JNV DHILWAN,barnala

Investigatory project
biology
Session – 2021-22
Topic – dna fingerprinting
Submitted To:- submitted by:-
Mrs. Kusum rani KeshavkumaR

(p.g.t.biology) (12A)658
 JNV DHILWAN,barnala
DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that KESHAV KUMAR current of

Class XII has sincerely completed the research on
the entitled project of DNA FINGERPRINTING
under the guidance of MRS KUSUM RANI during
the year 2021-22 in partial fulfillment of biology
Practical Examination conducted by CBSE, Delhi.

CERTIFIEDBY:
MRS. KUSUM RANI
 DECLARATION
I the undersigned solemnly declare that the project report ''DNA
FINGERPRINTING'' is based on my original piece of
research work conducted during the academic year 2021-22
under the supervision of MRS KUSUM RANI of the faculty of
JNV DHILWAN, BARNALA.
In instances where references to other works have been cited,
full acknowledgment has been given.

STUDENT'S NAME:

KESHAV KUMAR
...................... ……………….

SIGNATURE DATE

SUPERVISOR'S NAME:

MRS. KUSUM RANI

...................... ……………….
SIGNATURE DATE
Acknowledgement
First and foremost, credits and thanks to God, the Almighty, for His showers
of blessings throughout my research work to complete the exploration
successfully.
I would like to express my deep and sincere gratitude to my biology teacher
Mrs. KUSUM RANI for allowing me to do research and providing
invaluable guidance throughout this project. Her dynamism, vision, sincerity,
and motivation have deeply inspired me. she has taught me the methodology
to carry out the analysis and to present the report as clearly as possible. It was
a great privilege and honor to work and study under her guidance. I am
extremely grateful for what she has offered me. I would also like to thank her
for her friendship, empathy, and a great sense of humor.

I am extremely grateful to my parents for their Love, prayers, caring and

sacrifices for educating and preparing me for my future. Any attempt at any
level can't be satisfactorily completed without the support and guidance of
my parents. I would like to thank my PARENTS who helped me a lot in
gathering different information, accumulating data, and supervising me from
time to time in making this project, despite their busy schedules, they gave
me different ideas for making this project unique.
I would like to say thanks to my friends for their constant encouragement and
motivation for the completion of this project.
Taking everything into consideration, I am being overwhelmed in all
humbleness and gratefulness to acknowledge my depth to all those who have
helped me to put these ideas, well above the level of simplicity and into
something concrete.
 Index
INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................. 7
HISTORY .............................................................................................................................................. 8
WHAT IS DNA FINGERPRINTING? ………………………….………………………………………9

DNA FINGERPRINTING STEPS………………………………………..……………………….……10

STAGES OF DNA FINGERPRINTING………………………………………………………...…..…11

APPLICATIONS OF DNA FINGERPRINTING…………………………...……………………...….13

UTILIZING BLOOD-TYPING IN PATERNITY TESTS……………………..………………..……14

DNA FINGERPRINTING AND FARMING…………………………...…………………………...…15

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INTRODUCTION
DNA profiling (also called DNA
fingerprinting) is the process of determining
anindividual's DNA characteristics. DNA
analysis intended to identify a species, rather
than an individual, is called DNA barcoding.

DNA profiling is a forensic technique

in criminal investigations, comparing criminal
suspects' profiles to DNA evidence so as to
assess the likelihood of their involvement in the
crime.[1] It is also used in parentage testing, to
establish immigration eligibility, and
in genealogical and medical research. DNA
profiling has also been used in the study of
animal and plant populations in the fields of
zoology, botany, and agriculture.
 HISTORY
DNA fingerprinting has become an important part of society in many
different ways. It has allowed us to help to prove innocence or guilt in
criminal cases, to help figure out immigration arguments and help clarify
the fathers of children. This is all possible because of the work and
research that Professor Sir Alec Jeffery’s did at the University of
Leicester.

Professor Sir Alec Jeffery’s started his work in Amsterdam with Dick
Flavell, working on how to find single copies of human genes. In 1977,
Professor Jeffery’s transferred and moved to Leicester. Professor
Jeffery’s then focused his research on tandem repeat DNA, although in
the beginning it was hard to locate this section in the human genome.

Currently, Professor Jeffery’s is analyzing recombination of hotspots..

He is also looking at the implications of recombination of genes that are
linked to diseases like thalassemia and diabetes.

The potential for improving DNA fingerprinting technology and

developing it further was in mind because two to three months later, the
messy and grubby first picture of DNA fingerprinting became cleaner
and refined in order to show cleaner and clearer patterns in the DNA.
Through this discovery, a whole new world opened up for forensic
investigations, paternity, as well as immigration disputes and clarifying
family relationships because of Professor Jeffery’s and the discovery of
DNA Fingerprinting.
 What is dna
fingerprinting?
DNA fingerprinting is a laboratory technique used to establish a
link between biological evidence and a suspect in a criminal
investigation. A DNA sample taken from a crime scene is
compared with a DNA sample from a suspect. If the two DNA
profiles are a match, then the evidence came from that suspect.
Conversely, if the two DNA profiles do not match, then the
evidence cannot have come from the suspect. DNA
fingerprinting is also used to establish paternity.
There are various methods for analyzing DNA to establish if two
samples are the same or different. This is sometimes referred to
as DNA fingerprinting. For example, two cloned pieces of DNA
can be studied in the laboratory to determine if they have
portions in common, and thus overlap with one another. In a
different setting, such as a crime scene, DNA samples can be
collected and analyzed to determine if they match DNA samples
obtained from suspects of that crime. If two DNA samples have
the same fingerprint, then there is a very high statistical
likelihood that they came from the same person. Such an
approach can also be used to establish paternity.
 DNA FINGERPRINTING
STEPS
Alec Jeffreys developed this technique in which he used satellite
DNAs also called VNTRs (Variable Number of Tandem
Repeats) as a probe because it showed the high level of
polymorphism.
Following are the steps involved in DNA fingerprinting:
Isolating the DNA.
↓
Digesting the DNA with the help of restriction endonuclease
enzymes.
↓
Separating the digested fragments as per the fragment size by
the process of electrophoresis.
↓
Blotting the separated fragments onto synthetic membranes like
nylon.
↓
Hybridizing the fragments using labelled VNTR probes.
↓
Analyzing the hybrid fragments using autoradiography.
 STAGES of dNa
fingerprinting
Sample collection, DNA extraction, absorption or intensification
and investigation results are significant advances

