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Vat Photopolymerization Additive Manufacturing Resins: Analysis and Case

Study 1

Article  in  Materials Research · July 2020

DOI: 10.1590/1980-5373-MR-2020-0010

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Materials Research. 2020; 23(4): e20200010
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-5373-MR-2020-0010

Vat Photopolymerization Additive Manufacturing Resins: Analysis and Case Study1

João Fiore Parreira Lovoa* , Italo Leite de Camargoa,b , Rogério Erberelia ,

Mateus Mota Moraisa , Carlos Alberto Fortulana 

a
Universidade de São Paulo, Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica, Laboratório de Tribologia e
Compósitos, Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, São Carlos, SP, Brasil
b
Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de São Paulo – IFSP, Primeiro de Maio, 500,
Itaquaquecetuba, SP, Brasil.

Received: January 10, 2020; Revised: April 29, 2020; Accepted: June 12, 2020

Additive manufacturing processes have been developed over the last decades, especially vat
photopolymerization (VP) processes, due to its simplicity and speed. The objective of this paper is
to characterize commercial VP resins widely used for technical applications. Thus, test specimens
were printed by Digital Light Processing and subjected to tensile, compression, flexural, hardness,
and inorganic composition analyses. The resin with the highest resistance and hardness (containing
0.6 vol% of inorganics load) reached 53 MPa in tension, 110 MPa in compression, 79 MPa in bending,
and 82.3 Shore D, which is comparable to injected polymers. A case study was made, replacing the
injected gears of a reducer by printed ones and comparing the finite element analysis with resin
properties. The characterization and case study results encourage the expansion of VP processes in
the manufacturing of products in several industries and service sectors, as well as the development
of new composite resins.

Keywords: 3D printing, FEM, photopolymerization, DLP.

1. Introduction
Research has driven huge advances in additive point), Digital Light Processing (DLP) or mask projection
manufacturing (AM) in recent decades. AM currently allows (layers are formed at once by projecting the section) and
the manufacture of products in various materials (polymers, two-photon (micrometric pieces formed by 3D scanning of
metals, ceramics, and composites) and geometries that a polymerization point generated at the intersection of two
would be unfeasible or even impossible to manufacture light sources)1,9.
by other processes1-3. Throughout the development of AM, Furthermore, VP processes can be divided according to
vat photopolymerization processes have been highlighted. the construction direction of the part (layer overlap on the
The studies of Kodama4 and André et al.5 are important Z-axis). Thus, the methods in which construction occurs
examples of additive manufacturing precursors that employ from top to bottom (the platform moves downward as the
light-curable resins. Also, it is worth noting that the first subsequent top layers are formed) are called top-down.
commercial AM system available was based on the same In this case, the light source falls on top, and whenever
principle6. a layer is ready, the platform descends the equivalent of
According to ISO/ASTM 52900:2015 7:3 , vat one layer thickness. In this approach, the main issue is
photopolymerization (VP) is defined as an “[…] additive that the thickness of the printed layers is not accurate and
manufacturing process in which liquid photopolymer in a constant, given the difficulty of the resin to uniformly wet
vat is selectively cured by light-activated polymerization.” and coat the already printed layers9,11. Figure 1 illustrates
By using liquid raw material, VP enables micrometric layer the mentioned difficulty. Solving this problem may require
manufacturing or even layerless continuous manufacturing8. a complex system dedicated exclusively to coating and
The light patterns applied on the resin are based on a spreading new layers.
three‑dimensional computational drawing of the part, On the other hand, VP processes are classified as
solidifying the layers and creating an object similar to the bottom-up when the platform rises the equivalent of one
precursor drawing. Light can be visible or ultraviolet (UV), layer thickness whenever a layer is ready, and thereby,
depending on the characteristics of the resin employed9,10. construction occurs from bottom to up. In such processes,
VP is commonly divided in the literature into three types: to create a new layer, there is periodic detachment of the
vector scan (layers are formed by scanning a polymerization component being manufactured from the bottom of the vat,
introducing stresses and deformations into the component.
This detachment is particularly disturbing when processing
1
This paper was presented in the 10th Brazilian Congress on Manufacturing
Engineering, August 2019, São Carlos/SP. high-viscosity raw material such as ceramic slurry with a high
*email: [email protected] solid load. Besides, the light passes through the transparent
2 Lovo et al. Materials Research

