ARC MAGMATISM STUDIES IN

EARLY STAGE MINERAL

EXPLORATION

Udi Hartono

Geological Agency
Center for Geological Survey
INTRODUCTION

What ?

Why ?

How ?
 What ?
O N
T I
UC
Magmatic origin

O D Mineral deposit formation

(MDF)

TR
&
IN
Magma source/ sources
Some arcs are fertile
And some are baren
Processes
 Why ?

 Research on MDF & Improved method of finding them

N
I O
 Most of MDF studies were focused on systems and types

T
of deposits, rare on magma origin relation to MDF

C
D U
 Some arcs are fertile and some are barren, and there is
not a single correlation between MDF and one geological

O
phenomenon

TR
 Indononesia has at least 15 arcs, 8 known MDF,

IN
7 probably prospect
 How ?

Literature studies N
I O
Own studies

CT
DU
O
Phenomena relationship

R
T
IN
GEOLOGY, TECTONICS
MAGMATISM
SUBDUCTION ZONE MAGMATISM
 SUBDUCTION ZONE MAGMATISM

6
64
2 LEUCITIC

SHOSHONITIC

Sunda-Banda
4

K2O Andean HIGH-K

2
MED-K

MarIana

LOW-K

40 50 60 70
SiO2
 SUBDUCTION ZONE MAGMATISM

Source/ Sources

 Subducted oceanic crusts

(Green & Ringwood, ’68 s/d N E
Nicholls, ’74). Z O Increasing K

K-h relationship
O N M
T I
(Hatherton & Dickinson, ’69).
IS
C
Objections (Varne, Foden,
U M T
D G
Edward et al.; Stolz et al.).
B A
High-Al basalts S
U M
(Brophy & Marsh ’86; Myers
et al., ’86; Johnstone ’86).
Objections (Crawford et al.)
 SUBDUCTION ZONE MAGMATISM

Source/ Sources
 Mantle wedge
(most petrologists;
Foden & Green, 1992;
N E
McCulloh & Gamble,’91
Eggins, ’93; Z O
Sisson and Bronto, 1998)
O N M
T I IS
U C M T
 High-Mg magmas
BD A G
S U
(Crawford et al., ’81; M H2O + I E

Tatsumi & Ishiszaki, ‘82

Yogodzinkski et al., ’94;
Hartono, ’97)
 SUBDUCTION ZONE MAGMATISM

Source/ Sources

 Adakite phenomena
(Defant & Drummon, ’91;
Peacock et al., ’94;
Cosky et al., 2005)
CRUSTAL CONTAMINATION

(Hartono, 1997)
BONINITE ORIGIN

Crawford et al. (1981)

 HIGH-Mg MAGMA ORIGIN

MAGMATIC SYSTEMS IN
SOUTH KALIMANTAN (Hartono, 2003)

UPPER CRETACEOUS

Har uyan
Volc anics

Im bric a t ed
Sundaland Conti nent
(Meratu s)
• The pooling Cretaceous basaltic
Oc eani c and
Co ntine ntal Origi n
Paternoster
magma during 62.5 – 57.5 my at
about 30 km depth reacts with
upper mantle peridotite producing
LATE L.PALEOCENE - LATE L.EOCENE
high-Mg calc-alkali magma
H ar uyan
• Hornblende produced in equilibrium
Volcanics

crystallization condition
Sundaland Continent
(Meratus) Paternoster Ol + Cpx + melt = Hb
P ound ing
M a gm a

MID EOCENE - MIOCENE

Te r tiar y dy ke s,
Shor t- lived
H ydr ot her m al
Syst em
sub volcanics
vo lca nics
Andesite 52.5 - 19.5 my
Sund alan dContinent
Paternoster
7 – 17 km depth
( Meratu s)
 MAGMATISM
AND
MINERALIZATION
(Carlile & Mitchel, 1994)
 Location Type of Rock Petrogenesis Related to Geology/
Deposits Association Mineralization Processes Tectonics

Central Giant Miocene Early subduction resulted in calc- Shallow

Andean porphyry “normal” c- alkaline andesitic magma. Amphbl subduction,
(22OS – copper a andesitic crystallization. thickened crust.
33OS) rocks Continuous subduction, low angle,
thickened, changing residual
mineralogy from amphbl to garnet-
Kay & bearing.
Mpodozis
(1999) Mineralization occur when amphibole
breakdown to produce fluid.

