Riya Singh

Period 6

Abstract:

Purpose: To investigate how the rate of a reaction can be measured and how reaction conditions affect
the reaction rates in the reaction:
−¿ (aq )+3H O (l) ¿
2
+ ¿(aq) →3 I2 (aq)+ Br ¿
−¿(aq)+ Br O3(aq)+6 H ¿
6I

Materials

Chemicals

Copper (II) nitrate solution, Cu(NO3)2, 0.1 M, Potassium Bromate solution, KBrO3, 0.040 M, 5
5mL mL

Hydrochloric acid solution, HCL, 0.10 M, 5mL Sodium Thiosulfate solution, Na2S2O3, 0.0010
M, 5 mL
Potassium iodide solution: KI 0.01 M, 5 mL
Starch solution, 2%, 5mL
Distilled water

Equipment

Balance, 0.001 g precision Marking pen,

Beaker, 10mL Reaction strip

Beral-type Pipet Thermometer (Celsius)

Cassette tape case, Timer, seconds

Cotton swabs Toothpicks

Label tape Trough for hot and cold water baths

Procedure

Part 1:

1. Fill the Pipet with 3 mL of distilled water.

2. Weigh the small beaker.
3. Put 5 drops of water in the beaker and find the total mass.
4. Put 5 more drops and weigh for total mass.
5. Put 5 more drops and weigh for total mass.
 6. Repeat steps 1 to 5 two more times for determination.

Part 2:

1. Get 6 pipets and label them: KI , H 2 O , HCl , Starch, Na2 S2 O 3 and KBrO 3.
2. Fill them each with about 2 mL of liquid.
3. Next fill a 12-well reaction strip with the first five reagents listed on Experiment 1. Mix the
chemicals thoroughly with a toothpick.
4. Since each experiment in Table 1 will be run in triplicate, repeat this step for the next two wells
in order.
5. In the next three wells, repeat steps 3 and 4 using the first five reagent amounts listed for
Experiment 2.
6. Fill wells 7, 8, and 9 with the first five reagent amounts listed in Experiment #3.
7. 8. Fill wells 10, 11, and 12 with the first five reagents amounts listed in experiments #4.
8. Back to well #1, begin timer as the 2 drops of KBrO 3 are added. Stir the solution with a
toothpick.
9. Record in Data Table 2 the time required for the first tint of blue color to appear.
10. Repeat steps 7 and 8 for well 2, and well 3.
11. Take the T of one of the reaction solutions.
12. Repeat steps 7 and 8 for wells 4, 5 and then 6.
13. Repeat steps 7 and 8 for wells 7, 8 and then 9.
14. Repeat steps 7 and 8 for wells 10, 11 and then 12.
15. Rinse the contents of the well strips with warm water. Use a cotton swab to dry the inside of
each well.
16. Repeat steps (3-15) for the other experiments.

Part 3
o
1. Prepare a shallow warm water bath at 40 C.
2. Using the amounts listed for Experiment #1, fill each of the first six wells in the reaction strip
with the appropriate number of drops of the first five reagents listed. Mix the solutions well
with a new toothpick.
3. Place the reaction strip in the warm temperature bath.
4. Fill the Beral pipet in the warm temperature water bath for at least five minutes.
5. Place this pipet in the warm temperature water bath for at least five minutes.
6. Measure the temperature of the water bath with a thermometer.
7. Take the pipet out of the water bath and dry the outside of it.
8. Add two drops of the Potassium Bromate solution to the first well, stir, and immediately start
the timer. Place the pipet back in the warm temperature bath.
9. Repeats steps 7-8 for the reaction solutions in wells 2 and 3.
10. Remove the reaction strip and pipet from the warm temperature bath.
11. Add ice cubes and water to create a cold temperature water bath.
12. Place both the reaction strip and pipet with the Potassium Bromate solution into the cold
temperature water bath.
13. Repeat steps 7-8 for wells 4, 5, and 6.

Part 4
Repeat the procedure given in Part 2 for Experiment 1 only, but add 1 drop of 0.1 M copper (II) nitrate
solution and only 3 drops of distilled water to the mixture. Fill only the first reaction wells and record the
reaction times. Lastly, properly dispose of chemicals as teacher instructs to do so.

