick to output is summed with the FM detector output at pin 17.
the center of the current loop; 2) SIN i, where i is the angle FM SECTION
between the plane of the current loop and the axis of the
The FM section is composed of a 6-stage limiting IF driving
loopstick; 3) I, the current flowing in the loop; and 4) A, the
a quadrature detector. The IF stages are identical with the
cross-sectional area of the current loop.
exceptions of the input stage, which is run at higher current
Pickup is kept low by short leads (low A), proper orientation to reduce noise, and the last stage, which is switched OFF
(i j 0 so SIN i j 0), maximizing distance from sources to in the AM mode. The quadrature detector collectors drive a
loopstick, and keeping current levels low. level shift arrangement which allows the detector output
FM SECTION load to be connected to the regulated supply.
The pinout of the LM1868 has been chosen to minimize AUDIO AMPLIFIER
layout problems, however some care in layout is required to The audio amplifier has an internally set voltage gain of 120.
insure stability. The input source ground should return to C4 The bandwidth of the audio amplifier is reduced in the AM
ground. Capacitors C13 and C18 form the return path for mode so as to reduce the output noise falling in the AM
signal currents flowing in the quadrature coil. They should band. The bandwidth reduction is accomplished by reducing
connect directly to the proper pins with short PC traces (see the current in the input stage.
Typical Application PCB). The quadrature coil and input cir-
cuitry should be separated from each other as far as possi- REGULATOR
ble. A series pass regulator provides biasing for the AM and FM
sections. Use of a PNP pass device allows the supply to
AUDIO AMPLIFIER
drop to within a few hundred millivolts of the regulator out-
The standard layout considerations for audio amplifiers ap- put and still be in regulation.
ply to the LM1868, that is: positive and negative inputs
should be returned to the same ground point, and leads to
the high frequency load should be kept short. In the case of
the LM1868 this means returning the volume control ground
(R6) to the same ground point as C17, and keeping the
leads to C20 and R10 short.

7
Equivalent Schematic

TL/H/7909 – 15

8
9
LM1868 AM/FM Radio System
Physical Dimensions inches (millimeters)

Molded Dual-In-Line Package (N)

Order Number LM1868N
NS Package Number N20A

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