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Reasoning
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We can find challenges in every sphere of our lives. Be it finding the best
route to a cinema hall on traffic packed roads or choosing the right item in a
super market.
How best are we equipped to deal with challenges is the question?
Reasoning Ability is a systematic process of thinking where a problem or
plan is analysed from various angles in its most practical sense. Hence
yields better decisions and better conclusions.
That’s why every student’s Reasoning Ability is tested in almost every
competitive exam today.
The process of learning is dependent on one’s ability to think logically and
reason quickly and effectively. These two factors are hence very crucial to a child’s progress in
education.
This critically important ability of reasoning should be seeded and nurtured in the minds of the students
in their budding stage itself. Once the seed of reasoning sprouts in the young minds, the way they see the
world entirely changes. Life itself looks like an exciting puzzle to be solved.
Reasoning and logic skills are an integral part of a wide range of subjects such as Math, Science,
Design and Technology, etc. These skills are also vital in our day to day lives.
Class
Class
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68
REASONING
QUOTIENT
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Applying Memory Techniques (Mnemonics)

Using mnemonics is a sure and easy way of remembering

and recalling different things. Some ways and forms are given
herein below for you to get an idea as to how to create some
of your own. You can use and practise this technique to
generate many more shortcuts and use for your benefit.

1. Units of Measurement
‘King Hector Died Mysteriously Drinking Choclate Milk.’
Kilo Hecto Deka Meter Deci Centi Milli.
or For remembering metric scale : ‘Kippers hardly dare move
during cold months’. (Descending order of the metric scale :
Kilo-hecto-deca-meter-deci-centi-milli).

2. Size of Shadow : FOS : Far Object . . . Small

Farther the object from source of light, smaller the shadow.
NOB : Near Object . . . Big
Nearer the object from source of light, bigger the shadow.

3. Basic Physical Quantities :

‘Taking Luxurious Limos More Noxious Than Cycling’
Temperature (K) Length (m) Luminous Intensity (Cd)
Mass (kg) Number of particles (moles) Time (s) Charge (C)

4. Electromagnetic spectrum : ‘RIVUXGA’

Radiowaves, Infrared, Visible spectrum, Ultraviolet, X-rays,
Gamma rays (electromagnetic waves in order of increasing
frequency).

5. Parts of an atom : PEN : Protons, Electrons, Neutrons.

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6. Ultraviolet : Ultraviolet, Visible and Infrared are in

increasing order of wavelength. U, V and I appear in the Reading faster
same order in that word. g
and more efficiently
7. Bonding : ‘HONC’ : H requires 1 more electron in its outer
shell to become stable. O requires 2, N 3 and C requires 4. Reading, which is often defined as ‘getting from the book what
8. Male Reproductive Tract (Path of Sperm) : ‘SEVE UP’ the author intended’ or ‘assimilating the written words’, deserves
Seminiferous tubules C Epididymis C Vas deferens C a far more complete definition. It can be defined as follows :
Ejaculatoryduct C Urethra C Penis Reading is an individual’s total inter-relationship with symbolic
9. Tubules and Filaments information. It is usually the visual aspect of learning, and
contains the following seven steps :
Eukaryotic cells are held together by microtubules, micro-
filaments, and intermediate filaments. 1. Recognition : The reader’s knowledge of the alphabetic
It is easy to remember what each does by matching key symbols. This step takes place almost before the physical
letters in each term with their respective duties. For aspect of reading begins.
example, microfilaments are made of Actin. Move food into 2. Assimilation : The physical process by which light is reflected
MICROvilli, are responsible for amoebic movement. from the word and is received by the eye, then transmitted
Cytoplasmic streaming and muscular contraction and they via the optic nerve to the brain.
move fast. Microtubules on the other hand, are made of
TUBulin, move slowly and make the chromosome fibres. 3. Intra-integration : The equivalent to basic comprehension
and refers to the linking of all parts of the information being
10. The mnemonic to remember the organ system is : read with all other appropriate parts.
MURDER NICI : Muscular, Urinary, Respiratory, Digestive, 4. Extra-integration : This includes analysis, criticism, apprecia-
Excretory, Reproductive, Nervous, Integumentary, tion, selection and rejection. The process in which the reader
Circulatory, Immune systems.
brings the whole body of his previous knowledge to the new
11. Acid to Water : All is well. knowledge he is reading, making the appropriate con-
Water to Acid : What an accident ! nections.
Use these two mnemonics to help remember it is ok to add 5. Retention : The basic storage of information. Storage can
acid to water, but you may get an explosion from the excess itself become a problem. Most readers will have experienced
heat created by reversing the order of mixing the two. entering an examination room and storing most of their
information during the two hour exam period. Storage, then,
\ \ \ is not enough in itself, and must be accompanied by recall.

