MATHEMATICS (T) SEMESTER 1

“Good start determines the result at the end” LEARNING MODULE

Matrix is a set of numbers arranged in row and column in a rectangular array.

Column, n
↓
a b
Row, m →
c d [ ]
Order of matrix = m× n
Note:
i. Elements inside the rectangular array known as entries.

Type of matrices:
i. Null or zero matrix
 all entries are zero
Example:
0 0 0
0 0
[ ]
0 0
2 ×2 null matrix
[ ]
0 0 0
0 0 0
3 ×3 null matrix

ii. Square matrix

 Row, m = Column, n
Example:
2 −3 1
1 0
[ ]
2 3
2 ×2 square matrix
[
1 0 −2
0 3 0
3 ×3 square matrix
]
iii. Row matrix
 Matrix that have only one row matrix
Example:
[ 1 2] [ 3 0 −4 ]
1 ×2 row matrix 1 ×3 row matrix

iv. Column matrix

 Matrix that have only one column
Example:
1
3
4 []
2 ×1 column matrix
0
5 []
3 ×1 column matrix

v. Diagonal matrix
 A square matrix where all entries / elements are zero except all the elements on the
major diagonal.
Example:
2 0 0
1 0
[ ]
0 3 [
0 −1 0
0 0 3 ]
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vi. Identity matrix, I

 Diagonal matrix in which all the elements on the major diagonal are 1.
 Denote by I.
Example:
1 0 0
I=
1 0
[ ]
0 1
I= 0 1 0
0 0 1 [ ]
vii. Symmetric matrix
 Square matrix which major diagonal is the axis of symmetry.
Example:
−2 1 −3
1 3
[ ]
3 2 [
1 0 0
−3 0 4 ]
viii. Triangular matrix
 Square matrix where all the entries below or above the major diagonal is zeros.
Example:
a) Lower triangular matrix (all zero above the major diagonal)
4 0 0
4 0
[ ]
2 1 [ ]
2 1 0
5 3 8

b) Upper triangular matrix (all zero below the major diagonal)

1 5 6
2 1
[ ]
0 3 [ ]
0 2 3
0 0 4

ix. Transpose of a matrix

 Written as AT
 Row and column interchanged
Example:
3 1 2 3 2 7

[ ]
A= 2 5 6 →
7 4 9
AT = 1 5 4
2 6 9 [ ]
EQUALITY OF MATRICES
Matrix A = Matrix B if
i. The order is the same (m=n)
ii. Corresponding entries are the same

Example:
Find the values of all the unknowns for which the given equations are true.
a) [ 1 3 ]= [ a b ] 2 a b 4
b) [ ][
=
0 −1 c −1 ]
Chapter 3: MATRICES 2
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“Good start determines the result at the end” LEARNING MODULE

c) [ 3 x0− y 2
][
3 y−x
=
7 2
0 11 ] d) [ 2−x4 3
2y
4
][
2
=
6 3−z 4
2−4 w −8 2 ]
OPERATIONS ON MATRICES
Addition and Subtraction of Matrices
Condition: Both matrices having the same order
Commutative laws : A+ B=B+ A
Associative laws : ( A+ B ) +C= A+(B+ C)

Example:
Find the values of a, b, c and d for the following equations.
2a 1 8 b 3 −2 3 −2 2a b 8 1
a) [
c 4 2 d
+ ][ ][
=
5 6 ] b) [
5 6
− ][
−c d
=
2 4 ][ ]

b
c)
[ ][
3 =
2c 6
a2+2 a 5 + 4 −3
3 d 2 3 ][ ]

Multiplication of a Matrix by a Scalar

If k is a scalar and A is a matrix, then
k × A=kA (multiplying every entry by k)
a b
[ ]
If A=
c d
, then

k a b = ka kb
[ ][ ]
c d kc kd
Example:
2 5 7 −2 0 4 1 6 5
[ ] [
Given that A=
8 1 4
, B=
10 6 3 ]
and C= [
0 −2 9 ]
. Find 3 A +2 B−4 C.

