Cauchy-Euler Equation:
The equation having same degree of independent variable and the derivative of dependent
variable, is known as Cauchy – Euler’s Equation.
dny d n 1 y dy
an x n n an 1 x n 1 n 1 ...... a1 x a0 y Q ..... (1)
dx dx dx
Where an , an 1 , ........ , a1 , a0 are constants and Q is a function of x.Eqn.(1) is the
differential equations with variable co-efficient. This equation can be reduced into a
linear differential equations with constant co-efficient by the transformation x e .
t
dt 1
x et t ln x
dx x
This equation can be reduced to a linear differential equation with constant co-efficient by the
transformation x e or t ln x
t
d d
D
If we write dx and dt
then xD ,
x 2 D 2 1
x 3 D 3 1 2
Example:
d2y dy
x2 2
7x 5y 9
I. dx dx
d3y 2
2 d y dy 5
x3 3
2 x 2
8 x 5 y 10 x
II. dx dx dx x
d2y dy
x 2
2
7 x 5 y x5
Example: Solve dx dx
Solution:
d
This is Cauchy Equation Put x e and let
t
dt
The equation becomes
( -1) 7 5 . y e5t
that implies
2 6 5 . y e5t
Its auxiliary equation is 6 5 0, -1, -5 So yc c1e c2 e c1 x c2 x
2 -t -5t -1 -5
1 1 1 5t 1 5 t 1 5
yp e 5t e te x
( 1)( 5) 6 10 60 60
1 5
y c1 x -1 c2 x -5 x
The general Solution is 60
Practice Problem:
d2y dy
x2 2
2 x 2 y x3
Solve dx dx
1
y c1 x c2 x 2 x 3
Answer: 2
Example:
d2y dy
x2 2
- 3x 5 y x 2 sin(ln x)
Solve dx dx
Solution:
d
Put x et and It , we then get
dt
( -1) - 3 5 y e2t sin t
( 2 - 4 5) y e 2t sin t
Auxiliary equation is 2 - 4 5 0
4 16 - 20 4 2i
2i
2 2
yc e 2t (c1Cost c2 sin t )
x 2 c1Cos (ln x ) c2 sin(ln x )
1 1
yp (e 2t sin t ) e 2t 2 (sin t )
( 2) 1
2
1
5 4 e 2t
e 2t sin t cos t 5sin t 4 cos t
41 41 41
x2
5sin(ln x) cos(ln x)
41
Example:
d2y dy
x 2
2
(2m 1) x (m 2 n 2 ) y n 2 x m ln x
Solve dx dx
Solution:
This is cauchy eq.ut x et , then the equation becomes
( 1) (2m 1) (m 2 n 2 ) n 2e mt t
Its auxiliary equation is 2 (2m 1) m 2 n 2 0
2 2m m 2 n 2 0 ( m) 2 n 2 m in
yc e mt (C1 cos nt C2 sin nt ) x m (C1Cos n ln x C2 sin n ln x)
n2 n2
2
yp te mt e mt 2 (t ) e mt t x m ln x
( m) n
2
n
2
Hence y x m C1 sin(ln x n ) C2 cos(ln x n ) ln x
Example:
dy 2 dy
4 x2 2
4 x 3 y sin{ln( x)}, x 0
Solve dx dx
Solution:
d
This is cauchy equation, put x et , Let
dt
4( 1) - 4 3 y sin{ln(-t )}
[4 2 8 3] sin{ln(t )}
Auxiliary equation is 4 2 8 3 0
8 64 48 84 3 1
8 8 2 2
3 3 1
1
Hence yc C1e 2t C2e C1 ( x)e 2 C2 ( x)e 2
2t
1
yp sin{ln(- x)}
3 1
( ) ( )
2 2
4 32 4 32
- sin t cos t - (- ln x) cos(- ln x)
65 65 65 65
y yc y p
d3y 2
2 d y 10
x3
3
2x 2
2 y 10 x
dx dx x
d
sol. This is cauchy eequation. Put x et , let
dt
We get ( 1) ( 2) 2 ( 1) 2 y 10et 10e t
3
2 2 y 10et 10e t
Auxiliary equation is 3 2 2 0
By guess -1
1 -1 0 2
-1 1 - 2 2 0.