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6. Recall : The ability to get back out of storage that which is Time management is an extensive study and many articles and
needed, preferably when it is needed. books have been written on that subject. It is interesting to note
the importance of the short time span that all of us have in
7. Communication : The use to which the information is between daily chores and leisure, but we conveniently ignore or
immediately or eventually put; includes the very important overlook.
subdivision : thinking.
The short time we are talking about is the five minutes we have
The definition includes consideration of many of the problems while waiting in the queue to pay the fees, the five minutes for
listed above. The only problems not included are those which the water to become hot before switching off the geyser, the 10
are, in a sense, ‘outside’ the reading process, such as the minutes for the school bus to arrive, the 15 minutes before the
influence of our reaction to our surroundings, time of day, energy lunch hour bell and many more such 5, 10, 15, minute slots that
level, interest, motivation, age and wellness. one can think of.
The finger technique to quickly improve your reading speed This is not to belittle the need for a person to work at his or
Your mind is capable of much more than what others have told her own place, nor does it imply that he or she would ignore the
you so far. In half an hour, you will learn the ‘finger technique’ need to relax and take time off, doing nothing. It is just being
for faster reading and prove that you have the ability to read aware of the short span of time available and using it according
to one’s requirement, instead of rushing at the eleventh hour.
much faster than you currently do.
Read the instructions slowly. There is no hurry. Do not skip any First, one has to be aware of the short time that is available at
step. Don’t skip something even if you are smarter than ordinary hand. While waiting for the bus to arrive, instead of fretting and
people. Let us begin. fuming about the inefficiency of the transport system, if one
could note down the things that need to be done for the day and
Check your reading speed the week ahead, the time is well spent in time-planning. The 10
minutes frittered away by waiting for the breakfast to be served
Let us find out your current reading speed. Get a watch that can
can be used to revise a chapter for the test or the 15 minutes
measure time in seconds. Read the following as you normally
before the games master’s arrival used for push-ups and warming
read. There is no hurry. Find how much time you take to read up.
the following.
Starting time : ___________ Ending time : ___________
HOLIDAYS — the time to relax and rejuvenate oneself before Find your approximate reading speed in the chart on page 7.
school starts. When school reopens, the routine is set and one Write it here for comparing later.
gets busy with the efficient management of time at hand.

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Test your reading speed again :

The Finger Technique for Reading Faster
Close your eyes for one/two minutes and take a deep breath.
Exercise 1 : Read this paragraph to first Now are you ready to read faster and take the test ? Test your
understand all the instructions. Put the reading speed again by moving your finger as you did in the
book upside down. Yes, all text will exercise above.
appear upside down. Use your finger next SPEED CHART
to the thumb, to train your eyes. Move If your Your speed in If your Your speed in If your Your speed in
that finger under a line of text as shown seconds words per seconds words per seconds words per
here. Move your eyes in sync with the were minute is were minute is were minute is

