HCMC University of Technology and Education

Faculty of Electrical & Electronic Engineering

No.1 Vo Van Ngan Street, Thu Duc Dist., HCMC, VN

EMBEDDED SYSTEM
IN INDUSTRY

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 Administration
1. Instructor: Thanh-Nghia Nguyen.
Mail: [email protected]
https://sites.google.com/a/hcmute.edu.vn/thanh-nghia-nguyen/

Facebook: BMDTCNYS-DHSPKT
Faculty: http://feee.hcmute.edu.vn
2. Textbook:
Manuel Jimanez, Rogelio Palomera, Isidoro
Couvertier, Introduction to Embedded Systems,
Springer-Verlag New York, 2014.
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 Administration
3. Grading:
 Midterm : 50%
o Online: 10%
o Paper Test: 20%
o Project: 15%
o Attending: 5%
 Final Exam: 50%
4. Syllabus.
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 Course Syllabus
 To focus in
• The integration of hardware modules to construct embedded systems,
• The programming models and characteristics of various input/out
interfaces.
• Use either assembly language or any high-level languages
 Course Goals:
• Develop an understanding for using a MCU core as a component in
system-level design.
• Ability to integrate MCU core with various interface units in embedded
controllers.
• Skills for programming and debugging I/O operations to manage
peripherals for embedded applications.
 Pre-requisites:
• C/Python language, microprocessor organization, and experience of
C/Python programming language.

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HCMC University of Technology and Education
Faculty of Electrical & Electronic Engineering
No.1 Vo Van Ngan Street, Thu Duc Dist., HCMC, VN

CHAPTER 1:
INTRODUCTION TO
EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

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 Outline
1. Definition and characteristics.
2. Application of embedded systems.
3. Classification of embedded systems.
4. Design of embedded system.

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 Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
1. Definition and characteristics
 “Any sort of device which includes a
programmable computer but itself is not
intended to be a general-purpose computer”
• Wayne Wolf

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 Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
1. Definition and characteristics

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 Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
1. Definition and characteristics
 Embedded System is a
special-purpose computer
system designed to perform
one or a few dedicated
functions.
• In general, it does not provide
programmability to users, as
opposed to general purpose
computer systems like PC.
• Embedded systems are
virtually everywhere in your
daily life.
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 Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
1. Definition and characteristics
Computer System Embedded System
General purpose computing system. Specific purpose computing system.
Needs human interaction to perform a Does not need any human interaction to
task. perform a task.
Requires more user interface to work It requires only less user interface to with
with. an embedded system.
Computers can be reprogrammed by the Embedded systems cannot be
end user. reprogrammed by the user.

It is a time bounded system. The task must

It is not a time critical system.
be completed within a specified time.

The size of the computers is large in size Most modern embedded systems are small
when compared with embedded system. in size.
Computers require more memory to store It requires less memory to store the
lots of data. system program.
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 Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
1. Definition and characteristics
 An embedded system has
three components
• It has hardware.
• It has application software.
• It has Real Time Operating
system (RTOS).

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 Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
1. Definition and characteristics
Characteristics

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 Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
1. Definition and characteristics
Characteristics

Adaptability Reliability Power dissipation (watts)

Speed (bytes/sec)
Accuracy (% error) Size & Weight

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 Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
1. Definition and characteristics
 Even though embedded systems cover
a wide range of special-purpose systems,
there are common characteristics
 Low cost
• Should be cheap to be competitive
• Memory is typically very small compared to a
general purpose computer system
• Lightweight processors are used in embedded
systems
 Low power
• Should consume low power especially in case
of portable devices
• Low-power processors are used in embedded
systems

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 Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
1. Definition and characteristics
 High performance
 Should meet the computing requirements
of applications
• Users want to watch video on portable devices
• Audio should be in sync with video
• Gaming gadgets like playstation should
provide high performance
 Real-time property
 Job should be done within a time limit
• Aerospace applications, Car control systems,
Medical gadgets are critical in terms of time
constraint – Otherwise, it could lead to
catastrophe such as loss of life
 Will talk more about this

