BUILDING SERVICES

ASSIGNMENT - II

Nitish Kumar
1801006042
Q List the four major components of any air conditioning system. Sketch a diagram that shows their
arrangement.
 Types of Air Conditioners

Central Air Conditioner

Floor Mounted AC

Ductless Mini-Split
Hybrid / Dual Fuel Air Conditioner

Window Air Conditioner

Smart Air Conditioner

Portable Air Conditioner

Geothermal Air Conditioner
•Evaporator - Receives the liquid refrigerant
•Condenser - Facilitates heat transfer
•Expansion valve - regulates refrigerant flow into
the evaporator
•Compressor - A pump that pressurizes refrigerant

1. Refrigerant
Refrigerant (also known as coolant or by its brand name Freon®) is a special fluid that
is vital to cooling and freezing technology. It operates on a closed loop and carries
heat from the inside of your building to the outside. You can think of the refrigerant
as the messenger/traveler. We use refrigerant because it changes states from liquid to
vapor at convenient temperatures for the refrigeration cycle.

Refrigerant moves through an air conditioner’s cooling tubes and copper coils,
connecting the inside unit to the outside unit. It absorbs heat from your indoor air,
changing states from gas to liquid. After absorbing heat from the inside air, the
refrigerant travels to the outdoor unit where the heat is pushed outdoors.

Once the refrigerant has dispersed its heat outdoors, it changes back to its gaseous
state and travels back indoors. After the refrigerant gets cold again, an indoor fan
blows air over the cold coils and then circulates cold air through the home. This cycle
repeats every time your air conditioner is on.
2 . Compressor
• The job of the compressor is to pressurize the refrigerant, thus raising its temperature.
Due to the combined gas law (a combination of Boyle’s Law, Charles’ Law, and Gay-
Lussac’s Law), which states that if pressure increases so does its temperature, when
you compress the refrigerant, it will heat up. It does this by squeezing the gas very
tightly together.
• We heat up the refrigerant in order to get its temperature higher than the outdoor
temperature. Since heat naturally flows from a hotter to colder bodies, in order to
dispense heat outdoors, the refrigerant must be hotter than the air outdoors. This is
why we need the compressor to increase its pressure and thus its temperature.

3. Condenser Coil
The condenser coil is in the outdoor air conditioning unit. It receives the high pressure,
high temperature refrigerant from the compressor. You can think of it as the opposite of
the evaporator coil. Whereas the evaporator coils contain cold refrigerant, the condenser
coils contain hot refrigerant.

The condenser coils are designed to facilitate heat transfer to the outdoor air. The
refrigerant releases heat energy with the aid of the condenser fan, which blows air over the
coils. As the heat leaves the refrigerant to the outside environment, it turns back into a
liquid where it then flows to the expansion valve, which depressurizes the refrigerant and
cools it down.

4. Expansion Valve
When the refrigerant leaves the condenser in its liquid state, it has dispersed heat, but it is
still too hot to enter the evaporator coils. Before the refrigerant passes to the evaporator
coils, it must be cooled down. This is where the expansion valve (also known as a metering
device) comes in, normally a thermostatic expansion valve.

Again using the principles behind the combined gas law, which states that when pressure
decreases so does its temperature, the expansion valve depressurizes the refrigerant and
cools it down.

An expansion valve removes pressure from liquid refrigerant allowing for the refrigerant to
change from a liquid to a vapor/gas in the evaporator. It also controls the amount of
refrigerant/voltage flow entering the evaporator.

5. Evaporator Coil

Evaporator coils are very important to an air conditioner. It’s where the air conditioner
actually picks up the heat from inside your home.

The copper tubes receive the depressurized, liquid refrigerant from the expansion valve.
When your indoor air blows over the cold coils, the heat from inside the home gets
absorbed. This is because of the 2nd law of thermodynamics which states that heat flows
naturally from hot to cold.

Just like the condenser coils need the help of the condenser fan to facilitate heat transfer,
the evaporator coils rely on the indoor air handler’s fan (aka the blower) to blow air over
the coils.

As the refrigerant absorbs heat from the indoor air, it starts to evaporate to form a vapor.
Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science and Technology

NAME PARIKSHIT SHARMA

ROLL. NO. : 18001006044
SUBJECT BUILDING SERVICES - VI
ASSIGNMENT 2
TITLE - ALL AIR AIR CONDENTIONING SYSTEM
QUESTION

• Sketch a typical all-air air conditioning system and

name each component.
INTRODUCTION

• An air conditioning system consist of an air

conditioning plant and thermal distribution system.
• Air, water or refrigerant are used as media for
transferring energy from the air conditioning plant
to the conditioned space.
• A thermal distribution system is required to
circulate the media between the conditioned space
and the A/C plant.
• Anoth er i m po r t an t f u nct i o n o f t h e t h er m al
distribution system is to introduce the required
amount of fresh air for ventilation.

