 Transferselectric power from one circuit

to another without a change of frequency.

 It accomplishes this by electromagnetic

induction where the two electric circuits
are in mutual inductive influence of each
other.
 The physical basis of
transformer between two
circuits linked by a
common magnetic flux.

 It consists of two
inductive coils which are
electrically separated
but magnetically linked
through a path of low
reluctance.
 SimpleElements of
a Transformer

 Two coils having

mutual inductance
 Laminated steel
core
 Two types of Transformer
 Core-type
 Shell-type
 Spiral-core or wound-core type
 Core-type (L-type)
 The windings surround a considerable
part of the core
 Does not heat up easily
 Bulky
 Shell-type (E-I core)
 The core surrounds a considerable
portion of the winding
 Heat up easily
 Compact
  8
E AVE  N  10 Volts
t
Where:
 Eave = average induced emf in coil
 N = number of turns in coil
 t = time for flux to reach its maximum value
 Φ = flux density in maxwells; weber- drop 10 ‾ ⁸
 
E AVE  N  108 Volts
1
4f
E AVE  4 fN    10 8
Volts
 Sincefor a sine wave, the effective voltage E
is equal to 1.11 times the average voltage
Eave,

E  1.11 Eave
 4.44 fN   10 Volts
8
 Primary Induced Voltages

Ep  4.44 fNp   10 Volts 8

 Secondary Induced Voltages

Es  4.44 fNs   10 Volts 8

Where: Np = number of primary turns

Ns = number of secondary turns
The 2300 volt primary winding of a 60 cycle
transformer has 4800 turns. Calculate (a) the
mutual flux, (b) the number of turns in the
230 volt secondary winding.
The maximum flux in the core of a 60 cycle
transformer that has 1230 primary turns and
46 secondary turns is 3.76x10⁶ maxwells.
Calculate the primary and secondary induced
voltages.
A single phase transformer has 400 primary and
1000 secondary turns. The net cross-sectional
area of the core is 60 cm². If the primary
winding be connected to a 50 Hz supply at
520 V, calculate (a) the maximum value of
the flux density in the core in Wb/m² (b) the
voltage induced in the secondary winding.
 The primary and secondary induced voltages
are related to each other by the ratio of the
number of primary and secondary turns.

Ep  4.44 fNp   10 Volts 8

Es  4.44 fNs   10 Volts

8

E p Np

ES NS
The volts per turn in a 25 cycle 2400/230 volt
transformer is 8. Calculate (a) the primary
and secondary turns, (b) the maximum flux
in the core.
Since transformer is stationary, it is extremely
efficient because the only losses are those
that occur in the copper windings and those
iron losses.
Ep  Ip  PFp  Es  Is  PFs
Ep  Ip  Es  Is
Ep IS Np IS
 
ES IP NS IP
The primary and secondary currents of a
transformer were measured and found to be
3.8 and 152 A, respectively. If the secondary
load voltage is 116 V, what is the primary
voltage?
The turn ratio, induced-voltage ratio and the
current ratio is called the ratio of
transformation, and is represented by the
symbol a .

Ep Np IS
a  
ES NS IP
 Step –down transformer
 When the primary voltage is reduced to a lower
secondary voltage
 a >1
 2300/230 volt transformer

 Step-up transformer
 When the primary voltage is raised.
 a <1
 13200/66000 volt transformer
 2 2
Ep Es

Zp Zs
Ep 2 Es 2

rp  jxp rs  jxs

rs Ep  jxs Ep  rp Es  jxp Es
2 2 2 2
Real to real Imaginary to imaginary
rs Ep  rp Es
2 2
jxs Ep  jxp Es
2 2

Ep 2 rp Ep 2 x p
2
 2

Es rs Es xs
2 2
 Ep  rp  Ep  xp
     
 Es  rs  Es  xs
rp xp
a 
2
a 
2
rs xs
 Referred to the primary side

Vp  Ip    Zeqpz  aVs0

  Referred to the primary side
Vapplied  Vdrop  Vload
   
Vp  Ip  θ rp  a 2 rs  j xp  a 2 xs  aVs0

Vp  Ip    Reqp  jXeqp   aVs0

Vp  Ip    Zeqpz  aVs0

  Referred to the secondary side

Vp  aIs    Zeqsz  aVs0

  Referred to the secondary side
Vapplied  Vdrop  Vload
Vp  rp   xp 
 Is  θ  rs  2   j  xs  2   Vs0
a  a   a 
 Is    Reqs  jXeqs   Vs0
Vp
a
Vp
 Is    Zeqsz  Vs0
a
Vp  aIs    Zeqsz  aVs0
  Unity power factor