Data Tables

Data Table 1 - Volume of One Drop of Solution

Mass of empty beaker (a) 2.22 g

Trial 1 Mass of beaker plus 5 drops of water (b) 2.40 g
Mass of first 5 drops of water (b) - (a) 0.18 g
Average mass of 1 drop of water 0.036 g
Trial 2 Mass of beaker plus 10 drops of water (c) 2.58 g
Mass of second 5 drops of water (c) - (b) 0.18 g
Average mass of 1 drop of water 0.036 g
Trial 3 Mass of beaker plus 15 drops of water (d) 2.77 g
Mass of third 5 drops of water (d) - 0.19 g
Average mass of 1 drop of water 0.038 g
Average mass of 1 drop of water (Trials 1-3) 0.0367 g

Data Table 2 - Determining the Reaction Rate and Calculating the Rate Law

Experiment # Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Average Temp. °C

1 139s 75s 99s 124s 26 °C
2 56s 62s 54s 57.3s 25 °C
3 36s 23s 45s 44.6s 24 °C
4 3s 2s 1s 25s 24 °C
5 45s 35s 42s 41.3 26 °C
6 35s 40s 42s 39s 26 °C
7 21s 18s 23s 20.67 24 °C

Data Table 3 - Determining Activation Energy

Approximate Measured Measured Measured Trial Trial Average

Temperature °C Temperature °C Temperature −1
K −1
Temperature K 1 2 Time
0 3.5 277 0.00361 291s 286s 288.5s
20 22.1 295 0.00339 169s 176s 172.5
40 38.1 311 0.00322 76s 71s 73.5s

Data Table 4 - Observe the Effect of a Catalyst on the Rate

Reaction Reaction Time (s)

Uncatalyzed Reaction 173s
 Catalyzed Reaction 52s

Pre-Lab Questions

1a. In each trial, the blue color appeared after 0.0020 M iodine (I₂) had been produced. Calculate the
reaction rate for each trial by dividing the concentration of iodine formed by the reaction time.

0.0020 M
Trial 1: =7.4 × 10−6 M /s
270 s

0.0020 M
Trial 2: =1.4 × 10−5 M /s
138 s

0.0020 M
Trial 3: =1.4 × 10−5 M /s
142 s

b. Compare trials 1 and 2 to determine the order of reaction with respect to iodine ions. How did the
concentration of iodide ions change in these two trials, and how did the rate change accordingly? What
is the reaction order for iodine?

When the iodine ion concentration was doubled, the reaction rate also doubled from Trial 1 to Trial 2.
Therefore, because of such a direct effect, the reaction order is first order.

c. Which two trials should be compared to determine the order of reaction with respect to persulfate
ions? What is the reaction order for persulfate?

To determine the order of reaction for persulfate, one must look at Trials 2 and 3. As you can see,
doubling its concentration also lead to the doubling of the reaction rate. Therefore this is also a first
order reaction.

d. Write the rate law for this version of the iodine clock reaction. Could the rate law have been predicted
using the coefficients in the balanced chemical equation? Explain.

Rate = k[I-][S2O82-] ; Rate Law cannot be predicted by the coefficients of the equation, it can only be
found experimentally.

2. Write the Rate law including the value for the specific rate constant, k for:

2 NO(g)+O 2 (g)→ 2 N O 2 (g)

Rate=k [ NO ]2 [O 2] 2
0.0282 M /s=k [ 0.0125 ] [0.025] k =7219.2 s−1
 Temp. °C Specific Rate Constant Temp. K 1/T ( K −1 ) ln k
−5 −1
25 °C 3.7 ×10 s 298 0.0034 -10.205
3. The 35 °C 1.3 ×10−4 s−1 308 0.0032 -8.948
45 °C 5.0 ×10−4 s−1 318 0.0031 -7.601
55 °C 1.4 ×10−3 s−1 328 0.003 -6.571

following data are for the decomposition of N 2 O 5 (g).

Graph the data as described in the experimental directions. Determine the slope. Calculate the energy of
activation.