Classification of air conditioning systems

Based on the fluid media used in the thermal
distribution system, air conditioning systems can be
classified as:
• All air systems
• All water systems
• Air- water systems
• Direct refrigerant based systems
Schematic of summer air
conditioning system
Typical all-air air conditioning system

APPLICATION

All air systems can be used in both comfort as well as industrial

air conditioning applications.
They are especially suited to buildings that require individual
control of multiple zones, such as office buildings, classrooms,
laboratories, hospitals, hotels, ships etc.
They are also used extensively in applications that require very
close control of the conditions in the conditioned space such as
clean rooms, computer rooms, operation theatres, research
facilities etc.
ADVANTAGES &
DISADVANTAGES
of all air systems

• ADVANTAGES
• All air systems offer the greatest potential for energy
conservation by utilizing the outdoor air effectively.
• It is possible to maintain the temperature and relative
humidity of the conditioned space within ± 0.15 o C
(DBT) and ± 0.5%, respectively.
• Using dual duct systems, it is possible to provide
simultaneous cooling and heating.
• It is possible to provide good room air distribution and
ventilation under all conditions of load.
• Noise in the conditioned space can be minimized by
locating the power plant away.
• DISADVANTAGES
• They occupy more space and thus reduce the available
floor space in the buildings. It could be difficult to
provide air conditioning in high-rise buildings with the
plant on the ground floor or basement due to space
constraints.
• Retrofitting may not always be possible due to the space
requirement.
• Balancing of air in large and particularly with variable
air volume systems could be difficult.
BUILDING SERVICES- VI
ASSIGNMENT - 2

Shubham Jain
B.Arch. Sem. - 6
Roll no. – 18001006067
Q – Explain Variable air volume system. Explain the
Advantages/Disadvantages of variable air volume system.

Variable Air Volume (VAV) is a type of heating, ventilating, and/or air-conditioning

(HVAC) system.

Because the supply air temperature, in this simplest of VAV systems, is constant, the air
flow rate must vary to meet the rising and falling heat gains or losses within the thermal zone
served.

How does a VAV system works?

An Air Handling Unit (AHU) pushes air into the duct system at roughly 55 degrees
Fahrenheit for cooling. The air temperature stays constant in the system, moving through the
ductwork to each zone or room of the building.
The air eventually goes to the end of each line where it passes through a VAV box.

Typically, a VAV box consists of a few simple parts: the damper, the controller/actuator, and
perhaps a coil for heating and cooling via electricity or water pumps.
As the air passes through these boxes the actuator modulates the damper position which
allows different amounts of airflow into the zone. Each VAV box modulates according to the
needs of individual zones, meaning it can easily accommodate high demand in one area and
low in another, maintaining comfort for everyone.
Additionally, if a damper closes completely, the added system pressure allows the AHU’s
fans to slow down, reducing energy use. Or using a bypass damper in the middle of the
system, increased pressure could trigger that damper to open, relieving system strain into
addition ducts or an exterior vent.

Benefits Of VAV:
 Precise temperature control
 Reduced compressor wear
 Lower energy consumption
 Less noise
 Additional passive dehumidification

Advantages of VAV system:

 A properly designed VAV HVAC system can be one of the most energy efficient and
comfortable systems for the space occupants.
 The flexibility and adaptability of the system to changing load conditions is the key
feature.
 The fan capacity control, especially with modern electronic variable-speed drives,
reduces the energy consumed by fans
 Dehumidification is greater with VAV systems than it is with constant-volume
system, which modulates the discharge air temperature to attain part load cooling
capacity.
 The noise produced by the VAV system is reduced at off-peak load periods, and
drafts are also less of a problem at off-peak airflows.

Disadvantages of VAV system:

 VAV systems can cause poor ventilation and indoor air quality if the
terminal devices do not maintain adequate air circulation and the exchange
of the outdoor air is not maintained independent of thermal load.
 Zealous effort to conserve energy may cause loss of proper
dehumidification of ventilation air, and lack of proper maintenance can
result in systems overburdened by dirt filters.
 The required accuracy and complexity of the control system is often a
problem when control system is not properly installed.
BUILDING SERVICES- VI
Assignment-2

Name- Smriti Gogia

Roll no.- 18001006069
Question: Define the followings: Window units, split units,
ductable air conditioners and package system.