Vp  Ip0 Zeqpz  aVs0

Vp  Ip0 Reqp0  Ip0 Xeqp90  aVs0

Vp  aVs  IpReqp 
2
 IpXeqp 
2
  Lagging power factor

Vp  Ip    Zeqpz  aVs0

Vp  Ip    Reqp0  Ip    Xeqp90  aVs0

Vp  aVscos  IpReqp  2
 aVssin   IpXeqp 
2
  Leading power factor

Vp  Ip  Zeqpz  aVs0

Vp  Ip  Reqp0  Ip  Xeqp90  aVs0

Vp  aVscos  IpReqp  2
 aVssin   IpXeqp 
2
 VNL - VFL
Voltage Regulation  100
VFL

Where: VNL= VP
VF = Vrated
A 25 kVA 2300/230 volt distribution
transformer has the following resistance and
leakage-reactance values: rp = 0.8 ohm, xp =
3.2 ohms, rs = 0.009 ohm, xs = 0.03 ohm.
Calculate the equivalent values of
resistance, reactance, and impedance in (a)
in primary side, (b) in secondary side.
 Calculate the equivalent resistance and
reactance drops for a secondary load current
of 109 A: (a) in primary side, (b) in secondary
side.
 Calculatethe percent regulation: (a) for
unity power factor, (b) for a lagging power
factor of 0.8, (c) for a leading factor of
0.866.
A 10 kVA, 2400/240 V single-phase transformer
has the following resistances and reactances.
Find the primary voltage required to produce
240 V at the secondary terminals at full load
when the power factor is 0.8 lagging.

rp = 3 Ω
xp = 15 Ω
rs = 0.03 Ω
xs = 0.15 Ω
Given: 1-10 kVA transformer
2400/240 V
rp=3.66 Ω xp=3.66 Ω
rs=0.0282 Ω xs=0.0413 Ω
Find: (a) Reqp (g) V.R. at 0.8 pf lagging
(b) Xeqp (h) V.R. at unity pf
(c) Zeqp (i) V.R. at 0.8 pf leading
(d) Reqs
(e) Xeqs
(f) Zeqs
 Core Loss
▪ It is the constant loss.

Pcore loss  Physteresis loss  Peddy current loss

Pc  Ph  Pe
Pc  khf 1.6
 kef 
2 2

Where:
kh = proportionality constant that depends upon the
volume of the core
ke = proportionality constant that depends upon the
thickness of lamination, resistivity of steel
f = frequency
β = flux density available
 Hysteresis Loss Ph  khf 1.6

 Purely magnetic
 Results due to the tiny magnetic particles that
produces a kind of molecular friction as they
tend to change alignment with the rapid
reversals of alternating current
 Eddy-current loss Pe  kef 
2 2

 Electromagnetic in character
 Caused by the flow of currents in the iron in
exactly the same way as in the transformer
windings.
From
E  4.44 fN   10 8

Therefore,
E  10 8
   A 
4.44 fN
 108  E
   
 4.44 NA  f
E
 k
f
Substituting the value of the flux density:

Pc  khf 1.6  kef 2  2

1.6 2
E 2  E
 khfk   kef k  
 f   f 
1.6
E
 k 1 0.6  k 2 E 2

f
A 110 V, 30 cps distribution transformer was
tested at its core loss was found to be 480 W.
of the 480 W, 360 W was due to hysteresis
loss. If the applied voltage and frequency are
doubled, what will be its core loss assuming
that there has no considerable changes in
flux.
 Voltage ratings must be known.
1. From the circuit shown, the variac should
be set to its minimum output value
2. Adjust the output of the variac until the
reading of the voltmeter is equal to the
rated voltage of the low side.
3. Take the readings of the meters.
Poc  _________
Core loss of the transformer

Voc  _________
Ioc  _________
 Copper Loss
 Variable Loss

Pcu  Ip rp  Is rs
2 2

 Ip Reqp
2

 Is Reqs
2
 kVA
ratings and voltage ratings must be
known.
1. From the circuit shown, the variac should
be set to its minimum output value
2. Adjust the output of the variac until the
reading of the ammeter is equal to the
rated current of the high side.
3. Take the readings of the meters.
Psc  _________
Copper loss of the transformer