bottom of the vat, generating light scattering9,11. Still, such resin properties obtained. This comparison can lead to a better
processes show a significant advantage over the top-down understanding of possible failure modes before mechanical
method: there is no need for a coating system, which makes testing. Finally, these gears were manufactured by AM and
the process considerably faster and simpler1,12 tested in their application.
Improving mechanical strength is a major goal in
research related to additive manufacturing13,14. Yunus et al.15 2. Materials and Methods
produced specimens of a commercial photocurable resin to
test the tensile strength and elastic modulus of printed bodies. Vat photopolymerization is characterized by having
Moreover, Gmeiner et al.16 employed vat photopolymerization the best combination of resolution and surface quality
to make a bioactive glass that was identified as a possible among additive manufacturing processes11,27. In this
bone substitute due to its high mechanical strength obtained. paper, five commercial photocurable resins from different
Zeng et al.17 produced Hydroxyapatite scaffolds by VP with manufacturers (Table 1) were evaluated and characterized.
adequate compression performance. Furthermore, strain All of them are acrylic‑based resins whose viscosity varies
has also been studied, as is the paper of Patel et al.18, who between 140 and 550 cP (at 25 ± 5 °C), thus being suitable
produced a photopolymer by DLP that can be stretched for photopolymerization equipment in general28. Hence,
more than 1000%. the selected resins are widely used in several applications,
Another critical attribute in mechanical components is ranging from dental crowns manufacturing to automotive
the hardness that represents the ability to resist deformation housings due to the VP ability to print such detailed parts.
induced by mechanical indentation or abrasion19. This property According to their datasheets, the resins are composed
has been studied in several AM processes such as direct of acrylic monomers and oligomers, photoinitiators, and
energy deposition20,21, fused deposition modeling22,23, and inorganic additives.
vat photopolymerization19,24. In this last process, inorganic 2.1 Additive manufacturing of the specimens
additives were employed in light-curing resins to improve
various properties as their composition strongly influences A commercial 3d printer (Hunter, Flashforge Corporation)
the mechanical strength of parts. Accordingly, the proper use was used to manufacture specimens and mechanical components.
of inorganic fillers in 3D printing materials has improved It is a bottom-up DLP equipment (405 nm LED light source)
printing quality and expanded their application in several with a printing size of 120 mm x 67.5 mm x 150 mm, resolution
markets20,25,26. VP processes have evolved so rapidly in of 12.5 μm in the Z-axis (layer height) and 62.5 μm in X and
recent years, both in equipment and resins, that final product Y axes. The choice of bottom-up equipment was justified by
manufacturing became a reality in several areas. the smaller amount of material required for manufacturing
In addition to the development of materials with suitable (the printer worked even without the vat being full) and
properties, the mechanical characterization of resins is critical shorter printing time. Thus, this approach allows for reducing
to proper selection. In this manuscript, five commercial resins costs and waste in the experiments12,29,30.
for VP processes were characterized. Thus, mechanical and The five resins were used to print 50 μm layer thickness
composition tests were performed, seeking to relate the samples. The specimens and test parameters for tensile,
properties of resins and their inorganic additives. Moreover, compressive, and flexural tests followed, respectively,
a study case on the gears of a planetary gear train was made. ASTM D63831, ASTM D69532, and ASTM D79033 standards.
The gear stresses in different load conditions were modeled Consequently, tensile specimens had a width of the reduced
through finite element analysis and were compared with the section of 3.2 mm and a thickness of 3.2 mm. In the
compression tests, cylindrical specimens with a length of
25.4 mm and a diameter of 12.7 mm were used. The flexural
specimens were 3.2 mm thick, 12.7 mm wide, and 64 mm long.
The built direction of the parts, indicated in Figure 2, was
chosen so that the maximum stress during the test occurred
perpendicular to the printing layers, thus representing the
most critical condition for each test. Finally, for the case study,
gears with 18 teeth, 0.5 module, and 4 mm face width were
printed with Resin 1 (LS600, EnvisionTEC) for application
testing as first stage components in a planetary gear train
(3863A024C, Faulhaber GmbH & Co.).