1. WINDOW UNITS

A window air conditioner is the simplest type of AC unit. It’s a single unit
with all of the parts and components contained inside one box or casing. This
type of AC is usually mounted or installed in a window and plugs into a
traditional electrical outlet. It’s convenient because it can be moved from
window to window as needed and operates independently from a home
HVAC system.

This refrigeration unit has a double shaft fan motor with fans mounted on
both sides of the motor. One at the evaporator side and the other at the
condenser side.
The Evaporator side is located facing the room for cooling of the space and
the condenser side outdoor for heat rejection. There is an insulated partition
separating this two sides within the same casing.

Front Panel

The front panel is the one that is seen by the user from inside the room where
it is installed and has a user interfaced control be it electronically or
mechanically. Older unit usually are of mechanical control type with rotary
knobs to control the temperature and fan speed of the air conditioner.
Indoor Side Components

The indoor parts of a window air conditioner include:

■ Cooling Coil with a air filter mounted on it. The cooling coil is where
the heat exchange happen between the refrigerant in the system and the
air in the room.
■ Fan Blower is a centrifugal evaporator blower to discharge the cool air
to the room.
■ Capillary Tube is used as an expansion device.
■ Operation Panel is used to control the temperature and speed of the
blower fan.
■ Filter Drier is used to remove the moisture from the refrigerant.
■ Drain Pan is used to contain the water that condensate from the cooling
coil and is discharged out to the outdoor by gravity.

Outdoor Side Components

The outdoor side parts include:

■ Compressor is used to compress the refrigerant.

■ Condenser Coil is used to reject heat from the refrigeration to the
outside air.
■ Propeller Fan is used in air-cooled condenser to help move the air
molecules over the surface of the condensing coil.
■ Fan Motor is located here. It has a double shaft where the indoor
blower and outdoor propeller fan are connected together.
2. SPLIT UNITS
● A split unit air conditioner is an air conditioning system that consists
out of two separate units; the water or air-cooled condensing unit and
the air handling unit.
● The air handling unit is installed in the air conditioned room itself,
whereas the condensing unit is installed either in the engine room or
other mechanical space.
● The condensing unit can be mounted outside as well.
● The two units are connected by insulated refrigerant lines.
● The compressor and the condenser are placed in the condensing unit.
The evaporator coil is placed in the evaporating unit.
● As the condensing unit isn’t placed inside the conditioned area, the split
unit air conditioner system is a lot more quiet.
● Split air conditioners can be equipped with: A heating function, A
filtering function ,A dehumidifier function
3. Ductable Air Conditioners
Ductable Air Conditioner is a split air conditioner in which conditioned air
from the indoor unit is passed into the room using circular/ oval/
rectangular ducting.
Advantage
● It is the best option when there is more than one room to be
air-conditioned such as commercial spaces.
● Aesthetically it is more beautiful in the eyes and most of the time
unnoticed, as only the air outlet grilles are visible.
● Acoustically it is much more discreet.
● Energy-saving.
4. Packaged System Air Condition
● The packaged air conditioner provide limited warmth by using an
electrical strip heating.
● The compressor, coils, air handler are all housed in a single-boxed
cabinet.
● The packaged air conditioners are available in the fixed rated
capacities of 3,5, 7, 10 and 15 tons.
● These units are used commonly in places like restaurants,
telephone exchanges, homes, small halls, etc.

Components
● By using electricity as its power source, the unit’s internal components
cycle the refrigerant.
● Warm air is pulled in by a fan and then passes over the cold evaporator
coil, cooling it in the process.
● The cooled, dehumidified air is pushed through ducts to the various
spaces inside your home.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
https://www.slideshare.net/NooruleInieOsman/air-conditioning-system
https://www.daikin.com/products/ac/modals/ductless_duct/
https://www.aireserv.com/about/blog/2019/august/how-do-window-air-conditi
oners-work-/
https://www.airconditioning-systems.com/window-air-conditioner.html
Assignment

Building Services
SACHIN KOHLI
18001006059
 Q- Sketch and label all elements of VAV duct system
arrangements and air handling unit.

VARIABLE AIR VOLUME SYSTEMS In central air conditioning systems there

are two basic methods for delivering air to the conditioned space 1) the
constant air volume (CAV) systems and 2) the variable air volume (VAV)
systems. As the name implies, constant volume systems deliver a constant air
volume to the conditioned space irrespective of the load with the air
conditioner cycling on and off as the load varies. The fan may or may not
continue to run during the off cycle.

