Electrical Installation and Maintenance NC II

Topics:
Basic Electricity
Conductors and Insulators
Kinds and Sources of Electricity
Sources of Electrical Power
Properties of Electricity
Ohm’s Law
What is Electricity?
 Electricity is a phenomenon which is known more by
its effects. You can only see, feel, or hear its effect
because it can produce heat, light, sound and is able to
cause mechanical movements of things in a certain place
or from one place to another.
It may be considered as a safe servant if it is treated
with care and handled properly. However it may pose as
danger and may be harmful if used or handled carelessly.
 Scientifically, electricity is defined as a basic form of energy
that is a property of a certain fundamental particles of matter known
as protons and electrons.

Protons are the positively charged particles of matter, while

electrons are the negatively charged particles.

Electricity is the movement or flow of electrons in a conductor.

 Great persons who involved in the
discovery of electricity:

1760- Benjamin Franklin, An American scientist, proved that

atmospheric electricity and static electricity are the same.

1800- Alessandro Volta, An Italian Professor, discovered the voltaic

file by means of stocking zinc plate (-) and silver plate (+).

1819- Hans Christian Oestered, A Danish Physicist proved in an

experiment that current electricity can produced a magnetic field.

1831 - Michael Faraday, An English scientist discovered the first

electric generator.
1831 - Samuel Morse, developed the telegraph.

1868 - George de Clanche, developed the first practical dry cell.

1878 - Charles Brush, invented the arc lamp

1879 - Thomas Alba Edison, perfected the first electric bulb

 CONDUCTORS AND INSULATORS
 Conductor – An object or substance which conducts electric
current. Conductors are where electrons easily move from one atom
to another, in other words, conductors are materials with very low
resistance, and thus it easily permits the flow of current.
METALS are good conductors of electricity.
 Insulator – An object or substance that resists the flow of electric
current through it. Are materials which does not allow electrons to
flow through it.
NON – METALS are usually non – conductors of electricity and are
used as insulators.
 KINDS OF ELECTRICITY

 Static Electricity – It is electricity that is not in motion or

electricity at rest. It is usually generated by means of
friction.

 Dynamic or Current Electricity – It is electricity in

motion. It can be transmitted through a conductor from
one place to another by means of a potential difference.
 SOURCES OF ELECTRICITY
1. Mechanically generated electricity
 Motors and dynamo
 Rotary magnetic machines
 Water – powered machines (hydroelectric power)
 Geothermal power
 Generator engines

2. Chemically generated electricity

 Electric cells
 SOURCES OF ELECTRICAL POWER
 AC (Alternating Current) Source – common household
convenience outlet where appliances are plugged or an
electrical transformer.

 DC (Direct Current) Source – Cells, batteries, power adaptors.

2 classifications of battery
1. Primary battery – Type of battery that cannot be recharge.
2. Secondary battery – Type of battery that can be recharge.
 PROPERTIES OF ELECTRICITY
1. Current – is the intensity of the flow of electrons in a
conductor.
2. Voltage – is the electromotive force (EMF) that enables or
pushes the electrons to flow in a conductor toward a
certain direction.
3. Resistance – it is the force that opposes the flow of
electrons.
4. Power – it is the total measure of electrical energy
consumed in a circuit.
 Ohm’s Law
By: Sean Jevon B. Mendoza

Electrical Installation and Maintenance NC II

 Unit of Proponent or
Quantity Symbols Used Sign
Measurement Discoverer

Current Ampere
I A Andre Ampere

Alessandro
Voltage E Volt V
Volta

Ω George Simoun
Resistance R Ohm
Ohm

Power P Watt W James Watt

 OHM’S LAW
 George Simoun Ohm, a German physicist discovered that
voltage, current, and resistance in a circuit have
definite relationship with one another.

Current is directly proportional to voltage and

inversely proportional to resistance.
1. Current (I) is directly proportional to Voltage (E)
- An increase in voltage will result to an increase in
current.

2. Current (I) is inversely proportional to Resistance (R)

- An increase in resistance will result to a decrease in
current.
The magic circle in deriving the ohm’s law formula in
finding the missing quantity
Ohm’s Law can be expressed in the following
formula:
To compute for VOLTAGE:
Volts = Ampere x Ohm
or
E=IxR

Where:
E = Voltage in volts
I = Current in amperes
R = Resistance in ohms
1.
Current ( I ) – 20
Resistance ( R ) – 12
Voltage ( E ) - ?

2.
Current ( I ) – 30
Resistance ( R ) – 7.67
Voltage ( E ) - ?
To compute for RESISTANCE:
Ohms = Volts / Amperes
or
R=E/I

1. 2.
Resistance ( R ) = ? Resistance ( R) = ?
Voltage ( E ) = 220 Voltage ( E ) = 240
Current ( I ) = 25 Current ( I ) = 22
To compute for CURRENT:
Ampere = Volts / Ohms
or
I=E/R

1. 2.
Current ( I ) = ? Current ( I ) = ?
Voltage ( E ) = 12 Voltage ( E ) = 230
Resistance ( R ) = 5 Resistance ( R ) = 4.17
Total power in a circuit can be computed using the PIE
formula magic circle. If two quantities are given or
present, the missing quantity can be solved by simply
deriving the formula.
To compute for POWER:
Watts = Amperes x Volts
or
P=IxE

To compute for CURRENT

Amperes = Watts / Volts
or
I=P/E

To compute for VOLTAGE

Volts = Watts / Amperes
or
E=P/I
 Ohm's law wheel

You'll notice that is has an added section (P) for Power and the letter V has been
used instead of the letter E for voltage.
 Computation of all Quantities
Resistance in Series
 When two or more resistors are connected in series, the total resistance is
The sum of all the resistance in the circuit.
Resistance in Parallel
 The resistance in parallel circuit is the reciprocal of the sum of the reciprocals of
the all branches.
 The total resistance is always lower than the lowest value in the circuit once the
resistance decreases.
Voltage in Series
 The voltage in series circuit is the sum of all individual voltage drops of the
loads
Voltage in Parallel
 The voltage in parallel circuit is always equal to the voltage drop in each load.
Current in Series
 The current flowing in a series circuit is the same or constant.
Current in Parallel
 The current flowing in parallel circuit is distributed in every branch. The total
current is the sum of the currents of each branch.
Power in Series
 The total power in series circuit is the sum of the individual power
consumption of each load in the circuit.
Power in Parallel
 The total power consumed in the parallel circuit is the sum of all the power
consumed by each branch.