Stage 1: Sample Collection

DNA can be acquired from any bodily sample or liquid. Buccal smear,
salivation, blood, amniotic liquid, chorionic villi, skin, hair, body liquid,
and different tissues are significant kinds of samples utilized.

Stage 2: DNA Extraction

We need to initially get DNA.
To play out any genetic applications, DNA extraction is one of the most
significant advances. Great quality and amount of DNA expands the
conceivable outcomes of getting better outcomes.
You can utilize both of DNA extraction strategy enrolled beneath,
1. Phenol-chloroform DNA extraction strategy
2. CTAB DNA extraction strategy
3. Proteinase K DNA extraction strategy
In any case, we emphatically prescribe utilizing a ready to go DNA
extraction unit for DNA fingerprinting.
The immaculateness and amount of DNA ought to be ~1.80 and 100ng,
individually to play out the DNA test. Filter the DNA utilizing the DNA
sanitization unit, if necessary.
From that point onward, measure the DNA utilizing the
UV-Visible spectrophotometer.

Stage 3: Restriction Absorption,

Enhancement or DNA Sequencing
Three regular strategies are utilized:
1. RFLP based STR investigation
2. PCR based investigation
3. Real-time PCR investigation

Stage 4: Analysis of Results

As we examined, utilizing the southern blotting, agarose
gel electrophoresis, narrow electrophoresis, ongoing
intensification, and DNA sequencing, the outcomes for
different DNA profiling can be gotten in which rt-PCR
and sequencing are much of the use in forensic science.

Stage 5: Interpreting Results

By looking at DNA profiles of different examples,
varieties and likenesses between people can be
distinguished. Outstandingly, the whole procedure is
presently nearly automatic. We don't need to anything, the
computer gives us conclusive outcomes.
 APPLICATIONS OF DNA
FINGERPRINTING
Utilizing the DNA fingerprinting strategy, the natural personality of an
individual can be uncovered. For approving one's character, there is no
other preferable alternative over DNA fingerprinting.
Gravely harmed dead bodies can be distinguished.
It is utilized to detect maternal cell contamination.
One of the significant downsides of pre-birth determination is maternal
cell tainting. The amniotic liquid or CVS test contains the maternal
DNA or maternal tissue, once in a while.
Contamination expands the opportunity of false-positive outcomes,
particularly on account of carrier recognition.
Utilizing VNTRs and STRs markers with PCR-gel electrophoresis,
maternal cell tainting can be recognized during pregnancy hereditary
testing.
One of the most significant uses of the current strategy is in the crime
scene examination and criminal check.
The example is gathered from the crime site which could be salivation,
blood, hair follicle, or semen. DNA is removed and investigated against
the suspect, utilizing the two markers we clarified previously. By
coordinating DNA band designs criminal's connected to wrongdoing can
be built up.
 UTILIZING BLOOD-
TYPING IN
PATERNITY TESTS
The procedure of DNA fingerprinting was
created by Alec Jeffreys in 1984, and it
originally opened up for paternity testing in
1988. Before this kind of DNA investigation
was accessible, blood classifications were
the most widely recognized calculation
considered human paternity testing. Blood
bunches are a mainstream case of Mendelian
hereditary qualities at work. All things
considered, there are various human blood
bunches with numerous alleles, and these
alleles display a scope of predominance
designs.
 DNA
FINGERPRINTING
AND FARMING
A few DNA minisatellite tests have yielded piece profiles
that show up valuable for plant reproducing work. These
part profiles show no variety when vegetative spread
material is broken down. So also, examples got through
self-inbreeding species show indistinguishable profiles.
Interestingly, hereditary recombination in cross-
pollinating species brings about exceptionally factor,
normally singular explicit piece profiles. Along these
lines various cultivars can be recognized, as additionally
can genotypes of wild species in characteristic populaces.
These piece profiles can likewise be used in parentage
examination, as has just been led in rice and apples, in
this way empowering us to explain the source of
deficiently recorded cultivars. Also, evaluations of
hereditary variety dependent on similitude lists
determined from section profiles show a nearby
relationship with known degrees of hereditary relatedness.
REFERENCES:-
Materials and methods that allow fingerprint
analysis and DNA profiling from the same latent
evidence - Forensic Science International:
Genetics Supplement Series
(fsigeneticssup.com)
History - DNA FINGERPRINTING (weebly.com)
DNA Fingerprinting - Definition, Steps, Process,
Strategies and Applications (vedantu.com)
DNA Fingerprinting - Steps And Applications
(byjus.com)
DNA-fingerprinting-3-1.jpg (443×332)
(eyogguroo.com)
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