In the schematic above, the VAV system brings outside air and return air to the
Air Handling Unit where both are mixed. The mixed air is drawn through a
cooling coil, which drops the temperature to a fixed supply air temperature.
The temperature in the individual rooms (#1 & #2) is measured by thermostats,
which directly control the dampers in the VAV units. The supply air fan is speed
controlled by a variable speed drive, which controls the air volume by keeping
the duct static pressure constant.
 Components of a VAV System

❖ VAV Terminal Units

VAV Terminal Units A VAV terminal unit is a sheet-metal assembly installed
upstream of its respective space diffusers. The unit consists of an air-modulation
device, control hardware and, depending on the system application, possibly a
heating coil, a filter, and a small terminal mixing fan.

❖ Diffusers
Each VAV terminal unit is commonly connected to a downstream, sheet-metal
duct that is then connected to the remotely-located diffusers by flexible ducts.
Diffusers distribute the supply air effectively to the conditioned space.
❖ Single Duct, Cooling Only
The simplest of all VAV terminal units is the single-duct, cooling-only terminal
unit. It consists of an airflow modulation device with controls packaged in a
sheet-metal enclosure. The unit can only modulate the primary airflow to the
space.

❖ Single-duct VAV systems

Single-duct VAV systems use a central return-air path that allows the air from
the spaces to come back to the air handler. At the air handler, a portion of this
return air is recirculated and mixed with outdoor air

❖ A dual-duct terminal unit

A dual-duct terminal unit consists of two airflow modulation devices with
controls packaged in a sheet-metal enclosure. One controls the cool primary air
and the other controls the warm primary air.

❖ Single-Fan, Dual-Duct VAV System

At the single air handler, a portion of the return air is recirculated and mixed
with outdoor air. This mixture of outdoor and recirculated return air is then
diverted through either the cooling coil or the heating coil and delivered down
the respective duct system to the modulation devices in the dual-duct VAV
terminal units.
❖ VAV reheat terminal units
VAV reheat terminal units provide supply-air tempering or space heating by
reheating the cool primary air. This is accomplished by adding an electric, or hot-
water, heating coil to the discharge of a cooling-only unit.

❖ Direct Digital Control (DDC)

A digitally-controlled terminal unit has an airflow-modulation device operated
with an electric actuator in the same manner as the electronic control option.

Air handling unit

An Air Handling Unit (AHU) is used to re-condition and circulate air as part of a
heating, ventilating and air-conditioning system. The basic function of the AHU
is to take in outside air, re-condition it and supply it as fresh air to a building.
All exhaust air is removed, which creates an acceptable indoor air quality.
Depending on the required temperature of the re-conditioned air, the fresh air
is either heated by a recovery unit or heating coil or cooled by a cooling coil.
❖ Grilles
the two AHU housing for flow and return air. At the very front on the inlet and
outlet of each housing we have a grille to prevent objects and wild life entering
into the mechanical components inside the AHU.

❖ Dampers
The dampers are multiple sheets of metal which can rotate. They can close to
prevent air from entering or exiting, they can open to fully allow air in or out,
and it can also vary their position somewhere in between to restrict the
amount of air that can enter or exit.
❖ Frost Protection coil
This is usually an electrical heater. When the outside air gets to around 6*c
(42.8F) the heater will come on and heat the air up to protect the components
inside from frost.

❖ Humidifier
Humidity sensor at the outlet of the supply AHU to measure the moisture in the
supply air, this will also have a setpoint for how much moisture should be in the
air by design.
❖ Cooling coil
Cooling coil is the main part for cooling of air or water. It cools the air or
water whatever comes in contact. Normally air comes in contact with cooling
coil but for a bigger system like chilled water system, cooling coil cools water
circuits.

❖ Filters
Filters means the thing which cleans the air. Filters along with filter frame is
one the main part of AHU and arranged in banks in sufficient numbers. The
numbers of filters are calculated based on air quantity, air quality.
BUILDING SERVICES - VI
ASSIGNMENT - II

Satyam Pachisia
18001006062
Q. Describe with a sketch the vapor compression refrigeration system.

→ Vapor compression refrigeration systems are commonly used in industrial facilities to create
environments conducive to the perseveration and safe storage of products. In this guide, we will go
over how a compression refrigeration system works, and the four main components used to create
the refrigeration cycle.

The Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycle

The compression refrigeration cycle consists of circulating a liquid refrigerant through four stages of
a closed system. As the refrigerant circulates through the system, it is alternately compressed and
expanded, changing its state from a liquid to a vapor. As the refrigerant changes state, heat is
absorbed and expelled by the system, lowering the temperature of the conditioned space.