finger. Make sure that your finger does 30 ........... 666 120 .......... 166 210 .......... 95
not cross the line. Do not mutter as you 40 ........... 450 130 .......... 153 220 .......... 90
read. Practice this for 5 minutes. Do not skip this step. Read this 50 ........... 400 140 .......... 142 230 .......... 86
paragraph again to make sure you understand. Move your finger 60 ........... 333 150 .......... 133 240 .......... 83
end to end under each line to guide your eyes for reading faster. 70 ........... 285 160 .......... 125 250 .......... 80
80 ........... 250 170 .......... 117 260 .......... 76
Turn some book upside down, open any chapter and practice for 90 ........... 222 180 .......... 111 270 .......... 74
5 minutes. Since the book is upside down, do not try to 100 .......... 200 190 .......... 105 280 .......... 71
understand any word. Just practice moving your finger and your 110 .......... 181 200 .......... 100 290 .......... 68
eyes with the finger. Move your finger faster and faster. Keep 300 .......... 66
moving your finger smoothly.
Exercise 2 : Repeat the above practice Seeing the result, you would be convinced that your mind and
exercise. This time, do not move your eyes now have the ability to read much faster. Forget about
finger from end to end of a line, but a understanding at this moment. Today is just the first day, so you
little less than end to end under each line. do not understand fully. Keep practising and your understanding
Practice for 5 more minutes. This time will improve in the next few days. Within a week, you will regain
move your finger faster than before, yet normal understanding.
smoothly. Taking care of your eyes
Exercise 3 : Repeat the exercise once By now, you would have realised that you do not read with your
again. But this time keep the book in normal position. As you eyes. You do it with your mind. Your eyes are only a vehicle of
move your finger, see the words. Do not try to understand transmission. They flash the visual impulses that your brain
everything. It is enough to understand 75% to 85% only. What interprets and your mind reacts to it. Eyes are amazing. Light
is important is to move your finger fast and see the words as enters yours eyes through the lens which focus it onto the retina.
your finger moves under a line. Practice for 5 more minutes. The retina has about 15,00,00,000 (15 Crore) separate light
receivers. These light receivers process lakhs and lakhs of light
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energy particles per second. Your eyes can learn to read faster. concentrate. Also occasionally, look away and blink a few times
Consider what happens when you learn a bicycle. In the to relax your eyes.
beginning, your bicycle moves at 10 km/per hour and you feel
that other riders are moving faster. Then, you are not even Palming
confident about riding safe enough. As you learn more and Whenever your eyes are doing a reasonable amount of work, give
practise, you become more confident and comfortable. After them small rests at regular intervals, by closing them and
some practice, you can ride at 15 to 20 km/hour. Then one day cupping them in your palms. The hand should not touch the eye
you realise that you can ride as fast as 40 or 50 kmph. After but simply form a little dome over it. During this rest period it
riding so fast when you again drive at 25 kmph, that appears is useful to imagine pure black, as this also gives the mind a
to be too slow. Actually, you start feeling comfortable even at rest from visual processing.
30 or 35 kmph. Just one practice session at 50 kmph is enough
Experience your ‘Mind Power’ as a magnet
to make you feel comfortable at 30 kmph.
The same is true with reading speed. Simply, try reading Your mind is capable of getting exactly
extremely fast, much faster than you think you can manage. Then what it wants. Many psychologists have
when you read in normal way, your speed would have called the brain a ‘goal seeking
automatically increased. mechanism’. From now on, have a
purpose in mind whenever you read
Caring for your eyes anything. When you have a specific
Here are some simple but enormously beneficial hints to help goal, your mind will find it.
relax your eyes when studying or concentrating.
Reading ‘Eye Movements’
Light When asked to show with their forefingers, the movement and
Daylight is the best for your eyes. When there is not enough speed of their eyes as they read, most people move their fingers
Sunlight use comfortably bright light. along in smooth lines from left to right, with a quick jump from
Breathing the end of one line back to the beginning of the next. They
normally take between a quarter to one second for each line.
When we concentrate, we tend to hold our breath or we stop
breathing for a short period. This creates tension in our eyes and Two major errors are being made
our bodies. When you study or concentrate, make sure that your Speed : Even if the eye moved as slowly as one line per second,
breathing is relaxed, deep and rhythmic. words would be covered at the rate of 600-700 words per minute
Blinking (WPM). As the average reading speed on even light material is
We naturally close and open our eyes repeatedly which is called 240 wpm. It can be seen that even those estimating slower
‘Blinking’. Like breathing, we tend to stop blinking when speeds assume that they cover words much more rapidly than
concentrating. So make sure that you blink when you they really do.

