Term –I Physics Practicals

Experiment-1
Aim: To determine resistivity of two wires by plotting a graph between potential difference versus current.
Apparatus: Battery eliminator, plug key, two resistance wires, rheostat, voltmeter, ammeter, connecting wires.
Theory: Ohm’s law states that at constant temperature, the current flowing through a conductor is directly
proportional to p.d across the conductor.
𝒗
Resistance R = where V= p.d I= current
𝑰
𝑹𝑨
Resistivity ρ = where A = Area of the wire and l= length of the wire.
𝒍
Circuit Diagram:
Connection diagram for doing practical

Observations and Calculations

Least Count of the voltmeter = __V
Least Count of the Ammeter =___A
(i) To find the resistance of the wire
For wire-A
Sl Ammeter reading Voltmeter reading Resistance R =V/I
No I [in ampere] V [in volts] [in ohm]
1 0.2 R1=
2 0.4 R2=
3 0.6 R3=
𝑅1+𝑅2+𝑅3
Mean resistance of the wire-A = RA = = ___________ = ___Ω
3
 For wire-B
Sl Ammeter reading Voltmeter reading Resistance R =V/I
No I [in ampere] V [in volts] [in ohm]
1 0.2 R1=
2 0.4 R2=
3 0.6 R3=

𝑅1+𝑅2+𝑅3
Mean resistance of the wire-B = RB = = ___________ = ___Ω
3

(ii) To determine the diameter of the wire

Least count of the screw gauge = 0.01mm
Zero error ,e = ___div
Zero correction,Z = -e = ____div = ___mm

P.S.R(mm) C.S.D CSR=CSDxL.C Corrected CSR= Diameter

CSR+Z P.S.R+[C.S.R+Z]
Wire-A 0 D1=
0 D2=
𝑫𝟏+𝑫𝟐 DA=
Mean diameter of wire-A =
𝟐
Wire-B 0 D3=
0 D4=
𝑫𝟑+𝑫𝟒 DB=
Mean diameter of wire-B =
𝟐
𝜋𝑑2
Area of the wire-A = 𝜋𝑟 2 = =____m2 [
convert diameter from mm to m by multiplying it with 10-3m]
4

𝜋𝑑2
Area of the wire- B = 𝜋𝑟 2 = =____m2
4
Resistance from the V-I graphs

ΔV
Resistance R=
Δ𝐼

Resistance of the wire-A from graph ,RA= ____ohm

Resistance of the wire-B from graph, RB = ____ohm
(iii) To find resistivity of the material
Length of the wire-A, l1 = ___cm = ___x10-2m
Length of the wire-B, l2 = ___cm = ___x10-2m
𝑹𝑨
Resistivity of the material of the wire-A =ρA = 𝒍
= _______=_______Ωm
𝑹𝑨
Resistivity of the material of the wire-B =ρB = 𝒍
= _______=_______Ωm
Result
(i)Resistivity of the material of the wire-A =_______Ωm
(ii)Resistivity of the material of the wire-B =_______Ωm
Sources of errors
(i) Connections may be loose.
(ii) Ends of the wires may not be clean.
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Experiment-2
Aim:
To find resistance of a given wire / standard resistor using metre bridge.

Apparatus:
Meter bridge,resistance box, Resistance wire, Battery, Jockey, Resistance box,Connecting wires, Plug key,
galvanometer.

Theory:
𝑃 𝑅
If P,Q,R,S are four resistance forming a balanced wheatstone bridge, then = .
𝑄 𝑆

If l is the balancing length for unknown resistance X, then X l

Similarly known resistance R (100-l)
𝑋 𝑙
According to wheatstone bridge condition, =
𝑅 100−𝑙
𝑅𝑙
Unknown resistance X=
100−𝑙
Circuit Diagram

Connection diagram
Observations and Calculations:
Sl Resistance R Balancing length AJ, Length BJ Unknown resistance
No in Ω l (cm) 100-l (cm) X=
𝑅𝑙
Ω
100−𝑙
1 X1=
2 X2=
3 X3=

𝑋1+𝑋2+𝑋3
Mean unknown resistance X = = _______= ____ Ω
3

Result:
The resistance of the given wire using meterbridge = ____ohm

Sources of Errors:
(i) The instrument screws may be loose.
(ii) The plugs may not be clean.
Experiment- 3
Aim : To compare the EMF of two given primary cells using potentiometer.
Apparatus: A battery eliminator, Leclanche cell, Daniel cell, rheostat, galvanometer, potentiometer,
jockey and two-way key and a key.
Theory: According to the principle of potentiometer, when a steady current flows through a wire of
uniform thickness, potential difference between any two points on it is directly proportional to length of the
wire between the points.
ie EMF balancing length l
EMF of Leclanche cell EL l1
EMF of Daniel cell ED l2
Hence ratio of emfs = EL/ED = l1/l2
Circuit diagram
Connection diagram
 Observations and calculations
EMF of Leclanche cell EL = 1.5V
EMF of Daniel cell ED = 1.08V

s.no Balancing length l1 (cm) Balancing length l2 (cm) EL l1


(LECLANCHE CELL) (DANIEL CELL) ED l2
1 2 Mean l1 1 2 Mean l2
cm cm
1 Eg: 725.6 725.8 725.7 523.4 523.2 523.3 1.387

Results:
The ratio of emf’s of the two given cells,EL/ED = __[Approximately 1.3]___.
Sources of error:
(i)Connections may be loose.
(ii) Jockey shouldn’t have pressed gently on the potentiometer wire.

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 Experiment- 4
Aim:
To determine resistance of a galvanometer by half-deflection method and to find its figure of merit.
Apparatus
Galvanometer, Battery eliminator, two Resistance boxes[1-10000ohms & 1-200ohms], connecting wires, two plug
keys.

Theory
The resistance of the galvanometer by half deflection method is given by
𝑅𝑆
G=
𝑅−𝑆
Where R =Resistance connected in series with the galvanometer.
S = Shunt resistance.
𝐸 1
Figure of merit of the galvanometer k=
𝑅+𝐺 𝜃

where 𝜃 is the deflection produced with resistance R

Circuit diagram
To find the resistance of the galvanometer

To find figure of merit

Connection diagram

To find the resistance of galvanometer To find figure of merit

Observations and calculations
(i) To find the resistance of the galvanometer
Sl Resistance Deflection in the Shunt resistance S Galvanometer resistance
No R galvanometer in ohm 𝑅𝑆
G=
𝑅−𝑆
in ohm θ in ohm

1 Eg 28
2 26
3 24
Mean G = ____ohm

(ii) To find the figure of merit of the galvanometer.

Sl No Emf of the cell Resistance from the resistance Deflection in the Figure of merit
in Volt box R in ohm galvanometer 𝐸 1
k=
𝑅+𝐺 𝜃
𝜃
[in amp/div]
1 2 Eg: 12000
2 2 10000
3 2 8000
Mean figure of merit, k = ___ amp/div
 Results:
1. The resistance of the galvanometer G= 0hm
2. The figure of merit of the galvanometer k = amp/division

Sources of error:
1. The plugs of resistance boxes may not be clean
2.The ends of the wires may not be clean.

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