RECAP ON ELECTROLYSIS
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CHAPTER 2:
ELECTROCHEMISTRY
LESSON LEARNING OUTCOME
02 Categorize strong, weak and non-electrolytes
a. Electrolytes
b. Strong, weak and non-electrolytes
c. Characteristics of strong, weak and
non-electrolytes
03 Describe an electrochemical cell (Galvanic cell)
a.Reactions taking place using chemical
equations
b.The voltage produced
c. Balanced redox reaction equations
d.The electrical potential
What Are Electrolytes?
➢ Electrolytes are chemicals that break into ions (ionize)
when they are dissolved in water.
➢ The positively-charged ions are called cations,
➢ The negatively charged ions are called anions.
➢ Substances can be categorized as strong
electrolytes, weak electrolytes, or nonelectrolytes.
Strong Electrolytes
Strong electrolytes completely ionize in water.
This means 100% of the dissolved chemical breaks into
cations and anions.
Examples: Strong acids, strong bases, and salts are
strong electrolytes.
Weak Electrolytes
Weak electrolytes partially ionize in water.
Any dissociation into ions between 0% and 100% makes
a chemical a weak electrolyte, but in practice, around
1% to 10% of a weak electrolyte breaks into ions.
Examples: Weak acids and weak bases are weak
electrolytes. Most nitrogen-containing molecules are weak
electrolytes. Water is considered a weak electrolyte
Nonelectrolytes
If a substance doesn’t ionize in water at all, it’s a
nonelectrolyte.
Examples: Most carbon compounds are nonelectrolytes.
Fats, sugars, and alcohols are largely nonelectrolytes.
Characteristics of strong, weak and non-electrolytes
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GALVANIC
CELL
It all started with….
Luigi Galvani discovered when copper and
zinc were connected together and then both
touched to different parts of a nerve of a frog
leg at the same time, they made the leg
contract.
LUIGI GALVANI EXPERIMENT
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This discovery lead to…
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An arrangement of two half-cells that can produce electricity
spontaneously.
➢ This is a common example of a
galvanic cell.
➢ The cell is split into two parts
connected by a salt bridge.
➢ Each part is called a half-cell,
and consist of one electrode and
one electrolyte.
➢ This one has two half-cells ,
copper metal in a solution of
copper ions, and zinc metal in a
solution of zinc ions.
Parts of the voltaic or galvanic cell
The diagram to the right illustrates what really happens when a Galvanic cell is
constructed from zinc sulfate and copper (II) sulfate using the respective metals as
electrodes.
Comparing Electrochemical Cells: Galvanic/Voltaic and Electrolytic
It is best to think of “positive” and “negative” for electrodes as labels, not charges.
Now you try some!
Consider the reaction below:
Sn(s)+Pb2+(aq)→Sn2+(aq)+Pb(s)
➢ Write out the oxidation and reduction half
reactions.
➢ Write the complete balance chemical equation
➢ Create a Galvanic cell diagram to match your
equations. Label all the electrode and
electrolyte.
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Standard Cell Notation (line notation)
• Cell notations are a shorthand description of voltaic or galvanic
(spontaneous) cells.
• The reaction conditions (pressure, temperature, concentration, etc.),
the anode, the cathode, and the electrode components are all
described in this unique shorthand. e-
V
e-
Zn Cu
• Anode on Left
→Single line : represent phase boundaries
→Two line : represent liquid junction
Zn2+ Cu2+
NO3-
NO3-
Anode / anode solution // cathode solution / Cathode
Example:Zn(s) / Zn2+(aq) (1.0 M) // Cu2+ (aq)(1.0 M) / Cu(s)
Now you try some!
Consider the Galvanic Cell diagram:
➢ Create Cell notation from a Galvanic cell
diagram. Consider the concentration of the
electrolyte is 1.00 M.
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STANDARD CELL POTENTIAL
The standard cell potential is the potential difference between the
cathode and anode.
The standard potentials are all measured at 298 K, 1 atm, and with
1 M solutions
This quantity is related to the tendency for an element, a
compound or an ion to acquire (i.e. gain) or release (loss)
electrons.
The standard cell potential Eocell is denoted by a degree sign as a superscript
Measured against Concentration 1
standard hydrogen Molar
electrode
Pressure 1 atmosphere Temperature 25°C
The standard cell potential, Eocell, of the a galvanic cell can be evaluated
from the standard reduction potentials of the two half cells Eo.