Los Porphyry Late A garnet-amphibole magmatic source. Low-angle, slow

Pelambres, copper Miocene The deposits were formed when both down subduction.
Central Adakite shallowing of the subduction angle and Crustal
Chile crustal thickening occurred. thickening.
(Reich et
al., 2003).
 Location Type of Rock Petrogenesis Related to Geology/
Deposits Association Mineralization Processes Tectonics

Chuquicama Huge Late Eocene – Adakite produced by fast, oblique flat Fast, oblique
ta, porphyry Early subdcution. Absence of volcanicsm, under convergence, flat
Northern copper Oligocene compressional condition, prevented the subduction.
Chile deposits adakite
escape of SiO2 from adakite, S-rich, highly Absence of volcanism
oxidezed magma (“closed porphyry during compression
(Oyarzun et system”), which allowed formation of huge
al., 2001). mineral deposits

Lomas Small Paleocene – Coeval volcanic activity during formation of Coeval volcanism
Bayas, Porphyry Early Eocene calc-alkaline porphyries allowed during mineral deposit
Northern copper normal calc-
development of “open system”, hence to formation.
Chile alkaline
outgassing, resulted in small mineral
deposits
(Oyarzun et
al., 2001)
Location Type of Rock Petrogenesis Related to Geology/
Deposits Association Mineralization Processes Tectonics

a. LMR
a. No minerali- adakite • Mantle-derived magma interacts with a. Tectonic
Ecuador zation base of the crust, evolved as MASH compression
producing an adakite-type magma. following
Under this condition magma ascent to subduction, LMR
the surface may be restricted to
magma pounded at
overpressured magmas that would
the mantle-crust
erupt violently without significant
residence in upper crustal magma interface yielding
chamber. This scenario is unfavorable adakite-type
for porphyry-Cu and epithermal signatures
mineralization.

b. Porph b. ELM b. AFC process at shallow crustal levels

copper and normal calc-
(< 20 km). The tectonic history allow b. Transpressional
(Chiaradia epithermal alkaline
et al., 2004) the ELM magma ascent continuously tectonic ± extension.
to shallow crustal levels.
Kay & Mpodozis (1999)
Solubility Au-sulphide is low,
Needs some conditions to have high grade deposits

 Long-lived hydrothermal system

 The deposit is localized

Long-lived hydrothermal system might be maintained

 The ELM Equador calc-alkaline rocks;

Magmatic origin :AFC process in shallow magma chamber,

continuously magma ascent from the source to magma
chamber

 The Kelian deposits;

Magmatic origin : Mixing between Tertiary Kelian magma

with OIB source magma allows to have long-lived
hydrothermal systems
MAGMATIC SYSTEMS IN KELIAN GOLD DEPOSITS (Hartono, 2003)
Long-lived hydrothermal system may not be maintained

 The LMR Equador Adakite :

Magmatic origin : evolved in the base of the crust

similar to MASH, under tectonic compression. Magma
ascent violently, no magma chamber

 The Tertiary South Kalimantan magma :

Magmatic origin : derived from Cretaceous magma,

ponded at the lower crust. No input new magma, caused
caused a short-lived hydrothermal system
 MAGMATIC SYSTEMS IN
SOUTH KALIMANTAN (Hartono, 2003)

UPPER CRETACEOUS Short-lived hydrothermal system

Har uyan
Volc anics

Sundaland Conti nent

(Meratu s)

• The pooling Cretaceous basaltic

Im bric a t ed
Oc eani c and Paternoster
Co ntine ntal Origi n

magma during 62.5 – 57.5 my at

about 30 km depth reacts with
LATE L.PALEOCENE - LATE L.EOCENE
upper mantle peridotite producing
high-Mg calc-alkali magma
H ar uyan

• Hornblende produced in equilibrium

Volcanics

Sundaland Continent
(Meratus) Paternoster crystallization condition
Ol + Cpx + melt = Hb
P ound ing
M a gm a

MID EOCENE - MIOCENE

Te r tiar y dy ke s,
Shor t- lived sub volcanics
H ydr ot her m al vo lca nics
Syst em

Andesite 52.5 - 19.5 my

Paternoster
Sund alan dContinent
( Meratu s)
7 – 17 km depth
 Sintang Intrusives

High Sr low Y
inconsistent with
550
Heryanto et.al (1993)
500
plagioclase fractionation
Hartono (1997)
Macolod Corridor (Defant et al, 1991)
450
Bataan segment (Defant et.al, 1991)
Harahap (1993)
Low Y may a result of
400
Mt. Muro (S imon and Brown, 1990)
amphibole fractionation
350

Adakite
300
but,
Sr/Y

250

200
ADR • As long as plg fract
150 during fract ampb, high
100
Sr low Y magma will not
50
be produced
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
• Need 60% ampb fract to
Y produce magma similar
composition to adakite

Produced during Oligocene-Miocene tectonic compression,

Thickened crust
 CONCLUSION

 There is no linear correlation between MDF with a single

geological/ petrological phenomenon

 An integrated research on the key processes of magmatism,

volcanism, tectonic, and fluid processes is necessary to
better understand the metallogenic processes.

 Arc magmatism studies in mineral exploration are

important to know the relationship between magma genesis
and MDF, which in turn, to reduce exploration cost .
 Program 1b Program 2
Volcanic facies & ore-forming env Ore in rift basin
Submarine volcanic facies Basin architectur
Subaerial volcanic facies Stratiform Cu-Zn-Pb-Ag
Volcanic influences on ore formation

Program 1a Program 1c
Tectonic, magmas, fluids Ores in volcanic arcs
Igneous petrogenesis Genesis of seafloor massive sufides
Melt inclusions Genesis of epithermal Au-Ag ore deposits
Porphyry Cu-Au Magmatic connection to hydrothermal fluids
Tectonic/geological history Sulfur cycling in the crust