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A Technical Seminar Report on

MACHINES USED IN MODERN
CONSTRUCTION
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In

CIVILENGINEERING
Under
JNTU Hyderabad
By
MOHAMMED AKBAR AMAN UDDIN
18N61A0139

>

Department of Civil Engineering

Vivekananda institute of Technology & Science Karimnagar
(Approved by AICTE New Delhi & Affiliated to JNTU Hyderabad.)
2021-2022

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VivekanandaInstituteofTechnology&Science:Karimnagar
DepartmentofCivil Engineering

Certificate
ThisistocertifythattheTechnicalSeminarReportentitled: MACHINES USED IN
MODERN CONSTRUCTION is a bona-fide record of the Technicalseminar
report done byMOHAMMED AKBAR AMAN UDDIN (18N61A0139) fulfillment of the

requirements for theawardofthe DegreeofBachelorofTechnologyin

CivilEngineering.

Date:

Mr.M.A.HALEEM. DR TVV SUDHAKAR

HeadoftheDepartment Principal

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is customary for a student to thank all those who have helped him tosuccessfully
complete a technical seminar particularly a different one, but we are doing so not
because of the monotonous tradition but because they are genuinely entitled to our
heart full thanks.
We are greatly obliged to our head of the department. Mr. M.A. HALEEM of civil
Engineering for creating an excellent academic which made this endeavor possible.
We are also thankful to our principal DR TVV SUDHAKAR and Management of
Vivekananda Institute of Technology and Science, Karimnagar, for providing
congenial atmosphere and encouragement.
Last but far from least, I wish to acknowledge my parents and friends for giving
strength and constant encouragement.

MOHAMMED AKBAR AMAN UDDIN (18N61A0139)

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APPROVAL SHEET

This dissertation report entitled “MACHINES USEDIN

MODERNCONSTRUCTION” by MOHAMMEDAKBAR AMAN UDDIN is
approved for the degree ofCivil Engineering and has been verified

Examiners

1.…………………………

2.…………………………

Supervisor

1. …………………………

2. …………………………

Date:

Place:

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ABSTRACT

In the presented article there will be discussed measures which allow to lower
expenses for the maintenance of the machinery and which contribute to the
increase of energy saving in general. To achieve these goals, it is proposed to
apply modern methods of organizing and operation works, to use high-tech
construction equipment, and also to form an optimal mechanization complex of
building and construction works. The optimization criterion is the cost of work.
When determining costs for the operation of construction machinery at the site,
we take into account their energy efficiency, compare the options and manage
the most efficient fleet of construction equipment. In the course of meeting the
task, there were drawn conclusions which demonstrate that an integrated
approach to the formation of machinery parks on the construction site allows to
use the available resources more rationally, in order to improve the
environmental component and improve the quality of construction work.

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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1General:

Construction Equipments are one of the very important resources of modern-day construction, especially in infrastructure projects. Such projects utilize

equipments for most of the works including earthmoving operations, aggregate production, concrete production and its placement, and so on. In fact, one cannot

think of any major construction activity without the involvement of construction equipment. There are different types of construction equipments suitable for

different activities in a construction project.

The choice of construction equipment defines the construction method, which in a way leads to the determination of time and cost for the project. In order to

select the right equipment to perform a specific task at the least cost, it is essential to know the features of a construction equipment including its rate of

production and the associated cost to operate the equipment.

In this report, major types of equipments have briefly been introduced. For a contractor, the decision to employ a particular type of equipment is influenced by the

contract he enters with the owners, the site condition and the location of the project site. Specifications indicating the capabilities and the different features of

construction equipments are provided by manufacturers.

The factors to be considered for the selection of some important constructionequipment have been discussed.

Fig. No:-1 RMC Truck. Fig No:-2 Construction Equipment

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1.2 Construction Equipments

The selection of the appropriate type and size of construction equipment often affects the required amount of time and effort and thus the job-site productivity of

a project. It is therefore important for site managers and construction planners to be familiar with the characteristics of the major types of equipment most

commonly used in construction.

. Fig No:-3 Vibrating Road Roller

Fig No:-4 Bulldozer.