Stage 1: Compression

In the first stage of the refrigeration cycle, refrigerant enters a compressor as a low-pressure vapor.
The compressor compresses the refrigerant to a high-pressure vapor, causing it to become
superheated. Once the refrigerant is compressed and heated, it leaves the compressor and enters
the next stage of the cycle.

Stage 2: Condensation

After leaving the compressor, the hot vapor refrigerant enters the next stage of the cycle,
condensation. During the condensation stage, the refrigerant enters a condenser and flows through
a series of S-shaped tubes. As the hot vapor flows through the condenser, cool air is blown across
the tubes by a fan.
Because the air being blown across the tubes is cooler than the refrigerant, heat transfers from the
tubing to the cooler air. This heat transfer causes the hot vapor refrigerant to reach its saturated
temperature, which then changes its state to a high-pressure liquid. Once the refrigerant is in a high-
pressure liquid state, it is ready to leave the condenser and move on to the metering and expansion
stage of the cycle.

Stage 3: Metering and Expansion

The third stage of how compression refrigeration systems work consists of the high-pressure liquid
refrigerant entering a metering device or expansion valve. The metering device works to maintain
high-pressure on the inlet side, while also expanding the liquid refrigerant and lowering the pressure
on the outlet side. During the process of expansion, the temperature of the liquid refrigerant is also
reduced.

Stage 4: Evaporation

In a cool, low-pressure liquid state, the refrigerant is now ready to enter the evaporation stage,
which is where the heat is finally removed from the space being conditioned.

In the evaporation stage, the cool liquid refrigerant leaves the metering device and enters coiled
tubes in an evaporator. Fans are then used to blow warm air from the conditioned space across the
evaporator coils. The cooler refrigerant in the evaporator coils begins absorbing the heat out of the
warmer air, reducing the temperature in the conditioned space

Meanwhile, as the refrigerant absorbs heat from the air, it begins to boil and changes to a low-
pressure vapor. The low-pressure vapor is then pulled back into the compressor, and the cycle starts
over.

CHILLERS

APPLICATIONS

Applications

Refrigeration Short descriptions Typical refrigerators

application used
Domestic Appliances used for keeping food in dwelling units R-600a, R-134a, R-22,
refrigeration

Commercial Holding and displaying frozen and fresh food in R-134a, R-404A, R-
refrigeration retail outlets 507

Food processing Equipment to preserve, process, and store food R-123, R-134a, R-
and cold storage from its source to the wholesale distribution point 407C, R-410A, R-507

Industrial Large equipment, typically 25 kW to 30 MW, used R-123, R-134a, R-

refrigeration for chemical processing, cold storage, food 404A, R-407C, R-507,
processing, building, and district heating and cooling R-717

Transport Equipment to preserve and store goods, primarily R-134a, R-407C, R-

refrigeration foodstuffs, during transport by road, rail, air, and 410A
sea

Electronic cooling Low-temperature cooling of CMOS circuitry and R-134a, R-404A, R-

other components in large computers and servers 507

Medical R-134a, R-404A, R-

refrigeration 507

Advantages

• Very mature technology.

• Relatively inexpensive.
• Can be driven directly using mechanical energy (water, car or truck motor) or with
electrical energy.
Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of
Science and Technology

BUILDING SERVICES -VI

WHAT IS DUAL DUCT SYSTEM,

IT’S ADVANTAGAES AND

DISADVANTAGES

SHUBH GOEL
18001006066
WHAT IS DUAL DUCT SYSTEM
An air-conditioning system in which two supply ducts run to each
space being conditioned, one for cold air, the other for warm air at
each individually controlled space, air from the two ducts is blended
in a sheet-metal box (called a mixing box) and then supplied to the
conditioned space.

Figure 1: Diagram of dual duct system

FUNCTIONING OF DUAL DUCT

SYSTEM
There is no water circulation to peripheral
discharge units with terminal reheaters or
coolers. This simplifies the plumbing
installation as heating and cooling elements
for each duct are located in the plant room.

One cold air duct, and a parallel warm air

duct, distributes air from the central air
handler to the conditioned spaces.

A room thermostat controlled mixing

damper in each zone mixes the air to the
proper proportions to satisfy the space load.
Return air is through a single duct system.

The single-fan dual duct reheat system

controls the relative humidity high-limit
throughout the full range of operation.

1
 All the air is first cooled and dehumidified, then divided into two ducts
with hot deck reheat.

Because of the continual demand for reheat, the operating cost is high.

ADVANTAGES OF DUAL DUCT SYSTEM

➢ System is very responsive to variations in the zone load, thus it is

possible to maintain required conditions precisely.