Table 1. Commercial photocurable resins.

RESIN MANUFACTURER MODEL
1 EnvisionTEC LS600
2 Smart Print Bio Hybrid
3 Smart Dent Modelo
4 FlashForge Standard
Figure 1. Issue present in top-down VP approach without system 5 Makertech DM400
dedicated to coating and spreading new layers.
 Vat Photopolymerization Additive Manufacturing Resins: Analysis and Case Study 3

any given time. Therefore, only the gear tooth in contact was
simulated (other teeth are unloaded). Second, the simulation
was considered in a plane stress condition, with the load
equally shared through the thickness of the gear, simplifying
the model to a bidimensional analysis. Finally, the problem
was considered symmetric because the planetary gear has
contact with the sun gear and with the annulus gear with
equal force. Therefore, only half of the gear was analyzed.
The face width of the gear was 4 mm.
The gear material was modeled as isotropic linear elastic
with Young‘s modulus of 3.2 GPa and Poisson‘s ratio 0.3.
The linear elastic model was chosen because the stresses
Figure 2. Orientation of specimens printed by vat photopolymerization. developed in the simulation were lower than the linear limit
(A) Tensile. (B) Compression. (C) Flexural. of the material (considering the offset of 0.2% strain). Also,
parts printed with the DLP have low anisotropy, due to high
layer adhesion and the post-curing process with UV light,
minimizing the errors of the isotropic assumption24. The
2.2 Material characterization
following boundary conditions were applied: The vertical
A universal testing machine (Bionix, MTS) with a displacement and rotation of the nodes of the symmetry line of
load cell of 15 kN was used for the mechanical strength the gear were constrained. Also, the horizontal displacement
tests. The flexural tests employed a three-point bending of the nodes of the gear hole was constrained.
device with a 40 mm span. Tensile tests were performed at The gear has two possible failure modes: fracture of the
1.0 mm/min, while compression and bending tests at tooth root caused by bending stresses and surface fatigue35,36.
1.5 mm/min. All mechanical tests were carried out at Each failure mode was analyzed with a different mesh and
20 °C. Moreover, Shore D hardness tests were performed load condition. About the loads, the catalog of the planetary
on a commercial durometer (Type D2, Shore Instrument & gearhead (Faulhaber Series 38/1 reduction 66:1) states that
MFG Co INC) with ten indentations in each resin sample, the maximum allowed torque is 2200 Nmm. Considering
following ASTM D224034 guidelines. the real reduction ratio of 66.22, the torque in the first gear
Pieces of printed parts were burned in a box furnace stage is 33.22 Nmm. The pitch diameter of the sun gear
(Blue M, Lindberg) at 500ºC for 120 minutes, with a heating (21 teeth) is 10.5 mm, therefore the tangential force acting
rate of 3.5 °C/min, to analyze the inorganic additives present in the sun gear is 2.11 N. Finally, the total force applied on
in each resin. For each resin, fragments and their material the gear was calculated through Equation 1.
remaining from burning were weighed on an analytical
balance (AUW220D, Shimadzu) with a resolution of 0.01 mg. Ft
F= (1)
In order to verify similarities between the inorganic additives cos θ
and to calculate their volumetric percentage and compare
them with the values reported in the literature, the burnt Where, F is the total force, Ft the tangential force in the pitch
material was analyzed on an X-ray fluorescence spectrometer diameter, and θ the pressure angle (20°). For the bending
(EDX 720HS, Shimadzu) under a vacuum atmosphere with analysis, the most critical situation is when the load is applied
a 5 mm collimator aperture. All atomic elements with an in the tooth tip, causing the highest bending stress. The line
atomic number greater than 10 were scanned. of action of the force formed an angle of 30.28° with the
horizontal (Figure 3).
2.3 Case Study and Finite Element Modeling For the surface pressure analysis, the critical condition
Resin 1 was chosen for the case study because it presented occurs when the force acts near the pitch diameter.
the best mechanical properties in the tests carried out. This The width of the contact area and the maximum pressure
material reached an average ultimate strength superior to the were calculated using the Hertz contact theory for cylinders
other resins in the tensile, compression, and flexural tests. (Equations 2 and 3)35.
Resin 1 also presented an average hardness greater than  1 − ν 2   1 − ν 2  
the other materials evaluated in the present paper. Also, a 2F 
p
+ g

