ROLL NO.

2K20/B4/10 NAME: HARSH GARG

ROLL NO. 2K20/B4/43 NAME : KARAN

MATRICES AND ITS

APPLICATION
INNOVATIVE PROJECT
MA 102 (MATHEMATICS)
2020-21

SUBMITTED TO:
PROF. ANJANA GUPTA

DELHI TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

(FORMERLY Delhi College of Engineering)

 Bawana Road, Delhi 110042

CANDIDATE’S DECLARATION

WE , HARSH GARG (2K20/B4/10) and KARAN (2K20/B4/43), students

of B Tech. (computer engineering) hereby declare that the project
titled “matrices and its application” which is submitted to the
department of applied mathematics, Delhi technological university,
any source without proper citation. This work has not previously
formed the basis for the award of any degree, diploma
associateship, fellowship or other similar title or recognition.

HARSH GARG (2K20/B4/10)

KARAN (2K20/B4/43)

INDEX
1) Acknowledgement
2) Introduction
3) Types of matrices
4) Matrices in real life
5) Practical applications
 Computer graphics
 Optics
 Cryptography
 Business and economics
 Geology
 Chemistry
 Wireless and signal processing
6) Conclusions
7) References

Acknowledgement
We needed the assistance and guidance of a few
respected individuals in order to complete our
significant endeavour, and they deserve our gratitude.
This assignment's accomplishment brings us great joy.
We'd like to express our gratitude to PROF. ANJANA
GUPTA, the project's mentor. Providing us with a good
report guideline after multiple meetings. We'd also like
to express our heartfelt gratitude to everyone who has
helped us write this assignment, both directly and
indirectly.
Many people, including our classmates and team
members, have offered helpful feedback on this
proposal, which has inspired us to better our work. We
appreciate everyone's assistance in completing our
work, both directly and indirectly. We would also want
to express our gratitude to the Department of APPLIED
MATHEMATICS.

INTRODUCTION
A matrix (plural matrices) is a rectangular array of
numbers, symbols, or expressions that is organised in
 rows and columns in mathematics. Box brackets are
widely used to write matrices. Rows and columns are
the horizontal and vertical lines of entries in a matrix,
respectively. A matrix's size is determined by the
number of rows and columns it contains. An m n matrix,
also known as a mm-by-nn matrix, is a matrix with m
rows and n columns, having the dimensions m and n.
Because there are two rows and three columns, the
dimensions of the following matrix are 2x32x3 up (read
"two by three").

A=[19−13205−6] A=[19−13205−6]

The individual items (numbers, symbols or expressions) in a

matrix are called its elements or entries

History
The matrix has been used to solve linear equations for a long
time. Until the 1800s, they were referred to as arrays. The term
"matrix" (Latin for "womb," derived from mater—mother) was
coined by James Joseph Sylvester in 18501850, who saw a
matrix as an object that generates a number of determinants
known as minors, which are determinants of smaller matrices
derived from the original one by removing columns and rows.

In 19131913, an English mathematician named Cullis was the

first to use modern bracket notation for matrices, as well as the
first significant use of the notation A=ai,jA=ai,j to represent a
matrix, where ai,jai,j refers to the element found in the ith row
and the jth column. Matrices can be used to write and work
with many linear equations (a system of linear equations) in a
compact manner. When it comes to linear transformations,
often known as linear maps, matrices and matrix multiplication
show their true colours.

Types of Matrices
(i) Symmetric Matrix: A square matrix A =[{{a}_{ij}}]=[aij] is
called a symmetric matrix if {{a}_{ij}}={{a}_{ji}},aij=aji, for all
i, j.

(ii) Skew-Symmetric Matrix: when {{a}_{ij}}=-{{a}_{ji}}aij=−aji

(iii) Hermitian and skew – Hermitian Matrix: A={{A}^{\theta

}}A=Aθ (Hermitian matrix)(A θ
represents conjugate transpose)

{{A}^{\theta }}=-AAθ=−A (skew-Hermitian matrix)

(iv) Orthogonal
matrix: if A{{A}^{T}}={{I}_{n}}={{A}^{T}}AAAT=In=ATA

(v) Idempotent matrix: if {{A}^{2}}=AA2=A

(vi) Involuntary matrix: if {{A}^{2}}=I\,\,or\,\,{{A}^{-

1}}=AA2=IorA−1=A
(vii) Nilpotent matrix: A square matrix A is nilpotent, if Ap = 0, p is an
integer.

Order of a Matrix
A matrix of order m x n is defined as a matrix with m rows
and n columns. Note: (a) The matrix is nothing more than a
collection of numbers.
(b) A matrix's entries can be real or complex numbers. A
matrix is referred to as a real matrix if all of its elements are
real.
(c) There are m.n elements in a m x n matrix.

Matrices used in daily

 life
Matrices, also known as matrices, are often used in
mathematics, but have you considered how significant they
are or where they might be employed?
Have you ever wondered where the term "matrix"
originated?
Matrix is a Latin word that refers to the womb, but it can also
refer to something that is developed or generated. Matrices
are frequently employed in everyday life, yet their
applications are rarely explored in class.
As a result, we've presented the importance and application
of maths to you in a straightforward manner using matrices.

Application of matrices
Matrices have many applications in diverse fields of science,
commerce and sciences. Matrices are used in :
1. Computer graphics
2. Optics
3. Cryptography
 4. Economics
5. Geology
6. Robotics and animation
7. Mathematics
8. Chemistry
9. Wireless and communication

COMPUTER GRAPHICS
Matrixes are rectangular grids of numbers that are commonly
used in electrical engineering and computer science. A
matrix's numbers can be used to represent both data and
mathematical equations. Multiplying matrices can provide
quick but accurate approximations of considerably more
difficult calculations in many time-sensitive engineering
applications.
Graphics is one of the areas of computer science where
matrix multiplication comes in handy, because a digital image
is really a matrix to begin with: The matrix's rows and
columns correspond to the rows and columns of pixels, and
the numerical entries correspond to the colour values of the
pixels. Matrix multiplication, for example, is required for
decoding digital video; earlier this year, MIT researchers
were able to build one of the first chips to implement the
new high-efficiency video-coding standard for ultrahigh-
definition TVs, thanks in part to patterns they discovered in
the matrices it uses.
Matrix multiplication can aid in the processing of digital
sound in the same manner that it can aid in the processing of
digital video. A digital audio signal is essentially a series of
numbers that indicate the variation in air pressure of an
acoustic audio signal over time. Matrix multiplication is used
in several approaches for filtering or compressing digital
audio signals, such as the Fourier transform.

OPTICS
The study of an optical system's aberrations and the
identification of each element's contribution to the overall
aberration figures is extremely beneficial to its optimization.
A prior article used the matrix formalism created by one of
the authors, which permits imagespace coordinates to be
expressed as high-order polynomials of object-space
coordinates.
We address the issue of aberrations in this study by
evaluating the wavefront evolution along the system and its
deviation from the ideal spherical shape, as well as using ray
density graphs. We can calculate the optical path between
any two points of a ray as it travels along the optical system
using seventh-order matrix modelling, and we define the
wavefront as the locus of the points with any given optical
path; the results are presented in the form of tangential
wavefront traces, though the formalism would also allow
sagital plane plots. Actual derivation of the seventh-order
polynomial yields ray density charts.
 CRYPTOGRAPHY
To the majority of people, cryptography is concerned with
keeping communications private. Indeed, for all of
cryptography's history, the safeguarding of sensitive
communications has been a major focus. Encryption is the
process of transforming data into an unreadable format. Its
goal is to protect privacy by keeping the data hidden from
anyone who isn't supposed to see it, including those who can
see the encrypted data. Decryption is the reversal of
encryption; it is the conversion of encrypted data into a form
that can be understood.
Encryption and decryption both need the usage of a hidden
piece of information known as a key. Depending on the
encryption process, the same key may be used for both
encryption and decryption, whereas other mechanisms may
utilise different keys for encryption and decryption.
Governments now use sophisticated coding and decoding
technologies to send and receive messages. A huge matrix is
used to encode a message in one sort of code that is
particularly tough to crack. The message is decoded by the
recipient using the inverse of the matrix. The encoding matrix
is the first matrix, and the decoding matrix is its inverse.

BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS

Matrices are one of the most often used business tools. They
are employed in linear programming to discover the most
profitable mix of ingredients in a product, as one respondent
explained. They're also a big part of the decision-making
process. The person who said that they are only for show
demonstrated his lack of understanding of actual business
people.
It also relies on how you define the term "business." Matrixes
are used in linear programming optimization, which is
important in business if you want to determine the maximum
return under a set of constraints. It is employed in a variety
of applications, including hydroelectric power plants and
dietary calorie intake optimization. Matrices are an important
part of calculus and are used in a variety of industries.

GEOLOGICAL FIELDS
Six recent structural geology texts provide concept maps that
exhibit a variety of techniques to organising the subject's
content. En echelon vein arrays, for example, were
discovered to be covered under folds, shear zones, regional
geology, field techniques, igneous geology, and strain theory
due to the interrelationships of themes.
Many geological formations occur as composites of two
broad “types” of structures on different scales, such as en
echelon vein arrays, which are brittle extension fractures on a
small scale within a larger scale shear zone.
A framework for 36 “types” of composite structures is
provided by a matrix with six major structural “types” on
each axis, with the horizontal axis representing the smaller
scale and the vertical axis indicating the bigger scale. This
idea matrix can be used as an introduction to structures, an
overview of structures, or a guide for student structure
research. A student can understand the interrelationships
between structures and recreate the many complicated
structures from a few fundamental types by using the
concept matrix.

CHEMISTRY
One of the most common applications of matrices is to
organise the data of multiple simultaneous equations into a
compact form that can be readily handled and solved.
Analytical chemistry is the most prevalent application of this
term. When expressed in matrix form, a set of linear
simultaneous equations consisting of numerical values for
the coefficients A and the values b can be solved for the
unknown variables x.
The effective handling of symmetry operations that apply to
molecules is a second application of matrices in Chemistry.
One of the most significant aspects of molecules is their
shape, which is determined by the symmetry operations that
they can perform. Rotations along symmetry axes; reflections
in mirror planes; rotation-reflection (or incorrect rotation);
inversions through a centre of symmetry; and the identity
operation can all be used to change the shape or symmetry
of a molecule in three-dimensional space.
The eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the determinant of
square a matrix are used to identify the allowable solutions
to the quantum mechanics of the structures and reaction
pathways of a molecule, which is a third area in Chemistry
where matrices are employed.

GRAPHIC USES OF MATRICES

To render graphics, graphic software uses matrix mathematics

to process linear transformations. A linear change of a
geometric object can be represented by a square matrix, which
has exactly as many rows as columns. The matrix, for
example, reflects an item on the vertical Y axis in the
Cartesian X-Y plane. This would result in an upside-down
mirror image of a castle reflected in a lake in a video game.
If the video game features curved reflecting surfaces, such as
a gleaming silver goblet, the linear transformation matrix to
lengthen or compress the reflection would be more involved.

WIRELESS AND SIGNAL

PROCESSING
The use of matrix representations and decompositions in
describing multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) and
orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM)
communication systems is highlighted as one of the key
applications in wireless communications. In addition, the
importance of matrices in signal estimation and detection
difficulties is highlighted in this study. The use of matrices in
sensor array signal processing and the creation of adaptive
filters are given special consideration. Moreover, several
exemplary applications demonstrate the critical significance
of matrices in describing and processing digital images. This
paper finishes with several matrix theory applications in the
field of compressive sensing of signals, as well as a few open
research problems for future investigation.
 CONCLUSION
As a result, we can conclude that matrices have a wide range
of uses in everyday life.
There are numerous applications for matrix mathematics.
Mathematicians, physicists, and engineers use matrices to
describe groupings of equations and then use a systematic
approach to solving problems. Matrix arithmetic has been
included in graphic processing algorithms, particularly to
render reflection and refraction. Matrix mathematics has
some aspects that are essential in math theory.
Few of us, on the other hand, are likely to use matrix
mathematics in our daily lives.
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