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Speeding up
1. Skipping back over words can be eliminated, as 90% of back
skipping and regression is based on unnecessary
apprehension of not understanding. The 10% of words that
Diagram depicting the start and stop movement of eyes during reading do need to be reconsi-dered can be noted in mind map form
Movement : Eyes ‘move over’ print as shown above, but can or can be intelligently guessed, marked and looked up later.
‘read’ only when they can ‘hold them still’. If an object is still, 2. The time for each fixation can be reduced to ½ second,
the eye must be still in order to see it, and if an object is moving, minimum. The reader need not fear that this is too short a
the eye must move with the object in order to see it. Relating time, for his eye is able to resist as many as 5 words in 1/
this to reading, it is obvious that if the eyes are going to take 100 of a second.
in words, and if the words are still, the eyes will have to pause
3. The size of a fixation can be expanded to take in as many
on each word before moving on. Rather than moving in smooth
as 3 to 5 words at a time.
lines as shown in the figure above, eyes in fact move in a series
of stops and quick jumps.
Few Amazing Facts
In order to hear a sound, the eardrum only has to move
0.0000000 1 mm.
The ossicles are the tiniest bones in our body. The smallest
bone of the ossicles is about 3 mm long and weighs about
Diagram representing poor reading habits of a slow reader :
3 mg.
One word read at a time, with unconscious back-skipping,
visual wandering and conscious regressions. Blindness caused by damaged cornea can now be corrected
by corneal transplants.
The jumps are so quick as to take almost no time, but the
fixations can take anywhere from ¼ to ½ second. A person who Big explosions always occur on the surface of the Sun but
reads one word at a time and who skips back over words and we cannot hear them as sound needs a medium to travel.
letters, is forced by the simple mathematics of his eye The space between the Sun and the Earth is a vacuum.
movements, into reading speeds which are often well below 100 A komodo dragon is a kind of monitor lizard. It is the largest
wpm, and it means that he will not be able to understand much lizard in the world, reaching a length of 3 m (10 ft) and
of what he reads, nor be able to read much. It might seem at weighing over 100 kg.
first glance that the slow reader is doomed, but the problem can
Gold is extracted from crushed rocks by dissolving it either
be solved, and in more than one way.
in mercury or in cyanide solutions.
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Sprouts Game
Mathematician John Conway developed a
fascinating and easy-to-learn game called
Sprouts. The playing surface is a group of
sixteen dots arranged in a four-by-four grid.
Two players make
Eye movements of an efficient reader alternate moves
This solution might at first seem impossible if it is true that the by connecting any
mind deals with one word at a time. When we read a sentence two dots together
we do not read it for the individual meaning of each word, but with a straight or
through fixations, for the meaning of the arrangement of words curved line. A
as a whole sentence. new dot is placed
on this line.
Advantages of Faster Reading
Lines cannot intersect and a dot may have at the most three
We can read 6 words per fixation and make 4 fixations per
connected to it. The aim of the game is to have the last move.
second. That means we can read 24 words per second which
means 1440 words per minute. The game produces many interesting and beautiful patterns.
While some people draw short stark lines, others draw long
An advantage for a fast reader is that his eyes will be doing less
flowing lines. Some people reach far out with their moves, others
physical work on each page. Rather than having as many as 500
play close in. As a result, a sprout game can become an
fixations tightly focussed per page done by the slow reader, he
aesthetic endeavour as well a battlefield for the intellect. .
will have as few as 100 fixations per page, each one of which
is less muscularly fatiguing.
A Crash Course for Success
Another advantage is that the rhythm and flow of the faster
¨ Play to win and not to lose.
reader will carry him comfortably through the meaning, whereas
the slow reader, because of his stopping & starting, jerky ¨ Learn from other people’s mistakes.
approach, will be far more likely to become bored, lose ¨ Associate with people of high moral character.
concentration, mentally drift away, and lose the meaning of what ¨ Give more than you get.
¨ Don’t look for something for nothing.
he is reading. J ¨ Always think long term
Vision and Sound ¨ Evaluate your strengths and build on them.
Why are humans endowed with two eyes and two ears? Is the second
¨ Always keep the larger picture in mind when making a decision.
organ just a backup equipment or a spare, or has it another function ? ¨ Never compromise your integrity.

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Relaxation Techniques Progressive Relaxation