mechanical component, such as a gear, is compatible with  E p   Eg  
b=   (2)
the usual application of this resin, unlike some tested resins  1 1 
intended for dental applications. π w + 
 d p sin θ d g sin θ 
 
The finite element analysis of the gear case study
was performed with the Abaqus Standard solver. Then, 2F
the resulting stresses were compared with the properties pmax = (3)
π wb
obtained in the characterization. The gear tooth profile tooth
was designed with a relief radius of 0.2 mm. The following Where b is contact patch half-width; Ep and Eg are respectively
assumptions were made to simplify the analysis and reduce the pinion and gear Young’s modulus; νp and νg are the pinion
computational cost. First, it was considered that only one and gear Poisson’s ratio; w is the width of the gear (4 mm);
pair of teeth would be in contact supporting all the loads at dp and dg are respectively the pitch diameters of the pinion
4 Lovo et al. Materials Research

Figure 3. Load applied in the bending condition.

Table 2. Number of elements and nodes of the meshes.

Quadrilateral CPS8 Triangular CPS6 Total number of Total number of
Condition Mesh
elements elements elements nodes
Bending Coarse 275 19 294 925
Bending Refined 1853 65 1918 5909
Contact pressure Coarse 243 23 266 837
Contact pressure Refined 2107 77 2184 6695

Figure 4. Refined mesh of the contact pressure analysis.

and the gear; pmax is the maximum pressure. The maximum The number of elements and nodes of the meshes is
pressure of 27.4 MPa was applied in a length of 0.026 mm summarized in Table 2. The refined mesh of the contact
of the tooth edge considering a uniform distribution (the pressure analysis with the indicative boundary conditions
actual distribution is elliptical, therefore using the maximum and loads are presented in Figure 4.
pressure is conservative). The printed gears were assembled on the gear train. Then,
Both meshes were built with a quadrilateral (CPS8) the gearbox was positioned on the universal testing machine
and triangular (CPS6) quadratic plane stress elements with for static mechanical tests. The reducer housing was fixed to
full integration. The meshes were automatically generated the test machine structure, the output shaft was fixed to the
with free technique, quad dominated, with advancing front. load cell (fixed member), and the input shaft was fixed to the
For both conditions, the mesh was more refined on the tooth. movable member of the testing machine. Then, a torque was
In order to evaluate mesh convergence, each condition applied for 5 minutes to the input shaft in order to generate a
was simulated with a coarse mesh and a refined mesh. continuous 2200 Nmm torque on the output shaft (maximum
 Vat Photopolymerization Additive Manufacturing Resins: Analysis and Case Study 5

torque allowed by the planetary gearhead manufacturer). highest strain at failure (greater than 40%) and maximum
The physical test of the gears reproduced the critical work ultimate compressive strength (110 MPa), while Resin 2 had
condition previously tested by FEM, despite not being based the highest compressive yield strength (84 MPa). Resins
on a specific technical standard. Lastly, the reducer was 1, 2, and 3 presented high stiffness (greater than 1.8 GPa).
assembled between a stepper motor (NEMA 23) and a LM Meanwhile, Resin 5 had the lowest stiffness (1.0 GPa), ultimate
guide actuator (KR33A, THK) to test the gears in operation. (57 MPa), and yield strength (19 MPa) in the compressive
test. Furthermore, barreling and abrupt longitudinal fractures
3. Results and Discussion were observed in all compressive test specimens.
The average curves resulting from flexural testing (Figure 7)
The results obtained in the mechanical tests demonstrate again indicate a wide variation in material strength. In this
a significant difference in the mechanical strength, stiffness, test, Resin 1 had the highest average maximum strength
and ductility of the five resins tested. The trends and values (79 MPa) and elastic modulus (2.2 GPa), besides having
observed agree with previous research37. a reasonable deformation capacity before failure, reaching
3.1 Material Characterization results
In the tensile tests, it was observed wide variation in
the resistance, elastic modulus, and maximum elongation
in the printed materials. Figure 5 shows the average curves
resulting from tensile testing. Resin 1 had the highest tensile
strength, reaching an average maximum strength of 53 MPa
and modulus of elasticity of 3.0 GPa. Moreover, Resin 2
had the highest elastic modulus among the tested materials
(3.2 GPa) and 50 MPa average tensile strength. Such values​​
are equivalent to tensile strength and elastic modulus of
high strength polymers manufactured by traditional material
injection processes38,39, demonstrating the feasibility of
3D printing by photopolymerization for the manufacture
of high mechanical strength polymers. On the other hand,
Resin 5 had the lowest elastic modulus (16 MPa average) Figure 5. Tensile test results.
and ductility (1.6% maximum strain) among tested resins.
Based on data from the literature, the tensile strength
values measured for the five resins tested are within the
expected range for 3D printed by vat photopolymerization
materials mostly composed of acrylates40,41. It was found
that the tensile strengths of the tested materials are higher
than the value obtained for some materials commonly
used in this type of AM, with a formulation based on Poly
(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEG-DA)42 and Ethylene
glycol phenyl ether acrylate (EGPEA)41. Resins 1, 2, and 3
achieved results that place them on the same level as acrylic
photopolymers with oligomers and inorganic fillers15,19.
However, their mechanical strengths are still below those
verified in tensile tests with some epoxy materials processed
by vat photopolymerization40.
The tensile tests results also show the low ductility of Figure 6. Compressive test results.
printed polymers when compared to engineering plastics
specimens obtained by traditional manufacturing techniques36,43.
This relatively low deformation capacity (mainly presented
by resins 1, 2, and 5) probably occurs because the printing
process is made by layers that favor the propagation of cracks
and brittle fractures of the material. However, despite the
layered fabrication, the visual analysis of the fracture surfaces
of the tested parts does not show that the failures occur by
layer detachment, but by crack propagation (transverse to
the printing layers), indicating high adhesion between the
thin printed layers, as has been observed in other studies24.
The compression tests also indicated significant variations
in the strengths of the tested resins. However, in these tests,
all resins achieved a high degree of deformation, exceeding
23% strain before failure. Figure 6 depicts the average curves
resulting from the compressive tests. Resin 1 reached the Figure 7. Flexural test results.
6 Lovo et al. Materials Research