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 Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
1. Definition and characteristics
 It is challenging to satisfy the
characteristics. This imposes a
number of challenges for embedded
systems security, some of them are:
• Irregular security updates
• Attack replication
• Dependability
• Device life cycle
• Industrial protocols
• Remote deployment
• Wrapping Up

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 Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
1. Definition and characteristics
 Irregular security updates:
Most of the embedded systems are not upgraded regularly for security updates.
Once the embedded device is deployed, it keeps running on the software that it
came with for years and even decades.
 Attack replication:
As embedded devices are mass produced, the same version of devices have the
same design and built as other devices in the lot. Considering this, there will be
millions of identical embedded devices. If someone is able to successfully hack
any of the devices from the lot, the attack can be easily replicated across the rest of
the devices.
 Dependability:
Many critical aspects such as utility grids, transportation infrastructure, and
communication systems are controlled by embedded systems. The modern society
relies upon several facilities, many of them, in turn, rely on embedded devices.
Cyberattacks would lead to an interruption in the functioning of embedded
systems, which may have some catastrophic consequences.

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 Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
1. Definition and characteristics
 Device life cycle:
Embedded devices have a much longer lifespan as compared to PCs. One can
easily spot embedded devices in the field that are a decade old, still running on the
same system. So, when a manufacturer plans to develop an embedded system, they
need to consider the potential threats that may arise in the next two decades.
 Industrial protocols:
Embedded systems follow some set of industrial protocols that are not
protected or recognized by enterprise security tools. Enterprise intrusion detection
system and firewalls can save the organizations from enterprise specific threats,
but are not capable of providing security against industrial protocol attacks.
 Remote deployment:
Numerous embedded devices are deployed in the field, outside the enterprise
security perimeter. Therefore, these remote or mobile devices may be directly
connected to the internet, without the security layers provided in the corporate
environment.

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 Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
1. Definition and characteristics
History
 In the earliest years of computers in 1930 – 40s, computers
were sometimes dedicated to a single purpose task.
 First Mass-produced embedded system was the Autonetics
D-17 guidance computer for the Minuteman missile,
released in 1961.
 One of the first recognizably modern embedded systems
was the Apollo Guidance computer, developed by Charles
stark draper at the MIT Instrumentation Laboratory.

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 Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
1. Definition and characteristics
History
 In 1960's there is dramatic rise in power & functionality
 The first microprocessor for example, the Intel 4004 was
designed for calculators and other small systems but still
required many external memory and support chips.
 By the mid-1980s, most of the common previously external
system components had been integrated into the same chip as
the processor and this modern form of the microcontroller
allowed an even more widespread use, which by the end of
the decade were the norm rather than the exception for
almost all electronics devices

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 Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
2. Application of embedded systems

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 Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
2. Application of embedded systems
 Applications:
• Automotive Industry.
• Telecommunications.
• Health care.
• Banking Industry.
• Military applications.
• Consumer Electronics.
• Household applications.
• Measurement & instrumentation.
• In Peripherals & Computer Networking.

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 Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
2. Application of embedded systems
How many do we use?
 Average middle-class American home has 40 to 50
embedded processors in it
• Microwave, washer, dryer, dishwasher, TV, VCR, stereo, hair dryer,
coffee maker, remote control, humidifier, heater, toys, etc.
 Luxury cars have over 60 embedded processors
• Brakes, steering, windows, locks, ignition, dashboard displays,
transmission, mirrors, etc.
 Personal computers have over 10 embedded
processors
• Graphics accelerator, mouse, keyboard, hard-drive, CD-ROM, bus
interface, network card, etc.
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 Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
2. Application of embedded systems
 Embedded systems are used in a wide range
of technologies across an array of industries.
 Automobiles.
 Mobile phones.
 Industrial machines.
 Medical equipment.