➢ Good temperature and humidity control

➢ Accommodates a variety of zone loads

➢ Ease of adding or subdividing zones in the future

➢ Adaptable to either constant volume or VAV [variable air volume]

systems.

➢ Another advantage of dual-duct systems is that there are no reheat coils

near the zones, so the problems of leaking hot water coils is avoided.

➢ The double duct system creates a high level of thermal comfort and
allows for great zoning flexibility.

➢ Temperature control is adequate, and average ventilation rates are

higher than for other variable-volume alternatives.

➢ Since total airflow rate to each zone is constant, it is possible to maintain

proper IAQ and room air distribution.

➢ Cooling in some zones and heating in other zones can be achieved

simultaneously.

2
DISADVANTAGES OF DUAL DUCT SYSTEM

➢ This system has the disadvantage of requiring more room for duct
work above the ceiling, and controlling a double-duct system is
more difficult.

➢ High first cost and space requirements for two sets of ducts
throughout the building

➢ Large number of mixing boxes to maintain.

➢ Not very energy efficient due to the need for simultaneous cooling
and heating of the air streams. However, the energy efficiency can
be improved by completely shutting down the cooling coil when
the outside temperature is low and mixing supply air from fan
with hot air in the mixing box. Similarly, when the outside weather
is hot, the heating coil can be completely shut down, and the cold
air from the cooling coil can be mixed with supply air from the fan
in the mixing box.

REFERENCES

Fred Hall, Roger Greeno BA(Hons.) FCIOB FIPHE FRSA - Building services handbook-
Butterworth-Heinemann (2005)

Walter T. Grondzik, Alison G. Kwok - Mechanical and Electrical Equipment for Buildings-
Wiley (2014)

Selection of Air Conditioning Systems Version 1 ME, IIT Kharagpur

3
 DEENBANDHU CHOTU RAM
UNIVERSITY OF
SCIENCE NAD TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE
BUILDING SERVICES-VI
ASSIGNMENT-II

SUBMITTED BY:
SOURABH KUMAR
18001006072
SEC.-B

Q.-What is central AC plant room? What is a chiller plant? What is the difference
between HVAC and chiller
Ans.
Central AC plant- The central air conditioning plants or the systems are
used when large buildings, hotels, theaters, airports, shopping malls etc are to be air
conditioned completely. The window and split air conditioners are used for single
rooms or small office spaces. If the whole building is to be cooled it is not
economically viable to put window or split air conditioner in each and every room.
Further, these small units cannot satisfactorily cool the large halls, auditoriums,
receptions areas etc.

Central AC plant room-In the central air conditioning systems there is a

plant room where large compressor, condenser, thermostatic expansion valve and the
evaporator are kept in the large plant room. They perform all the functions as usual
similar to a typical refrigeration system. However, all these parts are larger in size and
have higher capacities. The compressor is of open reciprocating type with multiple
cylinders and is cooled by the water just like the automobile engine. The compressor
and the condenser are of shell and tube type. While in the small air conditioning
system capillary is used as the expansion valve, in the central air conditioning systems
thermostatic expansion valve is used.
The central air conditioning systems are highly sophisticated applications of the air
conditioning systems and many a times they tend to be complicated. It is due to this
reason that there are very few companies in the world that specialize in these systems.
In the modern era of computerization a number of additional electronic utilities have
been added to the central conditioning systems.

There are two types of central air conditioning plants or

systems:
1. Direct expansion or DX central air
conditioning plant: In this system the huge compressor, and
the condenser are housed in the plant room, while the expansion valve
and the evaporator or the cooling coil and the air handling unit are
housed in separate room. The cooling coil is fixed in the air handling unit,
which also has large blower housed in it. The blower sucks the hot return
air from the room via ducts and blows it over the cooling coil. The cooled
air is then supplied through various ducts and into the spaces which are
to be cooled. This type of system is useful for small buildings.
2. Chilled water central air conditioning
plant: This type of system is more useful for large buildings
comprising of a number of floors. It has the plant room where all the
important units like the compressor, condenser, throttling valve and the
evaporator are housed. The evaporator is a shell and tube. On the tube
side the Freon fluid passes at extremely low temperature, while on the
shell side the brine solution is passed. After passing through the
evaporator, the brine solution gets chilled and is pumped to the various
air handling units installed at different floors of the building. The air
handling units comprise the cooling coil through which the chilled brine
flows, and the blower. The blower sucks hot return air from the room via
ducts and blows it over the cooling coil. The cool air is then supplied to
the space to be cooled through the ducts. The brine solution which has
absorbed the room heat comes back to the evaporator, gets chilled and is
again pumped back to the air handling unit.
Chiller plant-Systems that employ water chillers are commonly called chilled
water systems. as its name suggest, this system makes use of water as its secondary
refrigerant. chiller is used to remove heat from the water which is then circulated
through other components to absorb heat from the space.