Alpha-breathing This is an easy-to-learn technique for relaxation. It is very
effective. Practise this technique while going to sleep and
Alpha breathing is a combination of imagination and a simplified
whenever you feel tired.
version of pranayama (yoga of breath). It is a technique of deep,
regular breathing. Deep breathing is important for two reasons. Steps for progressive relaxation
The brain needs a lot of oxygen to function at high intelligence M Lie down on bed.
level. Deep breathing helps satisfy the oxygen demand of your M Adjust your body so that you are in a comfortable position.
brain and also relaxes you. Move your hand, your legs, your buttocks, your head, till you
Breathe from your diaphragm : Before we learn alpha- feel that no part is tensed.
breathing, let us learn to breathe from diaphragm. Common M Close your eyes.
sense says that for deep breathing our chest should move in and M Start breathing, deep and regular.
out. Not our stomach. But it is not true. Diaphragm separates M Tense the legs and then release the tension. Again tense the
lungs from the stomach. In fact, the diaphragm is the muscle legs and then again release the tension. You will immediately
of breathing. As your stomach moves slightly outward, the feel some relaxation in the legs.
diaphragm moves down, and as a result the lungs expand.
M Next, tense your thighs and then relax them. Repeat once.
If you watch a sleeping child, you can notice that the stomach
M One by one, each part of your body and relax it; like legs, thighs,
moves in and out as the child breathes. That’s what you should
buttocks, stomach, back, hands, shoulders, neck, and face.
also do. Practise breathing such that your stomach moves in as
you breathe out and your stomach moves out as you breath in. M Now with each breath you take in, imagine that the breath
is moving to left leg. Repeat it a few times. Most people will
Alpha-breathing : Here are the steps for alpha-breathing. Use
feel certain sensation or feeling in the left leg. This indicates
this technique now before reading any further. Use this technique
relaxation.
regularly for relaxation.
M Repeat the above step with right leg, then stomach and back, then
Repeat the following steps 4 times left hand, then right hand, etc. up to your face and your brain.
? Breathe from your diaphragm. Breath in through your nose M Simply lie down for a few minutes. Slowly move your hands
for a count of four (saying to yourself one to four). and legs and prepare to get up. You are now relaxed and ready
? Hold your breathe for a count of four. While holding, imagine to study or work.
that oxygen is relaxing your brain and your body. As you practise this technique regularly, you will take less and
? Breathe out through your mouth for a count of four, while less time to relax. Finally, you will be able to tense your whole
exhaling, imagine any stress and tension in your body or mind body in one step and release the tensions.
going out with the breathe.
? Do not pause. Immediately repeat the above steps. q w e r t y u i o p Q W E R T
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jkl LogiCal ThinKing PuZzLes jkl

Logical thinking is the key to solve the tantalising different Squaring Numbers
puzzles. Here are some puzzles to test your power of logic and
sense of humour. When we speak of ‘Squaring’ a number, we mean multiplying
the number by itself. To square 23, we write : 23×23 (or commonly
There are six apples in a basket and six girls in the room. 232). The process of multiplying a number by itself follows a
Each girl took one apple, yet one apple remained in the
systematic pattern which lends itself readily to short-cut
basket. How ?
methods. The simple rules explained below, cover a wide range
The 22nd and 24th Presidents of the United States had the of numbers. Most of them involve two-digit numbers, but a few
same mother and the same father, but were not brothers. involve three and four-digit numbers. With a little ingenuity,
How could this be ? number of any size can be squared easily, when these rules are
A man who was not wearing a parachute jumped out of a used as the basis. But there is a law of diminishing returns in
plane. He landed on hard ground yet he was unhurt. Why ? using larger numbers; then, instead of saving time and labour,
Kiran was 20 years old in 1980 but only 15 years old in these rulese (short-cuts) remain to be only a ‘stunt’.
1985. How ? Squaring any number ending in 1 :
At the end of a long hard boxing match, one boxer was
knocked out by the other. The judges agreed it was a Rule : First, square the number to the left of the units digit.
completely proper victory. Yet during the course of the Then double the number to the left of the unit digit. Affix
match no man threw a punch. What happened ? the units digit of this result to the square found in the first
step. If the result is more than 9, add the part to the left
A man woke up one morning to find that one of the wheels of the units digit to the square found in the first step. The
of his car had a completely flat tyre. Despite this he set
units digit of the answer is always 1.
of in his car and drove 100 miles to visit a customer. Then
drove 100 miles back home. He did not repair or inflate the Example : Find the square of 251. The number to the left of 1
flat tyre. How did he manage to make the journey ? is 25. We know the square of 25 is 625. Next, twice 25 is 50.
Affix the zero from 50 to 625; but as the result is more than 9,
add the 5 to 625. So, 625+5 = 630; to which are affixed the 0
and the units digit (which is always 1). So, 63,001 is the answer.
Squaring any number ending in 5
Rule : Multiply the complete number to the left of 5 by one
more than itself and affix 25 to the result.

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Squaring any two-digit number whose tens digit is 5

Example : Find the square of 195. The complete number to the
left of 5 is 19. Raising this one number high gives us 20. So, Rule : Add the units digit to 25 and affix the square of the
20×19 = 380; to which we affix 25 and get 38,025 as the answer. units digit to the result. If the square of the units digit is
a one-digit number, precede it with a 0.
Squaring any three-digit number ending in 25
Example : Find the square of 53. First, add the units digit, 3, to
The square of 25 is 625. Oddly enough, these are the last three 25. 25+3 = 28. Next, affix the square of the units digit to the
digits in the square of any three-digit number ending in 25. Since result. So, 3×3 = 9. Since the answer is a one-digit number,
squaring a three-digit number results in at the most six digits, precede it with a zero before affixing it to the 28. So, doing this
the problem here is merely to find the first three digits of the we get 2,809 as our answer.
answer.
As another example, let us find the square of 57. Again, the units
Rule : The First two digits (that is, the hundred-thousands digit is added to 25. So, 25+7 = 32. Next, square the units
digit and the ten-thousands digit) are found by squaring the digit : 7×7 = 49. The square of the units digit is a two-digit
hundreds digit of the given number and adding to the result, number and therefore it is not necessary to precede it with a
one-half the hundreds digit of the given number and adding zero. Simply affix it to the previous result. So, we get 3,249 as
to the result one-half the hundreds digit of the given number our answer.
(ignoring the fraction  if it occurs). If the result is a one- Squaring any number ending in 9
digit number, then there is no hundred-thousands digit in
Rule : Multiply the number to the left of the 9 by two more
the answer and the result is the ten-thousands digit of the
than itself. Affix an 8 to the result and subtract twice the
answer. In case the result is a two-digit number then the
number to the left of the 9. Affix 1 to the result.
thousands digit of the answer will be 5 if the hundreds digit
of the given number is odd and 0 if the hundreds digit of This short-cut can be applied to any number, no matter how many
the given number is even. So now that we have the hundred- digits it has, so long as the units digit is 9. Of course, as the
thousands and the ten-thousands digits worked out, affix number gets larger, multiplying the two numbers of the first step
625 to obtain the final answer. will become cumbersome unless a short cut can be used.
However, most two and three-digit numbers ending in 9 can be
Example : Find the square of 225. First, square the hundreds digit readily squared, once a facility with the other short-cut methods
of the given number, so we get 22 = 4. To this add one-half the has been achieved.
hundreds digit of the given number; i.e. 1, so we get 4+1 = 5. Example : Find the square of 149. The number to the left of the
Since the answer is a one-digit number, 5 is going to be the ten- 9 is 14. Two more than this is 16. Multiply 14 by 16. 14×16 = 224.
thousands digit of our answer. The thousands digit of the answer Affix 8 to this result, making it 2,248. Now, subtract twice the
will be 0, since the hundreds digit of the given number is 2, even. number to the left of the 9 from this. 2,248 – (2×14) = 2,248 –
To this we affix 625 to obtain the final answer as 50,625. 28 = 2,220. Now, affix 1 to get the answer, which is 22,201.

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The Missing Digit It may happen that the sum of the digits you are told is divisible
by 9 (for example, 4 and 5). That shows that the digit your friend
Tell your friend to write any multi-digit number, for instance, 847.
has crossed out is either 0 or 9, and in that case you have to
Ask him to add up these three digits (8+4+7) = 19 and then
say that the missing digit is either 0 or 9.
subtract the total from the original. The result will be : 847 – 19
= 828. Another version of the same trick : instead of subtracting from
the original number the sum total of its digits, ask your friend
Ask him to cross out any one of the three digits and tell you the to subtract the same number only transposed in any way he
remaining ones. Then you tell him the digit he has crossed out, wishes. For instance, if he writes 8247, he can subtract 2748 (if
although you know neither the original nor what your friend has the number transposed is greater than the original, subtract the
done with it. original). The rest is done as described above : 8247 – 2748 =
5499. If the crossed-out digit is 4 then knowing the other three
Explanation is quite very simple and it goes like this : All you
(5, 9, and 9), you add them up and get 23. The nearest number
have to do is to find the digit, which, added to the two you know, divisible by 9 is 27. Therefore, the missing digit is 27 – 23 = 4.
will form the nearest number divisible by 9. For instance, if in
the number 828 he crosses out the first digit (8) and tells you
the other two (2 and 8), you add them and get 10. The nearest
number divisible by 9 is 18. The missing number is consequently 8. Pull of the Sun
No matter what the number is, if you subtract from it the total The Sun’s gravity pull on the moon is much larger than the
number of its digits, the balance will always be divisible by 9. Earth’s. Why then the Sun cannot pull the moon away from
its orbit around the Earth ?
Algebraically, we can take a for the number of hundreds, b for
the number of tens and c for the number of units. The total
number of units is therefore : 100 a + 10 b + c.

From this number we subtract the sum total of its digits a+b+c
and we obtain : 100a + 10b + c – (a + b + c) = 99a + 9b = 9
(11a + b).

But 9 (11a+b) is, of course, divisible by 9. Therefore, when we

subtract from a number the sum total of its digits, the balance
is always divisible by 9.

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