CHAPTER 2.

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Excavation and Loading

2.1 Crane-shovel

One family of construction machines used for excavation is broadly classified as a crane-shovel as indicated by the variety of machines in Figure. The crane-

shovel consists of three major components:

1. a carrier or mounting which provides mobility and stability for the machine. 2. a revolving deck or turntable which contains the power and control

units.

2. a front end attachment which serves the special functions in an operation.

2.2 Truck Mounting & Wheel Mounting

The type of mounting for all machines in Figure is referred to as crawler mounting, which is particularly suitable for crawling over relatively rugged surfaces at a

job site. Other types of mounting include truck mounting and wheel mounting which provide greater mobility between job sites, but require better surfaces for

their operation. The revolving deck includes a cab to house the person operating the mounting and/or the revolving deck. The types of front end attachments in

Figure might include a crane with hook, claim shell, dragline, backhoe, shovel and piledriver.

2.3 Loader
A tractor consists of a crawler mounting and a non-revolving cab. When an earth moving blade is attached to the front end of a tractor, the assembly is called a

bulldozer. When a bucket is attached to its front end, the assembly is known as a loader or bucket loader. There are different types of loaders designed to handle

most efficiently materials of different weights and moisture contents.

Scrapers are multiple-units of tractor-truck and blade-bucket assemblies with various combinations to facilitate the loading and hauling of earthwork. Major types

of scrapers include single engine two-axle or three axle scrapers, twin-engine all-wheel drive scrapers, elevating scrapers, and push-pull scrapers. Each type has

different characteristics of rolling resistance, maneuverability stability, and speed in operation.

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CHAPTER 3

Compaction and Grading

3.1 Compaction Equipment

The function of compaction equipment is to produce higher density in soil mechanically. The basic forces used in compaction are static weight, kneading, impact

and vibration. The degree of compaction that may be achieved depends on the properties of soil, its moisture content, the thickness of the soil layer for

compaction and the method of compaction. Some major types of compaction equipment are shown in Figure 4-4, which includes rollers with different operating

characteristics.

3.2 Function

The function of grading equipment is to bring the earthwork to the desired shape and elevation. Major types of grading equipment include motor graders and

grade trimmers. The former is an all-purpose machine for grading and surface finishing. while the latter is used for heavy construction because of its higher

operating speed.

Fig No:-6 Compacting Roller

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CHAPTER 4.

Drilling and Blasting

4.1 Drilling

Rock excavation is an audacious task requiring special equipment and methods. The degree of difficulty depends on physical characteristics of the rock type to be

excavated, such as grain size, planes of weakness, weathering, brittleness and hardness. The task of rock excavation includes loosening. loading, hauling and

compacting. The loosening operation is specialized for rock excavation and is performed by drilling, blasting or ripping.

4.2 Drilling Equipments

Major types of drilling equipment are percussion drills, rotary drills, and rotary percussion drills. A percussion drill penetrates and cuts rock by impact while it

rotates without cutting on the upstroke. Common types of percussion drills include a jackhammer which is hand-held and others which are mounted on a fixed

frame or on a wagon or crawl for mobility. A rotary drill cuts turning a bit against the rock surface. A rotary-percussion drill combines the two cutting

movements to provide a faster penetration in rock..

4.3 Blasting

Blasting requires the use of explosives, the most common of which is dynamite. Generally, electric blasting caps are connected in a circuit with insulated wires.

Power sources may be power lines or blasting machines designed for firing electric cap circuits. Also available are non-electrical blasting systems which combine

the precise timing and flexibility of electric blasting and the safety of non-electrical detonation. Tractor-mounted rippers are capable of penetrating and prying

loose most rock types. The blade or ripper is connected to an adjustable shank which controls the angle at the tip of the blade as it is raised or lowered.

Automated ripper control may be installed to control ripping depth and tip angle.

In rock tunneling, special tunnel machines equipped with multiple cutter heads and capable of excavating full diameter of the tunnel are now available. Their use

has increasingly replaced the traditional methods of drilling and blasting.

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CHAPTER 5.