Chapter 3: MATRICES 3
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Multiplication of Matrices
A B
a×b c ×d

For the multiplication of A × B to be happen, b=c and the order of the product is a × d.
Example:
2 3 1 2 −3
Compute the product of AB and BA given A=
1 4 [ ]
and B= [
2 4 2 ]
.

Example:
1 2 3 1
If A= [ ]
2 3
and B=
0 4 [ ]
, compute AB and BA. Determine whether AB=BA?

Example:
1 3 2 3 −4 0
If A= [ 2 −1 ] [ ]
, B=
4 0
and C=
2 5 [ ]
, find ( AB)C and A(BC ). Determine whether
( AB ) C= A( BC ).

Chapter 3: MATRICES 4
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Properties of Matrix Operation

i. A+ B=B+ A (Commutative law)
ii. A+ ( B+C )=( A +B)+C (Associative law)
iii. A ( B +C ) =AB+ AC (Distributive law)
2
iv. A = AA
v. A2 A= A A 2=AAA
Characteristic of Identity Matrix, I
If A is any square matrix and I is an identity matrix with the same order as A, then
AI =IA =A
Example:
2 0 1 0
Given A= [ −1 3 ] and I = [ ]
0 1
, compute A2−3 A+ 2 I and ( A−I )( A−2 I ). Determine
whether A2−3 A+ 2 I =( A−I )( A−2 I ).

Example:
2 1 0
Given P= [−3
−2 2 ]
, I =[
0 1]
and 0= [ 00 00], find the value of α such that
P2 + P+αI =0. Deduce that P3=3 P−2 I and find P3.

Chapter 3: MATRICES 5
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INVERSE MATRIX
Recalling the technique in inversing a matrix in modern math (Form 5)
a b
Let’s say A= [ ]
c d
Hence,
1 d −b
A−1= [ ]
ad−bc −c a
where ad−bc is the determinant of A.
| A|=ad −bc and | A| is only exists if | A|≠ 0.
Matrix that does not has inverse is known as singular matrix.

Elementary Row Operations (E.R.O)

Before performing elementary row operations, matrix A need to be written as augmented
matrix
a b1 0
[c d0 1 ]
Note:
3 basic elementary operations
i. Interchange any two rows
Example:

ii. Multiply all the entries of a row by a scalar

Example:

iii. Multiply all the entries of a row by a scalar and add the product to another row
Example:

Example:

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Given A= [−64 −12 ], find A −1

by using elementary row operations.

Example:
−5 7
Given M =
2 −3[ ]
, find M −1 by using elementary row operations.

To perform elementary row operations involving 3 ×3 matrix, there is a proper order that
need to be follow to perform E.R.O.
a b c

[ ]
d e f
g h i
Example: Example:
2 −1 1 1 −1 1

[
Given P= 1 0 1 , find P .
3 −1 4 ] −1
Given A= 0
2 [ ]
2 −1 , find A−1.
3 0

Chapter 3: MATRICES 7
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“Good start determines the result at the end” LEARNING MODULE

Example:
2 −1 0

[ ]
Given M = 0 1 1 , find M −1.
1 0 1

Inverse of a matrix can be also determined using

1
A−1= adj A
| A|
Steps involve:
i. Find the determinant A, | A|
ii. Determine the minors and cofactors of every entries.
iii. Find adj A
Chapter 3: MATRICES 8
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“Good start determines the result at the end” LEARNING MODULE

iv. Find A−1

STEP 1
Determine the determinant A, | A| of 3 ×3 matrix.
a 11 a12 a13
Let say A=
[
a21 a22 a23
a31 a32 a33
a 22 a23 a
] a a a
det A=a 11
|[ ]| |[
a 32 a33 ]| |[
−a12 21 23 + a13 21 22
a31 a 33 a31 a32 ]|
det A=a 11 (a 22 a33−a23 a 32)−a 12 (a21 a33 −a23 a31)+a13 (a 21 a32−a22 a 31)
Example:
1 2 3
Find the determinant of matrix A, given A= 4 5 6
[7 8 −1 ]
Example:
4 x 1
Given A= −1
[ ]
2 0 , find the value of x if matrix A is a singular matrix.
−1 1 1