Chilled water air conditioning systems are commonly used in applications that need
large cooling capacity such as hypermarket, industrial process, commercial air
conditioning such as offices and factories. more and more homes are using this system
to air conditioned their entire house because of its cost-effectiveness and no hazard of
having refrigerant piped all over the house.

HOW IT CONDITIONED ATMOSPHERIC AIR-

• In a chilled-water system, the entire air conditioner is installed on the roof or behind
the building.

• A water chiller cools water to between 40 and 45 degrees fahrenheit .

• The chilled water is then piped throughout the building and connected to air
handlers.

• This can be a versatile system where the water pipes work like the evaporator coils in
a standard air conditioner.

• If it's well-insulated, there's no practical distance limitation to the length of a

chilled-water pipe.

Parts of chiller plant-

• Water chiller
• Evaporator
• Condenser
• Cooling tower
• Tower bypass valve
• Air handling uit
• Fan-coil unit

• Expansion tank
Assembly diagram

Refrigerant flow diagram

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN HVAC AND CHILLER

HVAC CHILLER
How Does an HVAC System Chillers
Work? With chillers, heat is removed from a
liquid via a vapor-compression or
Depending on operator requirements, absorption refrigeration cycle. Cooled
HVACs will provide one or more of three liquid passes through pipes in a building
basic functions of heat generation, and coils in air handlers or through fan-
ventilation, and air conditioning. coil units, which help dehumidify the air.

Heat Generation Generally, chillers are air and water

cooled. Air cooled chillers are located
HVAC systems incorporate a heating externally to a facility and have
element which generates and circulates condenser coils cooled by fan-driven air.
heated air through the connected Water cooled chillers are usually located
building structure. HVAC systems internally and water is recycled to a heat
typically have a central heating sink or external cooling method. The
component that is powered by a solid, external cooling method can include a
liquid or gaseous fuel. cooling tower or in some cases, a water
fed cooling system, which is more
Ventilation efficient at heat rejection.

The ventilation component of a standard Chillers are powered by different means

HVAC unit functions to constantly as well. There are four types:
refresh the air circulating within the Reciprocating, centrifugal, screw-driven
building to which it is attached. and absorption. The first three are
Ventilation may be achieved using a powered by electrical motors, steam, or
natural air conduit or a mechanical gas turbines. Absorption is powered by a
device called an air handler unit. heat source, such as steam or hot water.
Generally, management of heating and
Regardless of type opted for, an efficient air in Loganville, GA, in a manufacturing
ventilator will remove gaseous environment, if equipment is involved,
contaminants and excess moisture from will be done by a chiller.
air circulating within a building’s Heat Absorption Chillers
interior. This exhausted air will be
replaced with fresh air pulled from the Absorption chillers are energy-efficient
external environment. cooling units that circulate coolant
through a heated process in a single cycle
Air Conditioning of cooling. The most commonly used
refrigerant in these chiller types is lithium
The air conditioning component of an bromide.
HVAC system facilitates its cooling
function while regulating humidity levels Vapor Compression Chillers
at an optimum. The air-conditioning
system typically incorporates a The components of a vapor compression
refrigeration unit that chills circulating chiller include a compressor unit. The
compressor generates its cooling effect by
air while the unit pulls warm air out of transforming a heated refrigerant vapor
the supplied space. into it a cooler liquid form. Dependent on
the manufacturer, vapor-compression
chiller systems usually have pre-installed
with evaporative or air/water-cooled
condensers.
BUILDING SERVICES -VI
VI
ASSIGNMENT -2
QUESTION : DEFINE AHU , FC UNIT ,BUILDING
DUCTING ,DIFFUSERS AND GRILLES

SUBMITTED BY:
BY
SNEHA SAHNI
18001006070
Q1. D
Define
efine AHU , FCU , Building Ducting , Diffusers and Grilles
AIR HANDLING UNIT (AHU)

 AHU is a component of an HVAC system that cools and distributes air into the space through a
duct
 They are usually installed on the roof of buildings and, through ducts, the air is circulated to reach
each of the rooms
rooms in the building in question.
question
 They take fresh ambient air from outside, clean it, heat it or cool it

COMPONENTS OF AHU
 Outside air damper—
damper—Damper
Damper for controlling the quantity of outside air which is driven by the control
strategy for ventilation, pressurization, and economization
 Return air damper—
damper—Damper
Damper for controlling airflow back to the air handling unit.
 Exhaust damper—Damper
damper Damper to control the amount of exhaust air.
 Mixed air plenum—Used
plenum Used to mix outside air and return air. Generally, it needs some type of mixing
device mounted in plenum—without
plenum without good mixing, airstreams will stratify.
 Prefilter——Its
Its purpose is to filter out course particulates to lengthen the final filter’s useful life.
 Final filter—Its
filter Its specification is dependent on particulate and gaseous contaminant requirements; an
additional filter might be used downstream of the fan.