Decomposition of N 2 O 5

Show calculations for Slope (k):

−6.571+10.205
≈−11837.8
0.0030−0.0034

Activation Energy ( Ea ):

slope=−E a /R

−11837.8=−Ea /8.314 Ea =98.42 kJ /mol

Post- Lab Calculations and Analysis

Part 1: Calculate the Volume of one Drop of Solution

Assume the density of water to be 1.0 g/mL.

mass of 1drop( g) 1L
Volume of one drop = × =1mL
1.00 g /mL 1000 mL

Part 2A: Calculate the Rate

]/∆t. In each reaction there is one drop of 0.0010 M Na 2 S2 O 3

−¿ ¿
The rate will be expressed as -∆[ Br O 3
solution. Calculate the number of moles of S2 O 32−¿ ¿ present in one drop:

2−¿ ¿ moles
Moles S2 O 3 ions = (0.001 M Na2S2O3) = 3×10-8 moles S2O32-
(3 ×10−5 L H 2 O)

The blue color begins to appear when the entire thiosulfate ion is consumed. Examination of reactions 1
which react as all of the S2 O 32−¿ ¿ ion is
−¿ ¿
and 2 allows us to calculate the number of moles of Br O 3
used up:
−¿ ¿
Moles of Br O 3 reacted = (3×10-8 moles S2O32-)(2/12) = 5 ×10−9 moles Br O3

5× 10−9 moles Br O3
=4.16× 10−7
12(0.001)
−¿ ¿
The value of -∆[ Br O 3 ] in all reactions, since all experiments have a total volume of 12 drops, is:

−¿ ¿ O3−¿reacted 5 ×10−9 moles Br O3

-∆[ Br O 3 ] = moles of Br = =4.16 ×10−7 ¿
volume of 12drops 12(0.001)
−¿ ¿
The rate of each reaction can be found by dividing -∆[ Br O 3 ] by the nember of seconds for the
reaction to take place.

Rate = −∆ ¿ ¿

Calculate the rate of reaction in each experiment and enter eth results into the following table. Use the
average time for each experiment.

Experiment # Reaction Rate (M/s)

1 3.36 ×10−9
2 7.26 ×10−9
3 9.33 ×10−9
4 2.08 ×10−7
5 1.01 ×10−8
6 1.07 ×10−8
7 2.01 ×10−8
Part 2B: Calculate Initial Concentration

# of moles = V concentrated × M concentrated =V dilute × V dilute

Find the initial concentration of each reactant. Show the calculation.

Part 2C: Calculate the Order of Each Reactant

Substitute the concentration values for Experiments 1 and 2 into the equation:

Rate=k ¿ ¿

The Experiment 1 and Experiment 2 values:

1 x 3.36 ×10−9
()
2
=
7.26 ×10−9

x=1

The Experiment 1 and Experiment 5 values:

1 y 3.36 ×10−9
()
3
=
1.01 ×10−8
y=1

The Experiment 1 and Experiment 6 values:

1 z 3.36 ×10−9
()
3
=
1.07 ×10−8
z=2

Rate=k ¿ ¿

Part 2D: Find the Rate Constant

Experiment 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Value of k

Average value of k =

Part 3: Calculate the Activation Energy

Measure Measure Average Rate of Rate Constant k ln k

Temperature Temperature −1
K −1
Time ( s) Reaction ( M /s ) (with units)
K
Graph the data with lnk on the vertical axis versus 1/T on the horizontal axis. The slope=−E a /R , where
Ea is the activation energy and R = 8.314 J/mol× K . Find Activation Energy

Post- Lab Questions:

1. Why does the reaction rate change as concentrations of the reactants change?

2. Explain the general procedure used to find the rate law.

3. Why does reaction rate change as temperature changes?

4. Explain the general procedure used to determine the activation energy.

5. Differentiate between reaction rate and specific rate constant.

6. Comment on the effect of the catalyst. Predict how the activation energy changes when a catalyst is
added to the reaction.

7. Make a general statement about eh consistency of the data as shown by calculating the orders of
reactants, and by the graphical analysis which leads to activation energy. Were the calculated orders
close to integers? Did the check of the order give the same value for the order? Were the points on the
graph close to a straight line?

8. Write out the “two-point” form of the Arrhenius equation which relates rate constants, temperatures
and activation energy.

9. How could you improve the data?

x y z
exp .1 :Rate 1¿=k [ ] [ ] [ ]

exp .2 :Rate 2¿ =k [ ] x [ ] y [ ]z

Divide the first equation by the second. Notice that most of the terms will cancel out and the ratio
reduces to: