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Introductory Mathematical Analysis - For Business, Economics, and The Life and Social Scienece

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Introductory Mathematical Analysis - For Business, Economics, and The Life and Social Scienece

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Anuska Jayswal
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Introductory Mathematical Analysis FOR BUSINESS, ECONOMICS AND LIFE AND SOCIAL SCIENCES Thirteenth Edition ida) Gace ol faut Roma t | Richard J. Wood Algebraic Rules for Real numbers at+tb=b+a ab = ba at+(b+c)= a(be) = (ab)c a(b+c) =ab+ac a(b —c) = ab —ac (a+ b)c = ac+ be (a — b)c = ac — be a+0=a a-0=0 a-l=a a+(-a)= —(-a)=a (-la=-a a-~b=a+(—b) a—(—b)=a+b (= =a (a+b)+e ole a b (—a)b = —(ab) = a(—b) (—a)(—b) = ab Summation Formulas ALGEBRA Exponents (a #0) a qi = — an (a")" — q™ (aby" = a"h" (G)=5 Ja—1 = ad Special Products XQ +z) = xy +xz (x +a\x +b) =x? + (a+ b)x + ab tal? sx?24+2ax4+a@ (x — a)? =x* —2ax4+c? (x+a\(x—-a)=xr-— a? (x+ay =x? + 3axr24+30x4+0 (x — a =x? — 3a? ++3a2x — 2 ’ Radicals ta= qi/n (/a)" = a, Ya? =a (a> QO) Yam = ( ta 7 qin Jab = Jas _w TWIa= Factoring Formulas ab+ac=a(b+c) a —b* =(a+ bia— bd) a +2ab+b* =(at+ by a’ —2ab+b* =(a— by +b e-b = (a+ b\(a? — ab +b’) = (a — ba? + ab+ b*) n n Yo cap =e Do aj ism im (a+) = Sart Yb; i=m i=m im n p+n-—m » qj = di-+-m—p i=m i=p p~l n n qj + : aj = » aj i=m i=p i= Quadratic Formula If ax? + bx +c = 0, where a = 0, then _ abt Vb? ~ 4ac ~ 2a Inequalities Ifa < b,thena+e OQ, then ac < be. Ifa < bandc > O, then a(—c) > b(—c). Special Sums us Xian i=l yi i= matD ve = mel ve _ = worl? Straight Lines m= 7% (slope formula) XxX. — XY y—yi = m(x— x) (point-slope form) =mx-+b (slope-intercept form) x= constant (vertical line) y= constant (horizontal line) Absolute Value lab] = ja] - |d| ele bl |p| la— bl = |b—al ~la| 0) log, m log, m= =p log, b FINITE MATHEMATICS Compound Interest Formulas Business Relations Interest = (principal)(rate)(time) Total cost = variable cost ++ fixed cost total cost quantity © Total revenue = (price per unit)(number of units sold) Profit = total revenue — total cost Average cost per unit = Ordinary Annuity Formulas 1-—(d+r)" A= pi tn = Raqy (present value) r l+r)y"-1 S= pitt = Rsypp (future value) r Counting ni = (a-—r! n! ~ ria — ry! no FaCy tee bare HC, = 2” nCo = 1 = nCy mgt Crry = Cy + Crt nPr n C, Properties of Events Matrix Multiplication (AB)ix = > AuBi = Aj By, + AiBox + +++ + AinDnx j=l (AB)? = BTAT ATA =I =AA7! (AB)7! = Bu 1A7} For E and F events for an experiment with sample space S EUE=E ENE=E EY =E EUE=S ENE =9% EUS=S ENS=E EUG@=E EN@=6 EUF=FUE ENF=FNE (EUFY=ENF’ (ENFY =H UF’ EU(FUG)=(BUF)UG ENFOG=(ENF)NG EN(FUG)=(ENF)U(ENG) EU(FPNG)=(EUF)N(EUG) Probability HE) P(E) = w® HEF) HF) P(E UF) = P(E) + P(F) — P(ENF) P(E’) = 1— P(E) P(EN F) = P(E)P(F|E) = P(F)P(E\F) PE|P) = For X a discrete random variable with distribution f Di f@) =1 = WX) = BO) = Daf) Var(X) = R(X — uy?) = Yo @ — HFG) cxotX)= Va Binomial distribution F(x) = P(X = x) = nCyp*qh™ =p a= ./npq CALCULUS Graphs of Elementary Functions Definition of Derivative of f(x) fE+M-fO _, fO-fe) h Ih Emo X Zn xX seo = SF) = fim Differentiation Formulas Integration Formulas d di, a~| ae —(c)=0 a )= au ra a We assume that u is a differentiable function of x. d ld fa) =a qn = = [iac=m+e [rrexeona= [roars | oa d d du a yatl | a wat} = cfltx 2 eet) = ot “dy = , _ = oe tC, i GIO = FR) Rev ae Ee foe api © ax-l fu'du ani? ax d be ; d i du [easerc [edaersec ZYOLOY)=LOtTO — Flow = Ge [fooar=t [tones [i au=inini+c, uA~0 < (Fda) = Fe) + 90909 < ot) =ot(n oy (product rule) Consumers’ Surplus for Demand p = f(q) d (3) - gx fia) -~f@e'@) d Gf) = 1 qo | dx \g@) (g(x)? dx FCF") CS = [ (f(@ — pol dq (quotient rule) dy dy du . dy 1 Producers’ Surplus for Supply p = 2(q) dn de (chain rule) xk dy PS = {5° [po — e(@] dq | Introductory Mathematical Analysis For Business, Economics, and the Life and Social Sciences ES Le amin omen aa ror Fitanroitntvicnsnnnanemeannne a gtindacertnnin etme’ ummm tre For Business, Economics, and the Life and Social Sciences Thirteenth Edition Ernest F, Haeussler, Jr. The Pennsylvania State University Richard S. Paul The Pennsylvania State University Richard J. Wood Dalhousie University Prentice Hall Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam’ Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montréal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney HongKong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo Editor in Chief: Deirdre Lynch Executive Editor: Jennifer Crum Senior Project Editor: Rachel 5. 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Where those designations appear in this book, and Pearson was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial caps or all caps. i If you purchased this book within the United States or Canada you should be aware that it has been imported without the approval of the Publisher or the Author. Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. For information on obtaining permission for use of material in this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Rights and Contracts Department, 501 Boylston Street, Suite 900, Boston, MA 02116, fax your request to 617-671-3447, or e-mail at http:/Avww.pearsoned.com/legal/permissions.htm. 123456789 10—EB—1I3 1211 1009 Prentice Hall is an imprint of ISBN 10: 0-321-64388-7 ISBN 13: 978-0-321-64388-9 For Thomas PART I CHAPTER 0 © Be Ono wWD CHAPTE BeepepeD co90000 AOnPBWNF CHAPTER NNNNYNNN Onan Pwhe CHAPTER 3 3.1 O OB bo CHAPTER 4 Bae 0h Preface xi COLLEGE ALGEBRA Review of Algebra 1 Sets of Real Numbers 2 Some Properties of Real Numbers 3 Exponenis and Radicals 9 Operations with Algebraic Expressions 14 Factoring 19 Fractions 21 Equations, in Particular Linear Equations 26 Quadratic Equations 36 Applications and More Algebra 43 Applications of Equations 44 Linear Inequalities 51 Applications of Inequalities 55 Absolute Value 58 Summation Notation 62 Sequences 66 Chapier 1 Review 76 EXPLORE & EXTEND Variable-Quality Recording 77 Functions and Graphs 79 Functions 80 Special Functions 87 Combinations of Functions 91 Inverse Functions 96 Graphs in Rectangular Coordinates 99 Symmeiry 108 Translations and Reflections 113 Functions of Several Variables 115 Chapier 2 Review . 123 EXPLORE & EXTEND A Taxing Experience! 125 Lines, Parabolas, and Systems 127 Lines 128 Applications and Linear Functions 135 Quadratic Functions 141 Systems of Linear Equations 148 Nonlinear Systems 158 Applications of Systems of Equations 160 Chapter 3 Review 168 EXPLORE & EXTEND Mobile Phone Billing Plans 170 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions 173 Exponeniial Functions 174 Logarithmic Functions 186 Properties of Logarithms: 192 Logarithmic and Exponential Equations 198 Chapter 4 Review 203 EXPLORE & EXTEND Drug Dosages 205 vii viii. Contents PARTIT FINITE MATHEMATICS CHAPTER5 MathematicsofFinance 208 5.1 Compound Interest 209 . Present Value 213 5.3 Interest Compounded Continuously 217 Annuities 220 Amortization of Loans 228 Perpetuities 232 Chapter 5 Review 235 EXPLORE & EXTEND Treasury Securities 237 Bh Ooe | ; | ‘ : 2 i : j : i | CHAPTER6 Matrix Algebra 240 Matrices 241 Matrix Addition and Scalar Multiplication 246 Matrix Multiplication 252 Solving Systems by Reducing Matrices 264 Solving Systems by Reducing Matrices (continued) 273 Inverses 277 | i AADAAH A SEO OB ON eR Leontief’s Input-Output Analysis 284 : Chapter 6 Review 290 | EXPLORE & EXTEND Insulin Requirements as a Linear Process 292 CHAPTER7 Linear Programming 294 7.1 Linear Inequalities in Two Variables 295 7.2 Linear Programming 298 Multiple Optimum Solutions 307 The Simplex Method 309 ' Degeneracy, Unbounded Solutions, and Multiple Solutions 322 Artificial Variables 328 Minimization 338 : The Dual 343 | Chapier 7 Review 352 / EXPLORE & EXTEND Drug and Radiation Therapies 355 NNNNNN OIA CHAPTER Introduction to Probability and Statistics 357 Basic Counting Principle and Permutations 358 Combinations and Other Counting Principles 364 Sample Spaces and Events 375 Probability 382 | Conditional Probability and Stochastic Processes 395 i Independent Events 407 i _ Bayes’s Formula 417 Chapter 8 Review 425 | GO G9 90 GO 99 G9 GO NOOO PWD EXPLORE & EXTEND Probability and Cellular Automata 429 CHAPTER9 Additional Topics in Probability 432 9.1 Discrete Random Variables and Expected Value 433 9.2 The Binomial Distribution 440 : 9.3 Markov Chains 445 Chapter 9 Review 454 EXPLORE & EXTEND Markov Chains in Game Theory 457 PART Ii CHAPTER 10 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 | CHAPTER 11 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 CHAPTER 12 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 12.7 CHAPTER 13 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 13.6 CHAPTER 14 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 14.6 _ 14.7 14.8 14.9 14.10 vo Contents ix CALCULUS Limits and Continuity 459 Limits 460 Limits (Continued) 469 Continuity 476 Coniinuity Applied to Inequalities 482 Chapter 10 Review 487 EXPLORE & EXTEND National Debt 489 Differentiation 491 The Derivative 492 Rules for Differentiation 500 The Derivative as a Rate of Change 508 The Product Rule and the Quotient Rule 517 The Chain Rule 526 Chapter 11 Review 534 EXPLORE & EXTEND Marginal Propensity to Consume 537 Additional Differentiation Topics 539 Derivatives of Logarithmic Functions 540 Derivatives of Exponential Functions 545 Elasticity of Demand 550 Implicit Differentiation 555 Logarithmic Differentiation 560 Newton’s Method 564 Higher-Order Derivatives 568 Chapier 12 Review 572 EXPLORE & EXTEND Economic Order Quantity 574 Curve Sketching 576 Relative Extrema 577 Absolute Extrema on a Closed Interval 588 ‘Concavity 590 The Second-Derivative Test 597 Asymptotes 599 Applied Maxima and Minima 609 Chapter 13 Review 620 EXPLORE & EXTEND Population Change Over Time 624 Integration 626 Differentials 627 The Indefinite Integral 631 Integration with Initial Conditions 637 More Integration Formulas 641 Techniques of Integration 647 The Definite Integral 652 The Fundamental Theorem of Integral Calculus 659 Approximate Integration 667 Area between Curves 672 Consumers’ and Producers’ Surplus 681 Chapter 14 Review 683 EXPLORE & EXTEND Delivered Price 687 X Contents CHAPTER 15 Methods and Applications of Integration 689 15.1 Integration by Parts 690 15.2 Integration by Partial Fractions 694 | 15.3 Integration by Tables 700 : 15.4 Average Value of a Function 705 15.5 Differential Equations 707 15.6 More Applications of Differential Equations 714 15.7 Improper Integrals 721 Chapter 15 Review 724 EXPLORE & EXTEND Dieting 727 CHAPTER 16 Continuous Random Variables 729 16.1 Continuous Random Variables 730- 16.2 The Normal Distribution 737 16.3. The Normal Approximation to the Binomial Distribution 742 Chapter 16 Review 745 EXPLORE & EXTEND Cumulative Distribution from Data 747 CHAPTER 17 Multivariable Calculus 749 17.1 Partial Derivatives 750 17.2 Applications of Partial Derivatives 754 17.3 Implicit Partial Differentiation 760 17.4 Higher-Order Pariial Derivatives 763 17.5 Chain Rule 765 17.6 Maxima and Minima for Functions of Two Variables 768 17.7 Lagrange Multipliers 777 17.8 Lines of Regression 784 17.9 Multiple Integrals 789 Chapter 17 Review 793 EXPLORE & EXTEND Data Analysis to Model Cooling 796 APPENDIX A Compound Interest Tables 799 APPENDIX B Table of Selected Integrals 807 APPENDIX C Areas Under the Standard Normal Curve 810 Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems AN-1 Index |-1 Photo Credits P-1 | & =< i b he thirteenth edition of Introductory Mathematical Analysis for Business, Economics, and the Life and Social Sciences continues to provide a mathematical foundation for students in a variety of fields and majors. It begins with precalculus and finite math- ematics topics such as functions, equations, mathematics of finance, matrix algebra, linear programming, and probability. Then it progresses through both single variable and mul- tivariable calculus, including continuous random variables. Technical proofs, conditions, and the like are sufficiently described but are not overdone. Our guiding philosophy led us to include those proofs and general calculations that shed light on how the corresponding calculations are done in applied problems. Informal intuitive arguments are often given as well. Approach Introductory Mathematical Analysis for Business, Economics, and the Life and Social Sci- ences takes a unique approach to problem solving. As has been the case in earlier editions of this book, we establish an emphasis on algebraic calculations that sets this text apart from other introductory, applied mathematics books. The process of calculating with variables builds skill in mathematical modeling and paves the way for students to use calculus. The reader will not find a “definition-theorem-proof” treatment, but there is a sustained effort to impart a genuine mathematical treatment of real world problems. Emphasis on developing algebraic skills is extended to the exercises, in which many, even those of the drill type, are given with general coefficients. In addition to the overall approach to problem solving, we aim to work through examples and explanations with just the right blend of rigor and accessibility. The tone of the book is not too formal, yet certainly not lacking precision. One might say the book reads in a relaxed tone without sacrificing opportunities to bring students to a higher level of understanding through strongly motivated applications. In addition, we have refined the organization over many editions to present the content in very manageable portions for optimal teaching and learning. Changes for the Thirteenth Edition In the thirteenth edition we have tried to make the elementary notions in the early chapters pave the way for their use in more advanced topics. Our early treatment of summation notation, discussed in further detail below, is but one example. In Section 1.3, inequalities are introduced and we point out that a < b is equivalent to “there exists a non-negative number s such that a + s = b’”’. The idea is not deep but the pedagogical point is that slack variables, key to implementing the simplex algorithm in Chapter 7, should be familiar and not distract from the rather technical material in linear programming. For yet another example, we mention absolute value of Section 1.4. It is common to note that |a—b| provides the distance from a to b. In Example 4e of Section 1.4 we point out that “x is less than o units ffom jz” translates as |x — | < o. In Section 1.4 this is but an exercise with the notation, as it should be, but the point here is that later, in Chapter 9, jz will be the mean and o the standard deviation of a random variable. Again we have separated, in advance, a simple idea from a more advanced one. In problem 12 of Problem 1.4, we ask the student to set up [f(x) — L| < ¢, an expression that an instructor of a more advanced class might wish to use in Chapter 10 on Limits. We have tried to increase the internal consistency of the book and expanded our use of pointing back, for review purposes, when new work benefits from doing so. We have also improved the pointing forward to relevant exercises that is provided by the Now Work Problem N elements. We have increased the number of these and tried to improve the pairings of worked examples and suggested problems. Several organizational improvements were implemented in the thirteenth edition. To summarize the changes in Chapter 1 a new section on Sequences was added the section xi xii Preface sronsramsanvesastsiosinnsisaintil on Functions of Several Variables, formerly in Chapter 17, was moved to Chapter.2 and rewritten to suit that placement. A section on Perpetuities was added to Chapter 5. The sections on Area and Area between Curves in Chapter 14 were combined into a single section and adapted considerably. There are also many other improvements to the text involving less than complete revision of a section. a Section 1.6, Arithmetic and Geometric Sequences: The section on Sequences provides several pedagogical advantages. The very definition is stated in a fashion that paves the way for the more important and more basic definition of function in Chapter 2. In summing the terms of a sequence we are able to practice the use of Summation Notation introduced in the preceding section. The most obvious benefit though is that “Sequences” allows us a better organization in the Annuities section of Chapter 5. Both the present and the future values of an annuity are obtained by summing (finite) geometric sequences. Later in the text, sequences arise in the definition of the number e in Chapter 4, in Markov Chains in Chapter 9, and in Newton’s Method in Chapter 12, so that a helpful unifying reference is obtained. In the course of summing the terms of a finite sequence, it is natural to raise the possibility : of summing the terms of an infinite sequence. This is a nonthreatening environment in which to provide a first foray into the world of limits. We simply explain how certain infi- nite geometric sequences have well-defined sums and phrase the results in a way that will create a toehold for the formal introduction of limits in Chapter 10. These particular infi- nite sums enable us to introduce the idea of a perpetuity, first informally in the sequence section, and then again in more detail in a further new section on Perpetuities in Chapter 5. a Section 2.8, Functions of Several Variables: The introduction to functions of several variables, which appeared at the beginning of Chapter 17 in the previous edition, has been relocated and reworked to appear in Chapter 2. Functions of Several Variables is a topic that should appear long before Calculus. Once we have done some calculus there are particular ways to use calculus in the study of Functions of Several Variables, but these aspects should not be confused with the basics that we use throughout the book. For example, “a-sub-n-angle-r’ and “s-sub-n-angle-r” studied in the Mathematics of Finance, Chapter 5, are perfectly good functions of two variables. ee ee a Section 5.6, Perpetuities: The new Section 1.6 further enables us to introduce Perpetu- ities in the Finance chapter. “Perpetuity” is a nice, practical, example of a fairly profound mathematical idea that will appeal to commerce students. a Section 14.9, Area: It was thought that the two earlier sections on area were somewhat repetitive. The first, called simply “Area”, dealt with the important special case of the second, “Area between Curves”, in which the lower curve is the x-axis. We believe that by combining these sections we have gained some unification and economy of presentation, with no sacrifice of detail. Leontieff’s Input-Output Analysis (in Section 6.7): In the section on Leontieff’s Input- . Output Analysis we have separated various aspects of the total problem. We begin by describing what we now call the Leontieff matrix A as an encoding of the input and output telationships between sectors of an economy. Since this matrix can often be assumed to be constant, for a substantial period of time, we begin by assuming that A is a given. The simpler problem is then to determine the production X which is required to meet an external demand D for an economy whose Leontieff matrix is A. We provide a careful - account of this as the solution of (( —A)X = D. Since A can be assumed to be fixed while various demands D are investigated, there is some justification to compute (J — A)~! so that we have X = (J —A)7!D. However, use of a matrix inverse should not be considered an essential part of the solution. Finally, we explain how the Leontieff matrix can be found from a table of data that might be available to a planner. e Birthday Probability (in Section 8.4): New to “Probability” is a treatment of the classic problem of determining the probability that at least 2 of n people have their birthday on the same day. While this problem is given as an example in many texts, the recursive formula that we give for calculating the probability as a function of n is not a common feature. It is reasonable to include it in this edition because recursively defined sequences appear explicitly in our new section “Sequences”. i : ‘ 4 | Preface ili a Sign Charts for a Function (in Chapter 10): The sign charts that we introduced in the 12th édition now make their appearance in Chapter 10. Our point is that these charts can be made for any real-valued function of a real variable and their help in graphing a func- tion begins prior to the introduction of derivatives. Of course we continue to exploit their use in Chapter 13 “Curve Sketching” where, for each function f, we advocate making a sign chart for each of f, f’, and f”, interpreted for f itself. o Exercise Update: Approximately 20% have been either updated or written completely new. Updated feature names: Labeling improvements were made to a few features to clarify their pedagogical use for instructors and students. Mathematical Snapshots at the end of chapters are now referred to as Explore & Extend, Principles in Practice exercises next to examples are now referred to as Apply It exercises, and the Pointer notes in the margin are now named Jo Review. Flallmark Features and Pedagogy a Applications: An abundance and variety of applications for the intended audience appear throughout the book; students continually see how the mathematics they are learning can be used. These applications cover such diverse areas as business, economics, biology, medicine, sociology, psychology, ecology, statistics, earth science, and archaeology. Many of these real-world situations are drawn from literature and are documented by references, sometimes from the Web. In some, the background and context are given in order to stimulate interest. However, the text is self-contained, in the sense that it assumes no prior exposure to the concepts on which the applications are based. (See, for example, page 340, Example 2 in 7.7) a Apply It: The Apply It exercises, formerly called Principles in Practice, provide stu- dents with further applications. Located in the margins, these additional exercises give ‘students real-world applications and more opportunities to see the chapter material put into practice. An icon indicates Apply Jt problems that can be solved using a graphing calculator. Answers to Apply It problems appear at the end of the text and complete solutions to these problems are found in the Solutions Manuals. (See, for example, page 376, Apply It 1 in 8.3) a Now Work Problem N: Throughout the text we have retained the popular Now Work Problem N feature. The idea is that after a worked example, students are directed to an end of section problem (labeled with a blue exercise number) that reinforces the ideas of the worked example. This gives students an opportunity to practice what they have just learned. Because the majority of these keyed exercises are odd-numbered, students can immediately check their answer in the back of the book to assess their level of understanding. The complete solutions to these exercises can be found in the Student Solutions Manual. (See, for example, page 466, Example 7 in 10.1) a Cautions: Throughout the book, cautionary warnings are presented in very much the same way an instructor would warn students in class of commonly-made errors. These cauTion\ Cautions are indicated with an icon to help students prevent common misconceptions. (See, for example, page 495, Example 2 in 11.1) Definitions, key concepts, and important rules and formulas are clearly stated and displayed as a way to make the navigation of the book that much easier for the student. (See, for example, page 495, Definition of Derivative in 11.1) a Explore & Extend Activities, formerly called Mathematical Snapshots, are strategically placed at the end of the chapter to bring together multiple mathematical concepts studied in the previous sections within the context of a highly relevant and interesting application. These activities can be completed in or out of class either individually or within a group. (See, for example, page 574, in Chapter 12) a Review Material: Each chapter (except Chapter 0) has a review section that contains a list of important terms and symbols, a chapter summary, and numerous review problems. xiv Preface In addition, key examples are referenced along with each group of important terms and symbols. (See, for example, page 572, in Chapter 12) +, a Back-of-Book Answers: Answers to odd-numbered problems appear at the end of the book. For many of the differentiation problems, the answers appear in both “unsimplified” and “simplified” forms. (Of course “simplified” is in any event a subjective term when applied to mathematical expressions that tends to presuppose the nature of subsequent calculations with such expressions.) This allows students to readily check their work. (See, for example, page AN-22, in Answers for 11.4) a Markov Chains: In Section 9.3, on Markov Chains, we noticed that considerable simpli- fication to the problem of finding steady state vectors is obtained by writing state vectors as columns rather than rows. This does necessitate that a transition matrix T = [tj] have tj = probability that next state is i given that current state is j but avoids artificial trans- positions later. (See page 445) a Sign Charts: In Chapter 13 on Curve Sketching, the use of sign charts is greatly expanded as compared to other books. In particular, a sign chart for a first derivative is always accompanied by a further line interpreting the results for the function that is to be graphed. Thus, on an interval where we record “++” for f we also record “/” for f and on an interval where we record “—” for f we also record “\” for f.The resulting strings of such elements, say /\/, with further embellishments that we describe in the text, provide a very preliminary sketch of the curve in question. We freely acknowledge that this is a blackboard technique used by many instructors, but it appears too rarely in textbooks. (See, for example, page 578, first sign chart in Chapter 13) Examples and Exercises Most instructors and students will agree that the key to an effective textbook is in the quality and quantity of the examples and exercise sets. To that end, more than 850 examples are worked out in detail. Some of these examples include a strategy box designed to guide students through the general steps of the solution before the specific solution is obtained (See pages 639-640, 14.3 example 4). In addition, an abundant number of diagrams (almost 500) and exercises (more than 5000) are included. Of the exercises, approximately 20% have been either updated or written completely new. In each exercise set, grouped problems are given in increasing order of difficulty. In most exercise sets the problems progress from the basic mechanical drill-type to more interesting thought-provoking problems. The exercises labeled with a blue exercise number correlate to a “Now Work Problem N” statement and example in the section. Based on the feedback we have received from users of this text, the diversity of the applications provided in both the exercise sets and examples is truly an asset of this book. Many real-world type problems with accurate data are included. Students do not need to look hard to see how the math they are learning is applied to everyday or work-related situations. A great deal of effort has been put into producing a proper balance between ‘the drill-type exercises and the problems requiring the integration and application of the concepts learned. (see pages 125~126, Explore and Extend for Chapter 2; 172, Explore and Extend for Chapter 3; 787-788, Example 1 in 17.8 on Lines of Regression) Technology In order that students appreciate the value of current technology, optional graphing calculator material appears throughout the text both in the exposition and exercises. It appears for a variety of reasons: as a mathematical tool, to visualize a concept, as a computing aid, and to reinforce concepts. Although calculator displays for a TI-83 Plus accompany the corresponding technology discussion, our approach is general enough so that it can be sceswanpnontonvenoreanssanlieni Preface XV applied to other graphing calculators. In the exercise sets, graphing calculator problems are indicated by an icon. To provide flexibility for an instructor in planning assignments, these problems are typically placed at the end of an exercise set. Course Planning One of the obvious assets of this book is that a considerable number of courses can be served by it. Because instructors plan a course outline to serve the individual needs of a particular class and curriculum, we will not attempt to provide detailed sample outlines. The Table of Contents has now been divided into three parts to aid in course preparation but this does not designate any change in the flow from one chapter to the next. Part I: College Algebra includes Chapters 0Q—4 and includes core precalculus topics. Part I: Finite Mathematics covers Chapters 5—9 and has a wide variety of topics from which instructors can often pick and choose. Part II: Calculus is the topic of the remaining Chapters 10-17. Below are some additional notes to consider when creating a syllabus or outlining your course. a Two Semester Courses: Schools that have two academic terms per year tend to give business students a term devoted to Finite Mathematics and a term devoted to Calculus. For these schools we recommend Chapters 1 through 9 for the first course, starting wherever the preparation of the students allows, and Chapters 10 through 17 for the second—deleting most optional material. a Three Quarter or Three Semester Courses: For the first course, a program that allows three quarters of Mathematics for well-prepared Business students can start a first course with Chapter 1 and choose such topics as are of interest, up to and including Chapter 9. A second course on Differential Calculus will use Chapter 10 on Limits and Con- tinuity, followed by the three “differentiation chapters”, 11 through 13 inclusive. Here, Section 12.6 on Newton’s Method can be omitted without loss of continuity while some instructors may prefer to review Chapter 4 on Exponential and Logarithmic Functions prior to their study as differentiable functions. Finally, Chapters 14 through 17 inclusive could define a third course on Integral Calculus with an introduction to Multivariable Calculus. In an applied course it is well to stress the use of tables to find integrals and thus the techniques of “parts” and “partial fractions”, in 15.1 and 15.2 respectively, should be considered optional. Chapter 16 is certainly not needed for Chapter 17 and Section 15.7 on Improper Integrals can be safely omitted if Chapter 16.is not covered. Supplements a The Student Solutions Manual includes worked solutions for all odd-numbered prob- lems and all Apply It problems. ISBN 0-321-64530-8 | 978-0-321-64530-2 a The Jnstructor’s Solution Manual has worked solutions to all problems, including those in the Apply It exercises and in the Explore & Extend activities. It is downloadable from the Instructor’s Resource Center at www.pearsonhighered.com/irc. a TestGen®(www.pearsoned.com/testgen) enables instructors to build, edit, and print, and administer tests using a computerized bank of questions developed to cover all the objec- tives of the text. TestGen is algorithmically based, allowing instructors to create multiple but equivalent versions of the same question or test with the click of a button. Instructors can also modify test bank questions or add new questions. The software and testbank are available for download from Pearson Education’s online catalog and from the Instructor’s Resource Center at www.pearsonhighered.com/irc, xvi ——- Preface Acknowledgments We express our appreciation to the following colleagues who contributed comments and suggestions that were valuable to us in the evolution of this text (professors marked with an asterisk reviewed the thirteenth edition): E. Adibi, Chapman University R. M. Alliston, Pennsylvania State University R.A. Alo, University of Houston K. T. Andrews, Oakland University M.N. de Arce, University of Puerto Rico E. Barbut, University of Idaho G. R. Bates, Western Illinois University *S. Beck, Navarro College D. E. Bennett, Murray State University C. Bernett, Harper College A. Bishop, Western Illinois University P. Blau, Shawnee State University R. Blute, University of Ottawa S.A. Book, California State University A. Brink, St. Cloud State University R. Brown, York University R. W. Brown, University of Alaska 8. D. Bulman-Fleming, Wilfrid Laurier University D. Calvetti, National College D. Cameron, University of Akron K. S. Chung, Kapiolani Community College D.N. Clark, University of Georgia E. L. Cohen, University of Ottawa J. Dawson, Pennsylvania State University A. Dollins, Pennsylvania State University *T. J. Duda, Columbus State Community College G.A. Earles, St. Cloud State University B. H. Edwards, University of Florida J.R. Elliott, Wilfrid Laurier University J. Fitzpatrick, University of Texas at El Paso M. J. Flynn, Rhode Island Junior College G. J. Fuentes, University of Maine L. Gerber, St. John’s University T. G. Goedde, The University of Findlay S. K. Goel, Valdosta State University G. Goff, Oklahoma State University J. Goldman, DePaul University *E, Greenwood, Tarrant County College, Northwest Campus J. T. Gresser, Bowling Green State University L. Griff, Pennsylvania State University *R, Grinnell, University of Toronto at Scarborough FH. Hall, Pennsylvania State University . VE. Hanks, Western Kentucky University R. C. Heitmann, The University of Texas at Austin J. N. Henry, California State University W. U. Hodgson, West Chester State College B.C. Horne, Jr., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University J. Hradnansky, Pennsylvania State University P. Huneke, The Ohio State University C. Hurd, Pennsylvania State University J. A. Jiminez, Pennsylvania State University W. C. Jones, Western Kentucky University R. M. King, Gettysburg College M. M. Kostreva, University of Maine G. A. Kraus, Gannon University J. Kucera, Washington State University M. R. Latina, Rhode Island Junior College *L_N. Laughlin, University of Alaska, Fairbanks P. Lockwood-Cooke, West Texas A&M University J. F. Longman, Villanova University I. Marshak, Loyola University of Chicago D. Mason, Elmhurst College FB. Mayer, Mz. San Antonio College -P. MeDougle, University of Miami F. Miles, California State University E, Mohnike, Mr. San Antonio College C. Monk, University of Richmond R. A. Moreland, Texas Tech University J. G. Mortis, University of Wisconsin-Madison J.C. Moss, Paducah Community College D. Mullin, Pennsylvania State University E. Nelson, Pennsylvania State University S.A. Nett, Western Illinois University R. H. Oehmke, University of lowa Y. Y. Oh, Pennsylvania State University J. U. Overall, University of La Verne A. Panayides, William Patterson University D. Parker, University of Pacific N. B. Patterson, Pennsylvania State University V. Pedwaydon, Lawrence Technical University E. Pemberton, Wilfrid Laurier University M. Perkel, Wright State University D. B. Priest, Harding College J.R. Provencio, University of Texas L. R. Pulsinelli, Western Kentucky University M. Racine, University of Ottawa N. M. Rice, Queen’s University A. Santiago, University of Puerto Rico J. R. Schaefer, University of Wisconsin—Milwaukee *S. Sehgal, The Ohio State University W. H. Seybold, Jr., West Chester State College G. Shilling, The University of Texas at Arlington S. Singh, Pennsylvania State University L. Small, Los Angeles Pierce College E. Smet, Huron College . J. Stein, California State University, Long Beach M. Stoll, University of South Carolina T.S. Sullivan, Southern Hlinois University Edwardsville E.A. Terry, St. Joseph’s University A. Tierman, Saginaw Valley State University B. Toole, University of Maine J. W. Toole, University of Maine pe 4 Zl | / i: L i | é I i | - : : i |

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