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 Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
2. Application of embedded systems

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 Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
3. Classification of embedded systems

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 Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
3. Classification of embedded systems
Embedded Systems

• Functionality • Performance
• Stand-alone embedded systems • Small scaled embedded
• Real-time embedded systems system
Hard real-time systems & Soft • Medium scaled
real-time system embedded system
• Networked embedded systems • Large scaled
embedded system.
• Mobile Embedded systems.

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 Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
3. Classification of embedded systems
• Stand-alone Embedded systems: Works by itself. It is a self-contained device which do
not require any host system like a computer- EX: Temperature measurement systems,
MP3 players, digital cameras, and microwave ovens.
• Real-time embedded systems: Gives the required output in a specified time (deadline).
• Soft Real-Time system: Violation of time constraints will cause only the degraded
quality, but the system can continue to operate. EX: Washing machine, TV remote.
• Hard Real-Time system: Violation of time constraints will cause critical failure and loss
of life or property damage or catastrophe. Ex: Deadline in a missile control embedded
system, Delayed alarm during a Gas leakage, car airbag control system.
• Networked embedded systems: Related to a network with network interfaces to access
the resources. The connected network can be a LAN or a WAN, or the Internet. The
connection can be either wired or wireless. EX: Home security system.
• Mobile Embedded systems: Mobile and cellular phones, digital camaras, MP3 players,
PDA. Limitation is Memory & other resources.
• Small scaled embedded system: Supported by a single 8–16 bit Microcontroller with
on-chip RAM and ROM.
• Medium scaled embedded system: Supported by 16–32 bit Microcontroller
/Microprocessor with external RAM and ROM.
• Large scaled embedded system: Supported by 32-64 bit multiple chips which can
perform distributed jobs.

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 Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
3. Classification of embedded systems

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 Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
4. Design of embedded system
Design challenges
 Does it really work?
• Is the specification correct?
• Does the implementation meet the specification?
• How do we test for real-time characteristics?
• How do we test on real data?
 How do we work on the system?
• Observability, controllability?
• What is our development platform?

• More importantly – optimising design metrics!!

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 Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
4. Design of embedded system
Design metrics
 Common metrics
• Unit cost: the monetary cost of manufacturing each copy
of the system, excluding NRE cost
• NRE cost (Non-Recurring Engineering cost): The one-
time monetary cost of designing the system
• Size: the physical space required by the system
• Performance: the execution time or throughput of the
system
• Power: the amount of power consumed by the system
• Flexibility: the ability to change the functionality of the
system without incurring heavy NRE cost
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 Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
4. Design of embedded system
Design metrics
 Common metrics
• Time-to-prototype: the time needed to build a working
version of the system
• Time-to-market: the time required to develop a system
to the point that it can be released and sold to customers
• Maintainability: the ability to modify the system after its
initial release
• Correctness, safety, many more.

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 Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
4. Design of embedded system
Trade-off in design metrics
• Expertise with both software
and hardware is needed to
Power optimize design metrics
• Not just a hardware or
Performance Size software expert, as is common
• A designer must be
comfortable with various
NRE cost technologies in order to
choose the best for a given
application and constraints

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 Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
4. Design of embedded system
Time-to-market: a demanding design metric
 Time required to develop
a product to the point it
can be sold to customers
Revenues ($)

 Market window
• Period during which the
product would have highest
sales
 Average time-to-market
Time (months)
constraint is about 8
months
 Delays can be costly
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 Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
4. Design of embedded system
Losses due to delayed market entry
 Simplified revenue model
Peak revenue • Product life = 2W, peak at W
• Time of market entry defines
Revenues ($)

Peak revenue from

On-time
delayed entry a triangle, representing
Market Market market penetration
rise
Delayed
fall • Triangle area equals revenue
 Loss
D W 2W • The difference between the
On-time Delayed Time
entry entry on-time and delayed triangle
areas

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 Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
4. Design of embedded system
NRE and unit cost metrics
• Costs:
• Unit cost: the monetary cost of manufacturing each copy of the system,
excluding NRE cost
• NRE cost (Non-Recurring Engineering cost): the one-time monetary cost
of designing the system
• total cost = NRE cost + unit cost * # of units
• per-product cost = total cost / # of units
= (NRE cost / # of units) + unit cost
• Example
– NRE=$2000, unit=$100
– For 10 units
– total cost = $2000 + 10*$100 = $3000
– per-product cost = $2000/10 + $100 = $300
Amortizing NRE cost over the units results in an
additional $200 per unit