maximum strain of 5%. Although Resin 2 also presented Resins 3, 4, and 5 showed flexural strengths compatible
good maximum strength (over 65 MPa) for a polymeric with photopolymers based on diacrylates monomers without
material, its maximum strain is less than 4%. Lastly, Resin 5 the addition of reinforcement material24,44, while Resins 1
had the lowest average flexural strength (33 MPa), elastic and 2 reached strengths equivalent to those of 3D printed
modulus (1.2 GPa), and strain (about 3.5%). The flexural test specimens with acrylic photopolymer reinforced with
results followed the trend and corroborated with the tensile inorganic additives44.
and compressive results since bending is a combination of Despite the considerable variation between the resins
tensile and compressive stresses in the cross-section where tested, the results of the tests carried out show that the
part failure occurs. studied materials have mechanical strength comparable to
engineering plastics. For example, the five AM processed
photopolymers evaluated in the present paper have tensile36,
compression38, and flexural38 strength higher than ordinary
injected polyethylene (PE). However, the strengths of the
tested resins are lower than the injected polyoxymethylene
(POM), tensile36,38, compressive36, and flexural strength38.
Hardness test results are summarized in Figure 8. Resins 1
and 2, which obtained the best compressive properties,
also obtained the highest hardness, exceeding 80 Shore D.
The lowest average value was obtained by resin 4
(69.2 Shore D). Resins 3 and 5 hardness were respectively
70.1 and 72.9 Shore D.
The measured hardness values for the five materials
Figure 8. Hardness test results. tested are within the range provided in the literature about

Figure 9. Chemical characterization.

 Vat Photopolymerization Additive Manufacturing Resins: Analysis and Case Study 7

acrylate-based resins processed by vat photopolymerization19,40. 3.2 Case study results

Also, the hardness test results obtained by Resins 1 and 2,​​
Figure 10 presents the Mises stress on the gear, which
above 80 Shore D, place these materials on the same level
was calculated with the finite element method for the bending
as engineering plastics manufactured by traditional material
condition with the refined mesh. As expected, the higher
injection processes38.
stresses occur in the tooth. The colored contour plot was
Lastly, the results of the chemical composition analysis of
limited to 7 MPa to highlight the stress field at the tooth
the inorganic additives of each of the five resins are shown in
Figure 9. Due to the wide variety of chemical compositions root. Figure 11 shows the tooth root in detail.
of the additives, it was not possible to point out a relationship As can be observed, there are three critical regions:
between the additives used. From the amount of material the region where the load was applied, and both fillets at
remaining after burning and their composition, the following the tooth root. The left fillet is in tension, whereas the right
load of inorganics was found: 0.6 vol% on Resin 1; 4.1 vol% fillet is in compression. The maximum Mises stress caused
on Resin 2; 0.8 vol% on Resin 3; 0.1 vol% on Resin 4; by bending at the tooth fillet is 6.7 MPa much lower than
and 0.2 vol% on Resin 5. Although the amount of inorganic filler the materials Yield stress at bending (about 8% of flexural
in Resin 2 is very high compared to the other resins analyzed, strength). Therefore, the material withstands the static loading.
it is within the quantities of inorganic additives foreseen in However, because there are two opposite points of contact
the literature to reinforce acrylic-based photopolymers for (one with the solar gear and other with the annular gear), at
3D printing42,44. On the other hand, Resins 4 and 5 have a every revolution, the tooth undergoes an alternate loading
relatively low volume of inorganic additives. cycle. Therefore, material fatigue resistance should also be
The resin with the largest amount of inorganic additives2 analyzed. Because the bending stresses are low compared to
had the largest tensile elastic modulus, highest compressive material yield stress, it is expected that the material would
yield strength and high hardness and resins with the lowest endure a high number of cycles.
percentage of inorganic fillers (resins 4 and 5) had the smallest Regarding the contact pressure, it was observed that
elastic modulus and low hardness. However, it has not been the stresses at the contact area are much higher than in the
possible to establish a direct relationship between good tooth root. Although the concentrated force is a reasonable
mechanical properties and a high percentage of additives. hypothesis to evaluate the bending stress at the root, it
Not only the studied fillers had a very different chemical overestimates the stress at the contact region, resulting in
composition, but also some other characteristics can influence an unrealistic result at the contact point.
mechanical behavior, such as morphology, phase analysis, A more consistent result was obtained considering the
and functionalization of additives. Future studies may test force distributed over a small area at the tooth flank, calculated
resins by varying only the percentage of additives to check through the Hertz‘s contact theory. Figure 12 presents the
the correlation between the percentage volume of additives results of the simulation of the contact pressure condition
and mechanical properties. with the refined mesh.