Example:
3 2 5

[ ]
Given A= 1 0 −3 , find det A and det A T . Conclude det A and det A T .
−1 4 5

Chapter 3: MATRICES 9
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Example:
Given A= [ 21 34] and B=[−35 07 ], find AB. Hence, conclude det A, det B and det AB.

Properties of determinant
i. det A=det A T
ii. det AB =det A × det B
iii. If two rows / columns interchanged, the sign of the determinant is changed.
a1 a 2 a3 b 1 b 2 b3

|[ ]| |[ ]|
b1 b 2 b3
c 1 c2 c 3
Example:
=− a 1 a 2 a3
c 1 c2 c 3

1 2 −1 1 2 −1

[ ] [ ]
Let say A= 0 1 3 and B= 1 0 2 , find det A and det B.
1 0 2 0 1 3

iv. If two rows / columns are identical, the value of the determinant is zero.
a1 a 2 a3

|[ ]|
a1 a 2 a3 =0
b1 b 2 b3

Chapter 3: MATRICES 10
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Example:
1 1 −1

[ ]
Given A= 2 2 0 , find det A.
3 3 2

v. A common factor of any row / column is the factor of the determinant.

ka1 k a2 ka 3 a1 a2 a 3

|[ c1
Example:
c2 c3 ]| |[
b 1 b 2 b3 =k b1 b2 b 3
c 1 c 2 c3 ]|
1 0 −1

[
Determine the value of determinant of 2 −1 3 .
4 8 12 ]

vi. If every entry in a row / column is 0, then determinant is zero.

0 0 0

|[ ]|
a1 a 2 a3 =0
b1 b 2 b3
Example:
−1 2 0

[ ]
Given A= 2 −2 0 , find det A.
4 3 0

STEP 2
Determine the minors and cofactors of every entries.
Minor
Determinant of the matrix that remains after deleting the row and column
Cofactor
Position of positive and negative in row and column

Chapter 3: MATRICES 11
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¿ ¿
For 3 ×3 matrix,
Minor and cofactor of 3 ×3 matrix can be determined in this way:
a 11 a12 a13

[
Let say A= a21 a22 a23
a31 a32 a33 ]

Example:
4 1 8

[ ]
Given A= 1 −2 5 , find the minors and cofactors of every entries.
2 −3 −4

Chapter 3: MATRICES 12
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STEP 3
Find adj A.
adj A=¿ ¿
Example:
1 4 5

[ ]
Given A= −4 0 2 , find the minors and cofactors of all the entries. Hence, determine the
8 0 3
adjoint matrix of matrix A.

STEP 4
Find A−1
1
A−1= adj A
| A|
Example: Example:
2 0 6 1 2 5

[ ]
Given A= 3 1 5 , find A−1.
−1 4 0 [ ]
Given B= 3 5 9 , find B−1.
1 1 −2

Chapter 3: MATRICES 13
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“Good start determines the result at the end” LEARNING MODULE

Example: Example:
3 2 0 2 2 0

[
0 2 1 ]
Given C= −4 0 4 , find C−1. Given A= 3

3 −1 −1
[
−5 −1 4
7 −4 and
]
B .
−1
[
B= 1 1
4 −1 1 ]
1 , find AB. Hence, deduce

Properties of Inverse Matrix

i. A is only invertible if and only if det A ≠ 0.
ii. If A and B are invertible, then
a. AB is invertible.
b. ( AB )−1=B−1 A−1 but ( AB )−1 ≠ A−1 B−1
iii. If A is an invertible, then
a. A−1 is invertible and ( A¿¿−1)−1= A ¿
b. An is invertible and ( A¿¿ n)−1 ¿=( A¿¿−1)n ¿ for n=0 , 1, 2 , …
c. AT is invertible and ( A¿¿ T )−1 ¿=( A¿¿−1)T ¿
d. AA−1= A−1 A=I , I = identity matrix.

SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATION

Solutions

Intersection Parallel Coincident

i. One point of intersection i. i.NoInfinite points
point of of intersection
intersection
ii.Chapter
Consistent
3: MATRICES ii.ii.Inconsistent
Consistent 14
iii. A unique solution iii.iii.NoInfinite no of solution
solution

Diagram: Diagram:
Diagram:
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“Good start determines the result at the end” LEARNING MODULE

Method of Solution for System of Linear Equation

i. Method of Inverse Matrix
Example:
Solve the following simultaneous equation.
x +2 y +5 z=1
3 x+ 5 y + 9 z =0
x + y−2 z=1

Example:
Solve the following simultaneous equation.
x + y + z=12
y +2 z=10
2 x+ y + z =16

Example:
Solve the following simultaneous equation.
x− y + z=−2

Chapter 3: MATRICES 15
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−2 x+3 y +2 z=0
3 x−3 y +2 z =1

Example:
Solve the following simultaneous equation.
2 x+ y −3 z=1
3 x− y−4 z=7
5 x+ 2 y −6 z=5

ii. Gaussian Elimination method

Example:
Using Gaussian elimination method, solve the simultaneous equation.
2 x−2 y+ z =3

Chapter 3: MATRICES 16
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3 x+ y−z=7
x−3 y +2 z=0

Example:
Solve the following equation using Gaussian elimination method.
x +2 y −3 z=−1
−3 x+ y−2 z=−7
5 x+ 3 y −4 z =2

Example:
Solve the following equation using Gaussian elimination method.
3 x+ 6 y−9 z=15
−2 x−3 y+ 4 z=−6
2 x+ 4 y−6 z =10

Chapter 3: MATRICES 17
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Problem solving involving matrix

2 3 4 −10 4 9

hence deduce A .
−1
[ ] [
The matrices A and B are given by A= 4 3 1 and B= 15 −4 −14 . Find AB and
1 2 4 −5 1 6 ]
Three students went to bookshop to buy ball point pens, ring files and marker pens. The item
bought and amount spent are shown in the following table.
Students No of ball No of ring files No of marker Amount paid
point pens pens (RM)
Eve 2 3 4 11
Lia 4 3 1 10
Jun 1 2 4 8
The prices of a ball point pen, a ring file and a marker pen are RM x, RM y and RM z
respectively. Write down a system of linear equation based on the information given.
Rewrite the equation in matrix form and solve the values of x, y and z.

Chapter 3: MATRICES 18
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Example:
A system of linear equation is given by
x−3 y=2
ax +bz=−1
ay + z=−1
a) Write the augmented matrix for the above system of linear equations and show that it may
be reduced to
1 −3 0 2
(0 a 1
0 0 3−b 2 a−2 | )
−1

b) Determine the values of a and b such that the system has indefinitely many solutions and
find the general solution.

Chapter 3: MATRICES 19
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“Good start determines the result at the end” LEARNING MODULE

Example:
A system of linear equation is given by
x + y−z=1
x +2 y −kz=0
x−ky −z=1
a) Write the matrix equation for the above system of linear equations. Show that the
augmented matrix for the above system of linear equations and show that it may be
reduced to
1 1 −1 1

(0 1 1−k −1
| )
0 0 k 2−1 k +1
b) Find the set values of k for which this system of linear equations has a unique solution.
c) Solve this system of linear equations when k =2
d) Determine the value of k for which this system of linear equations
i. is inconsistent.
ii. has infinitely many solutions and find the general solution.

Chapter 3: MATRICES 20