From a table of standard reduction potentials we
have the following values :
Cu2+ + 2 e → Cu . . . E° = +0.34 - - - (1)
E* is the oxidation standard potential, and E° is
the reduction standard potential, E* = - E°.
Zn → Zn2+ + 2 e . . . E* = -(E° )
E* = -(-0.76)
E* = +0.763) - - - (2)
E֯cell = E֯ red + E֯ oxi
E֯cell = 0.34 + 0.76
= 1.10V
Transfer of Electron
01 What is the potential for the cell
Li(s) | Li+(1.0 M) || Ag+(1.0 M) | Ag(s)
02
Transfer of Electron
02
01 What is the potential for the cell
Pb(s) | Pb2+(1.0 M) || Fe3+(1.0 M) | Fe(s)
Consider Galvanic cell diagram below:
➢ Write out the oxidation and reduction half reactions.
➢ Write the complete balance chemical equation
➢ Create Cell notation from a Galvanic cell diagram. Consider the concentration of the
electrolyte is 1.00 M.
➢ Calculate the cell potential
THE END OF CHAPTER 2
Thank You
RECAP
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CHAPTER 2:
ELECTROCHEMISTRY
LESSON LEARNING OUTCOME
01 Point out the basic concepts in electrochemistry
a. Define and calculate oxidation
number
b. distinguish between oxidation
and reduction reactions
c. define oxidizing and reducing
agents,
d. explain electrodes
e. compare between anode and
anode
f. explain electrolysis.
Assigning Oxidation Numbers
Oxidation Number:
positive or negative number assigned to an
atom according to a set of rules
-Chemical book-keeping system to track
redox reactions
A concept of oxidation number
An oxidation number is defined as the charge
possessed by an atom in its free state, or as part of a
molecule.
An oxidation number can have any of three values:
positive, negative or zero.
An element that tends to donate or release electrons
usually has a positive oxidation number.
An element that tends to receive electrons usually has a
negative oxidation number.
Rules for Assigning Oxidation Numbers
FREE ELEMENT MONOATOMIC ION HYDROGEN
The oxidation number of any free The oxidation number of a monoatomic ion The oxidation number of each hydrogen atom
element is 0 is equal to the charge on the ion. Some atoms in most of its compounds is +1, EXCEPT in
H2O or O2 have several possible oxidation numbers. metal hydrides (LiH) where it is -1.
- Iron can be Fe2+ or Fe3+
OXYGEN SUM OF THE OXIDATION NUMBERS ELEMENT IN PERIODIC TABLE
The oxidation number of oxygen IN A The sum of the oxidation numbers of ALL In compounds, the elements of Group 1, 2,
COMPOUND is -2, EXCEPT in THE ATOMS in a particle must equal the and aluminum have positive oxidations of
peroxides (H2O2) where it is -1. apparent charge of that particle. +1, +2, and +3 respectively.
SO42-, S2O32-, Na2SO4 AlBr3, CaO
Now you try some!
Find the oxidation numbers of iodine in
a. HIO4,
b. HIO3,
c. HIO,
d. HI
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CALCULATE THE
OXIDATION NUMBER OF
THE FOLLOWING:
01 thallium (Tl) in TlCl3,
02 chlorine in Cl2O7,
03 iron (Fe) in Fe(CN)63-
04 oxygen and fluorine in OF2.
Simple Portfolio
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Oxidation-number Changes in
Chemical Reactions
If the oxidation number increases for
an atom
Oxidation has occurred
If the oxidation number
decreases for an atom
Reduction has occurred
CHANGES IN OXIDATION
N U M B E R S
Sodium sulphite reacts with
hydrogen peroxide according to
the following equation:
Na2SO3 + H2O2 -----> Na2SO4 + H2O
What is the change in oxidation number for sulphur
in this reaction?
Everyday Oxidation-Reduction
Reactions Video
Science Technology Engineering Arts Mathematics
S T E A M E D U C AT I O N
Oxidation–Reduction in Biological Systems
In biological systems, oxidation may involve
▪the loss of H
▪the gain of O
In biological systems, reduction may involve
▪the gain of H
▪the loss of O
Transfer of Electron
01 Oxidation Is a Loss of electrons
Zn(s) Zn2+(aq) + 2e−
02 Reduction Is a Gain of electrons
Cu2+(aq) + 2e− Cu(s)
Summary of Oxidation
and Reduction
L E A R N I N G
C H E C K
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Writing oxidation reduction equation
In light-sensitive sunglasses, UV light initiates an
oxidation–reduction reaction. Identify the compound
that undergo oxidation and reduction
Ag+ + Cl− uv light Ag + Cl
1st step:
Half equation
2nd step:
Identify the compound that
oxidize and reduce
IDENTIFYING AN OXIDISING
AGENT AND A REDUCING AGENT
01 Consider the following reaction:
Sn2+ + 2Fe3+ → Sn4+ + 2Fe2+
Fe3+ is reduced, forming Fe2+ 02
2Fe3+ + 2e → 2Fe2+
03
In this reaction, Fe3+ has received an electron, so
it is said to have been reduced.
