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Internal Combustion Engines: Parameters and Characteristics (L02)

The document provides information about parameters and characteristics of internal combustion engines, including: - Engine operation parameters such as displacement, stroke to bore ratio, compression ratio, engine volume, piston speed, combustion chamber surface area. - Work, power, and torque calculations including indicated work, mean effective pressure, indicated power, and torque. - Air/fuel mixture parameters like fuel/air ratio, air/fuel ratio, equivalence ratio. - Engine efficiency definitions such as combustion efficiency, indicated efficiency, fuel conversion efficiency, and mechanical efficiency.

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Shizza Mian
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50 views30 pages

Internal Combustion Engines: Parameters and Characteristics (L02)

The document provides information about parameters and characteristics of internal combustion engines, including: - Engine operation parameters such as displacement, stroke to bore ratio, compression ratio, engine volume, piston speed, combustion chamber surface area. - Work, power, and torque calculations including indicated work, mean effective pressure, indicated power, and torque. - Air/fuel mixture parameters like fuel/air ratio, air/fuel ratio, equivalence ratio. - Engine efficiency definitions such as combustion efficiency, indicated efficiency, fuel conversion efficiency, and mechanical efficiency.

Uploaded by

Shizza Mian
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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The Campaign for McMaster University

The Campaign for McMaster University

Internal Combustion Engines

Parameters and Characteristics (L02)

Dr. Fengjun Yan

Office:ITB-161
Email: [email protected]

September 11, 2019


Engine Operation Parameters

Engine displacement:
Volume displaced by the piston as
it travels from BDC to TDC

Vd = VBDC − VTDC

1 2
Vd =  b S
4
S = 2R

Ved = Vd  n
Engine Operation Parameters

Stroke bore ratio:

S
Rsb =
b
Engine Operation Parameters
Compression ratio:

Vc + Vd
r=
Vc
Engine Operation Parameters

Engine volume:
 b2
V ( ) = Vc +
4
( L + R − s ( ) ) S

s ( ) = R cos  + ( L − R sin  )
2 2 2 1/2

 =  =0
Instantaneous piston speed:
 
ds  R cos  
Sp = = RN  sin  1 +
dt  ( L2 − R 2 sin 2  ) 
1/2

 
Engine Operation Parameters

The mean piston speed is defined as

S p = 2 NS

Typical Values: 5 – 15 m/sec S


Engine Operation Parameters

Combustion chamber surface area:

A = Ah + Ap +  b ( L + R − s )

S
Work, Power, and Torque

Work on Piston:

W =  F dx =  pAp dx

W =  p dV

S
Work, Power, and Torque
Work on Piston:
The indicated work per cycle can be gotten through by
cylinder pressure Vs. cylinder volume integration as:

Wi ,net =  p dV Wi , gross =  p dV
comp , comb

pumping work.
Work, Power, and Torque
Work on Piston:

Wi ,net = Wi , gross + Wi , pump

pumping work is negative


Work, Power, and Torque
Work on Piston:

Indicated Work (means net indicated work in general):


• Work done by Gases on Piston
• Area in a P-V diagram

Gross Indicated Work:


• Work done during compression and combustion strokes

Net Indicated Work:


• Work done during all the four strokes

Pumping Indicated Work :


• Work don during exhaust and intake
• Negative for Natural Aspirated Engines
• Positive for Supercharged and Turbo Charged Engines
Work, Power, and Torque
Work:
Friction Work (converted to heat): Wf
• Losses due to friction & parasitics:
Friction losses due to Piston, Rods, Crankshaft

• Parasitic Losses required to drive:


Water Pump
Alternator
Air Conditioner
Cam Shaft

Brake Work:
• Work available at Flywheel after friction losses:

Wb = Wi ,net − W f
Work, Power, and Torque
Mean Effective Pressure
mep = W / Vd

mep is the average pressure when


exerted over the stroke would produce
the same work as the varying pressure.
imep pmep

imepgross fmep
imepnet
bmep
Work, Power, and Torque

“Indicated” refers to the something can be generated directly


through a device or indicator and usually contains the “brake”
portion and the friction portion.

“Brake” normally refers to the usable portion of a specific term.


Work, Power, and Torque

Indicated power:

Wi N
Pi =
X
X means that there are X revolutions per cycle.
X=2 in the four-stroke engine; X=1 in the two-stroke engine

net indicated power or gross indicated power

Pump power (loss)


Friction power (loss)
Brake power
Units : 1 kW = 1.341 hp
Work, Power, and Torque
Torque: T

Pb = ( bmep ) Vd N / X

X means that there are X revolutions per cycle.


Work, Power, and Torque
Dynamometer (Dyno):

To measure the engine torque and power

Fluid Dynamometers
• Water pump absorbing energy forces water through
small orifices – Throttling Process

Eddy Current Dynamometers


• Generator with internal dissipation of internally
generated currents

Electric Dynamometer
• Motor-Generator with accurate control of load or rpm
and torque power required or absorbed
Air/Fuel mixture

Fuel/Air Ratio:

Fuel /Air = m fuel / mair = m fuel / mair


Air/Fuel Ratio:

Air / Fuel = mair / m fuel = mair / m fuel

Stoichiometric F: The fuel air ratio at complete combustion

Equivalence Ratio: Actual fuel air to Stoichiometric fuel air


ratio F
Fuel / Air
=
F
“Specific”
Specific means “density” or “…per…”

Indicated
Specific work: Brake
w =W / m Specific

m is mass of gases in cylinder

Specific fuel consumption:


Fuel flow per unit power

sfc = m f / P
Brake specific fuel consumption:
bsfc = m f / Pb
“Specific”

Indicated Specific fuel consumption:

isfc = m f / Pi
insfc:
indicated net specific fuel consumption

igsfc:
indicated gross specific fuel consumption

fsfc:
friction specific fuel consumption

psfc:
pumping specific fuel consumption
“Specific”

bsfc:
“Specific”

bsfc:
“Specific”

bsfc:
“Specific”

bsfc:
“Specific”

Specific Emissions:

Emissions (mass) per unit brake power (kw)

SENOx = mNOx / Pb

SECO = mCO / Pb
SEHC = mHC / Pb

SEPM = mPM / Pb
Efficiency

Engine Efficiencies:

Combustion Efficiency:

Q
hc = »1
m f QLHV
Indicated (Thermal) Efficiency:
P
i =
Q
Fuel Conversion Efficiency:

 f = ci
Efficiency

Engine Efficiencies:

Engine Mechanical Efficiency:


Pb isfc
m = =
Pi bsfc
Efficiency
Efficiency
Maximum speed/power

Maximum (rated) speed

Maximum (rated) power

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