Figure 10. Mises stress field of the bending condition with refined mesh.
8 Lovo et al. Materials Research

Figure 11. Detail of the stress field at the tooth fillet at the bending condition with refined mesh.

Figure 12. Mises stress field at the tooth at the contact pressure condition with refined mesh.

Table 3. Results of bending and contact pressure analyzes.

Bending analysis Contact pressure analysis
Number of nodes Mises Stress [MPa] Number of nodes Mises Stress [MPa]
925 6.9 837 29.8
5909 6.7 6695 30.9

The maximum Mises stress at the contact region was might bring some light regarding the surface service life of
30.9 MPa (28% of the yield stress in compression). In this additive manufactured gears.
condition, the material also withstands the static loading. Table 3 summarizes the results. The table highlights the
However, it would probably fail due to fatigue. For this mesh convergence. Refining the mesh six times changed the
application, surface fatigue is the most probable failure results by less than 4%. Further refining the mesh would
mode because the contact stress is much higher than the not significantly improve the results and would increase the
bending stress. Up to date, there is no available data for the computational cost unnecessarily.
surface fatigue resistance of the resin used to manufacture Thus, the printed gears were assembled on the gear train,
the gears. Therefore, it is difficult to predict the service as shown in Figure 13. The printed components resisted the
life of the gear without further experiments. Future studies static mechanical loading of the application as predicted
 Vat Photopolymerization Additive Manufacturing Resins: Analysis and Case Study 9

the development of new composite resins with different load

volumes of inorganics, chemical composition, morphology,
and functionalization of additives.

5. Acknowledgments
This study was financed in part by the Coordenação
de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil
(CAPES) - Finance Code 001.

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Manuf. 2017;231(12):2211-22.
Figure 13. VP printed gears assembled in the reducer. 3. Kim H, Lin Y, Tseng TLB. A review on quality control in
additive manufacturing. Rapid Prototyping J. 2018;24(3):645-
69. https://doi.org/10.1108/RPJ-03-2017-0048.
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load, the printed gears were inspected, and no failure was plastic model with photo-hardening polymer. Rev Sci Instrum.
detected. The reducer with the gears manufactured by VP 1981;52(11):1770-3.
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and a LM guide actuator, with the mechanical system moving Industriel des Lasers CILAS SA, assignee. Dispositif pour
realiser un module de piece industrielle. République Française
without locking.
patent FR 2567668A1. 1984.
6. Hull CW, inventors; Fulwider P, Rieber L, Utecht, assignee.
4. Conclusions Apparatus for production of three-dimensional objects by
stereolithography. United States patent US 4575330. 1986.
The selected resins characterized in this manuscript
7. International Organization for Standardization – ISO. ISO/
presented wide mechanical variation in VP manufactured
ASTM 52900:2015(en), Additive manufacturing — General
pieces as a result of the singularity of each formulation. principles — Terminology. Geneva: ISO; 2015.
Some of the DLP printed parts showed tensile, compression, 8. Tumbleston JR, Shirvanyants D, Ermoshkin N, Janusziewicz
and flexural strength, as well as elastic modulus similar to R, Johnson AR, Kelly D, et al. Continuous liquid interface
engineering polymers manufactured by the injection molding production of 3D objects. Science. 2015;347(6228):1349-52.
process. Despite the considerable variation in hardness values, 9. Ahrens CH. Processos de AM por fotopolimerização em cuba.
all analyzes resins presented a high performance compared In: Volpato N, editor. Manufatura aditiva tecnologias e aplicações
to conventional polymers. da impressão 3D. São Paulo: Editora Blucher; 2017. p. 129-44.
The analysis of inorganic additives of the studied 10. Olmos LG, Lovo JFP, De Camargo IL, Consoni CR, Fortulan
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