0 -1 2 2
2 2 2 0
[ 2 3 2 2 2 2 2] y 10et 10e t
[ 3 2 2] y 10et 10e t
Auxiliary equation is 3 2 2 0
d2y dy
4 x2 2
12 16 y 32 x 2
dx dx
d
This is now couchy equation. Put x et , let
dt
We get 4( 1) 12 16 . y 32e 2t
2
4 4 . y 8e 2t
Auxiliary equation is 2 4 4 0 2.2
thus yc e 2t (c1 c 2 t ) x 2 c1 c2 ln x
2
1 1
x c1 c2 ln x
2 2
2
1 t
2
yp 8e 2t 2 8e 2t 4t 2e 2t
2 2
2 2
1 1
4(ln x ) x 4 x ln x
2 2
2 2
2
2 2x 1
2 x 1 ln
2
This can be written as :
x D
2 2
2 xD 6 y 10 x 2
d
This is cauchy equation. Put x e t . let
dt
[( 1) 2 6] y 10e [ 6] y 10e 2t
2t 2
Auxiliary equation is 2 6 0 2, 3
yc c1e 2t c1e 3t c1 x 2 c2 x 3
1 1
yp (102t ) 10t e 2t 2te 2t 2 x 2 ln x
( 2)( 3) 5
Thus y c1 x 2 c2 x 3 2 x 2 ln x .................(1)
y (1) 1 gives 1 c1 c2 .................(2)
1
y 2C1 x 3C2 x 4 2 x 2 . 2 x ln x
x
y(1) 6 gives 6 2C1 3C2 2[1]
2C1 3C2 8 0 ..................(3)
(2) and (3) simply C1 C2 1 0
2C1 3C2 8 0
C1 C2 1
C1 1 , C2 2
5 10 5
Put in (1) y x 2 2 x 3 2 x 2 ln x.
x 2 y 2 xy 2 y x ln x : y (1) 1, y (1) 0
we write [ x 2 D 2 2 xD 2] y x ln x
d
This is cauchy equation. Put x te t , let
dt
We get [( 1) 2 2] y tet
[ 2 3 2] y tet
Auxiliary equation is 2 3 2 0 1.2
Thus yc C1et C2et 2 C1 x C2 x 2
1 1 1
yp (tet ) et t et 2 t
( 1)( 2) ( 1)
1 t2 1 1
et t et tet x ln x
2 2 2
1
Hence y C1 x C2 x 2 x ln x .....................(1)
2
y (1) 1 1 C1 C2 ......................(2)
1 1
y C1 2C2 x ( x ln x)
2 x
1
C1 2C2 x (1 ln x)
2
1
y(1) 0 C1 2C2 2C1 4C2 1 0 .................(3)
2
(2) and (3) give C1 C2 1 0
2C1 4C2 1 0
C1 C2 1 3 1
C1 , C2
3 1 2 2 2
3 1 1
Put in (1) y x x 2 x ln x
2 2 2
x 3 y 2 x 2 y 2 xy y 15cos(2 ln x)
y (1) 2, y(1) 3, y(1) 0
Equation is [ x 3 D 3 2 x 2 D 2 xD 1] y 15Cos (2 ln x)
d
This Is Cauchy Equation. Put x xt , let
dt
We get [( 1)( 2) 2 1 1] y 15Cox 2t
[ 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 1] y 15Cos 2t
[ 3 2 1] y 15Cos 2t
Auxiliary Equation Is 3 2 1 0
2 1 1 1 0 1 2 1 0
1 i
yc C1et e0t (C2Cos t C2 sin t )
C1 x C2Cos (ln x) C3 sin(ln x)
1
yp 15Cos 2t
1 2 1
C os 2t 2 s in 2t
C os(2 ln x) 2 s in(2 ln x)
Hence y C1 x C2C os(ln x) C3 sin(ln x ) Cos (2 ln x) 2sin(2 ln x) ....(1)
y (1) 2 2 C1 C2 1 C1 C2 ....(2)
1 1 2 2
y ' C1 C2 ( sin ln x) C3Cos(ln x) sin(2 ln x) ( ) 2Cos(2 ln x)( )
x x x x
y ' 3 3 C1 C3 4 C1 C3 1 ....(3)
d sin(ln x) d Cos (ln x) d sin(2 ln x)
y '' C2 C3 2
dx x dx x dx x
d Cos 2(ln x)
4
dx x
1
x cos(ln x) x sin(ln x).1
C2
x2
1
x. sin(ln x) x cos(ln x)
C3
x2
2
x cos(2 ln x). x sin(2l n x ).1
2
x2
2
x. sin(2 ln x) x cos(ln x).1
4
x2
y '' 0 C2 [0] C3[ 1] 2[0] 4[1]
0 C2 C3 2 4 ....(4)
C2 C3 2 0
From (3) C3 1 C1
Put in (4) C2 1 C1 2 0 C1 C2 1 0 ....(5)
(2) and (5) give C1 C2 1 0
C1 C2 1 0
add 2C2 2 C2 1 then C1 0, C3 1
Put in (1) y Cos (ln x) sin(ln x) cos 2(ln x) 2sin 2(ln x)