TYPICAL AHU
  Cooling coil—Primary device used to reduce the dry-bulb temperature (sensible-only cooling) while
the moisture level stays the same. In comfort cooling applications, the dry-bulb temperature is cooled
to the dew point of the air, releasing moisture from the air (dehumidification).
 Heating coil—Generally not used in data center applications; this coil is used to warm up the space,
especially when the ITW load is small.
 Supply fan—Ensures proper airflow rates to the terminal devices in the data center.
 Reheat coil—Only used in applications for humidity control.
 Humidifier—A device to increase the moisture content of the airstream.
 Sound attenuators—The devices, comparable to a car muffler, are used upstream or downstream of
any source of noise, such as a fan or air movement.
 Return or return/exhaust fan—Works in conjunction with the supply fan to return/exhaust the
required air from the data center.
 Exhaust fan—A dedicated fan to extract air from the building to maintain ventilation and
pressurization

FAN COIL UNIT (FC UNIT)

 A (FCU) is a standalone system that circulates the existing air in a small space into the unit then blows
it over a cooling or heating coil. The air comes out of the FCU either cooler or hotter than before.
 They are used in some office buildings and shopping centres and typically specified where there are
multiple small spaces requiring individual control
 FCUs will generally have a chilled water coil for cooling and either a hot water coil for heating or an
electric heating element. Chilled water is provided from a chiller located in the central plant, and hot
water form a boiler.
 An FCU is not as complex or extensive as an AHU. It’s a singular system that can operate on its own to
circulate air in an area without ductwork.
 One major difference between FCUs and AHUs is that AHUs can bring in outside air and heat or cool it
But, FCUs can only condition the air that’s already present in the area by pulling it in and moving back
out through its heating or cooling coil.
 On the other hand, FCUs are also much cheaper than AHUs

COMPONENTS OF FCU

 Access Panel – Removable sheet metal section allows access to internal mechanical and electrical components.
 Blower/Fan – Multi-bladed, driven rotor enclosed so that air from an inlet is compressed to a higher discharge
pressure.
 Casing – Structural sheet metal box or shell to which all components are secured.
 Coil – A heat exchanger in which liquid is circulated to provide heating or cooling to the air which passes
through the heat sink fins.
 Control Enclosure – Sheet metal shroud which houses the electrical connections, speed controller and
transformer. The enclosure cover prevents accidental electrical shock as well as protects the contents from the
environment.
 Discharge Collar – Rectangular fitting attached to the unit outlet allowing for quick attachment of downstream
ductwork.
 Drain Pan – Pan located under the cooling coil to catch condensate formed during cooling.
 Filter Rack – Tray in which a filter can be pulled out for maintenance or replacement.
 Motor – Electrical component of an air movement device that provides work to turn the blade assembly.

BUILDING DUCTS
 Ducts are usually galvanized sheet steel, aluminum sheets or stainless steel sheets, shaped into
rectangular boxes or round tubes.
 They are
are used to distribute the cool air from the Air Handling Unit (AHU), uniformly throughout the
building to be air conditioned.
 They start at the AHU, or the packaged air conditioner, and travel to the spaces to be conditioned
carrying the cool air.

TYPES OF DUCTS BASED ON SHAPE

DIFFUSERS

 In HVAC systems,
systems, the air supply diffuser is a device that delivers and
ventilates conditioned air in an area, mixes indoor air, and manages air
output.
 It the part that spreads the conditioned air around a particular space to
increase its impact. This is important in that the air is spread comfortably,
 and not just directed out of a duct into the space below. The diffuser helps
with noise reduction as well
 A diffuser and its dampers are designed facing all-round
all round
 It works by reducing the air duct velocity by increasing the static pressure.
 Diffusers are found in various shapes, including rectangle, square, round
and linear

Ceiling mounted diffuser

GRILLE
 A grille is a perforated cover for an air duct
 A grille generally has straight openings, and it is installed at the opening of
the duct system.
 It provides air in directly without any diversion in a straight manner.
Whereas, the diffuser has parallel angles plates which are moveable. One
can set them in a specific angle to direct air in a specific direction in a
room.

Wall mounted grille