Vsc  _________
Isc  _________
 From the short-circuit test,

Psc
Reqp  2
Isc
Vsc
Zeqp 
Isc
Xeqp  Zeqp  Reqp
2 2
 Poutput
E  100
Pinput
Poutput
  100
Poutput  Ptotal losses
Poutput
  100
Pout  Pc  Pcu
Given: 1-10 kVA transformer
2400/240 V
Reqp = 6.48 ohms
Xeqp = 9.37 ohms
Pc = 120 W
Find:
a. E at H.L. w/ 0.8 pf
b. E at F.L. w/ 0.8 pf
c. E w/ 25% O.L. w/ 0.8 pf
 Poutput
E 100
Pinput
EpIpcosp
E 100
EpIpcosp  Pc  Ip Reqp
2

let k  Epcosp
kIp
E  100
kIp  Pc  Ip Reqp
2
dE (kIp  Pc  Ip 2 Reqp)(k) - (kIp)(k  0  2IpReqp)
 0
dIp (kIp  Pc  Ip Reqp)
2 2

k 2 Ip  kPc  kIp 2 Reqp  k 2 Ip  2kIp 2 Reqp  0

kPc  kIp Reqp2

Pc  Ip Reqp
2

Pc  Pcu

Maximum efficiency occurs when Pc = Pcu

 Since, to have a maximum efficiency, Pc =
Pcu,

Poutput max
E  100
Pinput
Pout max
  100
Pout max  2Pc
 Pcu  Pc
Is Reqs  Pc
2

Pc
Is 
Reqs
 Multiplying Vs/1000 at both sides,

VsIs Vs IFL Pc
  
1000 1000 IFL Reqs
VsIs VsIFL Pc
 
1000 1000 IFL2 Reqs
Pc
kVAmax  kVAR
Pcu
Given: 50 kVA, 4600/230 V
O.C.T.: Voc = 230 V, Poc = 285 W
S.C.T.: Vsc = 150 V, Psc = 615 W, Isc = 10.87 A

Find:
a. kVAmax at 0.84 pf
b. Maximum efficiency
 Percent Impedance
IpZeqp IsZeqs
%Z  100  100
Vp Vs
 Percent Reactance
IpXeqp IsXeqs
%X  100  100
Vp Vs
 Percent Resistance
IpReqp IsReqs
%R  100  100
Vp Vs
Where:
Ip = rated primary current
Vp = rated primary voltage
Is = rated secondary current
Vs = rated secondary voltage
%Z = percent impedance
Zeqp = equivalent impedance referred to the primary side
Zeqs = equivalent impedance referred to the secondary side
%X = percent reactance
Xeqp = equivalent reactance referred to the primary side
Xeqs = equivalent impedance referred to the secondary side
%R = percent resistance
Reqp = equivalent resistance referred to the primary side
Reqs = equivalent resistance referred to the secondary side
A 500 kVA, 13200/2400 V, 60 Hz single-phase
transformer has 4% reactance and 1%
resistance. The leakage reactance and
resistance of the low voltage winding are
0.25 ohm and 0.055 ohm respectively. The
core loss is 2000 W.
a. Find the leakage reactance and resistance
of the high voltage winding.
b. Calculate the efficiency of this transformer
at full load and with 80% power factor.
c. What will be the maximum efficiency with
the same power factor?
It is the ratio of the energy delivered
by the transformer in a 24-hr period
to the energy input in the same
period of time.
 Poutput in 24 hrs
A.D.E.  100
Pout in 24 hrs  Pc in 24 hrs  Pcu in 24 hrs
W  hr
 100
W  hr
Poutput in 24 hrs   (Pout  t )
Poutput in 24 hrs   (size of load )(VA rating)(t)
Pc in 24 hrs  (Pc)(24)
Pcu in 24 hrs   (size of load ) (PcuFL)(t)
2
A 5 kVA, 2300/230, 60 cycle standard
distribution transformer was tested with the
following results: short-circuit test input =
113 W, open-cicuit test input = 40 W. If this
transformer operates with the following
loads: 1 ½ times rated kVA, pf = 0.8, 1 hr; 1
¼ times rated kVA, pf = 0.8, 2 hrs; rated kVA,
pf = 0.9, 3 hrs; ½ times rated kVA, pf = 1, 6
hrs; ¼ times rated kVA, pf = 1, 8 hrs; no
load, 4 hrs. Calculate its all-day efficiency.
It is generally used in low power applications
where a variable voltage is required. The
autotransformer is a special type of power
transformer. It consists of only one winding.
By tapping or connecting at certain points
along the winding, different voltages can be
obtained.
Step-down Autotransformer Step-up Autotransformer
 Power
transformed

I2 N2 1
 
I1 N1 a

Power
Pinput  V1I1
conducted

 1 
a
V1 N1
 Ptransformed  P 1 
input 
 a 
V2 N2 

Pconducted  Pinput - Ptransformed

An autotransformer of given physical
dimensions can handle much more load
power than an equivalent two-winding
transformer.
An autotransformer is to be used to supply a
load of 80 A at 160 V from a 220 V line. If the
transformer is ideal, determine (a) the turns
ratio between the series and the common
windings, (b) current of the series winding,
(c) power conducted to the load, (d) kVA
rating as an ordinary two winding
transformer, (e) kVA rating as an
autotransformer.