04
This electron is taken from Sn2+, and so Fe3+ is
considered the oxidising agent for Sn2+.
IDENTIFYING AN OXIDISING
AGENT AND A REDUCING AGENT
01 Consider the following reaction:
Sn2+ + 2Fe3+ → Sn4+ + 2Fe2+
Sn2+ is oxidised to form Sn4+ 02
Sn2+ → Sn4+ + 2e
03
In this reaction, Sn2+ has lost 2 electrons, so it is
said to have been oxidised.
04
Since the electrons are given to Fe3+, Sn2+ is
actually the reducing agent for Fe3+.
Observe that in a redox reaction,
The oxidising agent is reduced,
while the reducing agent is oxidised.
Science Technology Engineering Arts Mathematics
S T E A M E D U C AT I O N
LEARNING CHECKS
Identify the species being oxidized and reduced
also the oxidizing and reducing agent. in each
of the following reactions:
Hg2+ + Fe (s) --------> Hg2 + Fe3+
What is the balance chemical equation?
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Identify the species being oxidized and reduced also the oxidizing and reducing
agent. in each of the following reactions:
Cu(s)+Ag+(aq)→Cu2+(aq)+Ag(s)
What is the balance chemical equation?
Introduction to Electrochemistry
Electric cells are composed of two electrodes
– solid electrical conductors and at least one
electrolyte (aqueous electrical conductor)
In current cells, the electrolyte is often The positive electrode is
a moist paste (just enough water is defined as the cathode and
added so that the ions can move). the negative electrode is
Sometimes one electrode is the cell defined as the anode
container.
To test the voltage of a
battery, the red(+) lead is
The electrons flow through connected to the cathode (+
the external circuit from the electrode), and the black(-)
anode to the cathode. lead is connected to the
anode (- electrode)
What is an Electrode?
A crucial component of an
electrochemical cell that makes contact
1 with electrolyte is known as an
electrode.
Electrode acts as a metallic contact
2 through which the current enters and
leaves the electrolyte.
It is regarded as a surface where a
3 redox reaction takes place between the
metal and the solution.
An electrode that loses electrons and is
4 accepted by the electrolyte undergoes
oxidation.
when the electrode gains electrons
5 which are released by the electrolyte
undergoes reduction.
ANODE vs CATHODE
ANODE CATHODE
DEFINITION OF ANODE DEFNITION OF CATHODE
An anode is a type of anode can hold
electrode that can be of A C positive as well as
either positive polarity or negative charge
negative polarity
depending upon cell
depending upon the type
of cell. type.
anode is specifically electrode where
defined as the electrode reduction
where oxidation
i.e., the gain of
electrons takes place.
i.e., loss of electrons
takes place.
ELECTROLYSIS
Here are the video that about electrolysis
What Is Electrolysis
Electrolysis of Basics and Molten
Compounds
WHAT IS ELECTROLYSIS
An ionic compound conducts electricity when it is
molten or in solution. The current causes the ionic
compound to split up and form new substances.
This process is called electrolysis,
a word which comes from Greek
and means “splitting by electricity”.
Electrolysis has many uses, including:
⚫purifying copper
⚫ plating metals with silver and gold
⚫ extracting reactive metals, such as
aluminium
⚫ making chlorine, hydrogen and
sodium hydroxide.
What happens during electrolysis?
In electrolysis, the substance that the current passes through and splits up is called
the electrolyte.
The electrolyte contains positive and negative ions.
What happens to these ions during electrolysis?
Negative ions move Positive ions move
to the positive electrode and lose to the negative electrode and gain
electrons. electrons.
This is oxidation. heat This is reduction.
THE END OF PART 1
Thank You
LESSON LEARNING OUTCOME
01 Categorize strong, weak and non-electrolytes
a. Electrolytes
b. Strong, weak and non-
electrolytes
c. Characteristics of strong, weak
and non-electrolytes
02 Describe an electrochemical cell (Galvanic cell)
a.Reactions taking place using chemical
equations
b.The voltage produced
c. Balanced redox reaction equations
d.The electrical potential