Lifting and Erecting

Derricks are commonly used to lift equipment of materials in industrial or building construction. A derrick consists of a vertical mast and an inclined boom

sprouting from the foot of the mast. The mast is held in position by guys or stifflegs connected to a base while a topping lift links the top of the mast and the top

of the inclined boom. A hook in the road line hanging from the top of the inclined boom is used to lift loads. Guy derricks may easily be moved from one floor to

the next in a building under construction while stiffleg derricks may be mounted on tracks for movement within a work area.

Tower cranes are used to lift loads to great heights and to facilitate the erection of steel building frames. Horizon boom type tower cranes are most common in

highrise building construction. Inclined boom type tower cranes are also used for erecting steel structures.

Fig No:-9 Lifting Equipment

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Chapter 6.

Mixing & Paving

Basic types of equipment for paving include machines for dispensing concrete and bituminous materials for pavement surfaces. Concrete mixers may also be
used to mix portland cement, sand, gravel and water in batches for other types of construction other than paving.

A truck mixer refers to a concrete mixer mounted on a truck which is capable of transporting ready mixed concrete from a central batch plant to construction
sites. A paving mixer is a self propelled concrete mixer equipped with a boom and a bucket to place concrete at any desired point within a roadway. It can be
used as a stationary mixer or used to supply slipform pavers that are capable of spreading, consolidating and finishing a concrete slab without the use of forms.

A bituminous distributor is a truck-mounted plant for generating liquid bituminous materials and applying them to road surfaces through a spray bar connected to
the end of the truck. Bituminous materials include both asphalt and tar which have similar properties except that tar is not soluble in petroleum products. While
asphalt is most frequently used for road surfacing, tar is used when the pavement is likely to be heavily exposed to petroleum spills.

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CHAPTER 7.

Construction Tools & Other Equipment

Air compressors and pumps are widely used as the power sources for construction tools and equipment. Common pneumatic construction tools include drills,

hammers. grinders, saws, wrenches, staple guns, sandblasting guns, and concrete vibrators. Pumps are used to supply water or to dewater at construction sites and

to provide water jets for some types of construction.

Fig No:-14 Shovels

Fig No:-15 Construction Equipments

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CHAPTER 8.

Automation of Equipment

The introduction of new mechanized equipment in construction has had a profound effect on the cost and productivity of construction as well as the methods used
for construction itself. An exciting example of innovation in this regard is the introduction of computer microprocessors on tools and equipment. As a result, the
performance and activity of equipment can be continually monitored and adjusted for improvement. In many cases, automation of at least part of the construction
process is possible and desirable. For example, wrenches that automatically monitor the elongation of bolts and the applied torque can be programmed to achieve
the best bolt tightness. On grading projects, laser controlled scrapers can produce desired cuts faster and more precisely than wholly manual methods.

CONCLUSION

Conclusion / Recommendations As it has been mentioned heavy equipment and or machinery are used in a number of industries. While there’s no arguing that

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machines can greatly increase the efficiency and productivity of many work-related tasks, heavy equipment and or machinery can also pose a major threat toward
injuries or even death when poorly maintained or used improperly. According to Worksafecenter.com, (2016), Heavy Machinery, How important is heavy
machinery safety? States, “When you’re weighing the importance of dedicating time and resources to safety training and education, consider these alarming
statisticsMachine-related injuries were ranked second after motor vehicle-related injuries among the leading causes of occupational injury fatalities, accounting
for approximately 14% of total deaths (1). According to a 2006 study by the Journal of Safety Research (2), heavy equipment operators and construction laborers
made up 63% of heavy equipment and truck related deaths.• Backhoes and trucks were involved in half the deaths• Rollovers were the main cause of death for
heavy equipment operators• Being struck by heavy equipment or trucks (especially while backing up), and equipment loads or parts were the major causes of
death for

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References

1. Construction Planning, Methods & Equipment: Puerifoy –Tata McGraw Hill

2. Construction Equipments& its Management: S. C. Sharma,Khanna Publications.

3. http://pmbook.ce.cmu.edu

4. http://teacher.buet.ac.bd/ziawadud/documents/equip.pdf

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