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 Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
4. Design of embedded system
NRE and unit cost metrics
• Compare technologies by costs -- best depends on quantity
• Technology A: NRE=$2,000, unit=$100
• Technology B: NRE=$30,000, unit=$30
• Technology C: NRE=$100,000, unit=$2
$200,000 $200
A A
B B
$160,000 $160
C C
total cost (x1000)

per product cost

$120,000 $120

$80,000 $80

$40,000 $40

$0 $0
0 800 1600 2400 0 800 1600 2400
Number of units (volume) Number of units (volume)

• But, must also consider time-to-market

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 Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
4. Design of embedded system
Other Design Considerations
 Dependability
• Reliability: probability of system working correctly
provided that it worked at time t=0

• Maintainability: probability of system working

correctly d time units after error occurred. [Some
systems require no maintenance throughout their
operating lives (e.g. electric kettles, computer
keyboards), while some may need it such as mobile
phones and airplane flight control (software upgrade)]

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 Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
4. Design of embedded system
Other Design Considerations
 Dependability
• Availability: probability of system working at time t
• Safety
• Security: in communication

Basically, critical applications have to operate correctly

at all time e.g. airplane flight control computer. This
includes both hardware and software aspects.

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 Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
4. Design of embedded system
Other Design Considerations
 Operating environment
Some engine Electronic Control Units (ECUs) in cars
are located under the bonnets. So they have to work
at high temperature, as well as dusty and wet
environment.
 EMI (Electromagnetic Interference)

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 Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
4. Design of embedded system
Real-Time Consideration
 Correct operation of real-time systems means:
• Working correctly (functionally correct)
• Producing outputs in time!

 i.e. correct result at the right time

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 Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
4. Design of embedded system
Hard Real-time
• System designed to meet all deadlines
• A missed deadline is a design flaw
• For examples: ABS brake, nuclear reactor
monitoring system
• System hardware (over) designed for worst-case
performance
• System software rigorously tested
• Formal proofs used to guarantee timing
correctness

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 Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
4. Design of embedded system
Firm Real-time
• System designed to meet all deadlines, but occasional
missed deadline is allowed
• Sometimes statistically quantified (e.g. 5% misses)
• For examples: multimedia systems
• System hardware designed for average case
performance
• System software tested under average (ideal)
conditions

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 Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
4. Design of embedded system
Soft Real-time
 System designed to meet as many deadlines as
possible
• Best effort to complete within specified time, but
may be late
 For examples: network switch or router
 System hardware designed for average case
performance
 System software tested under averaged (ideal)
conditions

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 Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
4. Design of embedded system
Levels of system design
Requirements

Specification

Architecture

Component design

System integration

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 Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
4. Design of embedded system
Traditional embedded system design approach
 Decide on the hardware.
 Give the chip to the software people.
 Software programmer must make
software ‘fit’ on the chip and only use
that hardware’s capabilities.

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 Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
4. Design of embedded system
Problems with increased complexity
 Systems are becoming more and more
complex.
 Harder to think about total design.
 Harder to fix ‘bugs’.
 Harder to maintain systems over time.
 Therefore, the traditional development
process has to change.

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 Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
4. Design of embedded system
Design with time constraint
• In embedded electronics, the
total design cycle must decrease.
• Historically, design for
automotive electronic systems
takes 3-5 years to develop.
• Must be reduced to a 1-3 year
development cycle.
• Must still be reliable and safe.
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 Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
4. Design of embedded system
Possible Ways to Do
 Need to keep design process abstract for a
longer period of time.
 Decomposable hierarchy (object-oriented).
 Reuse previous designs:
• When a design changes, reuse similar sections.
• Don’t throw away last year’s design and start
from scratch!
 Automated verification systems.

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 Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
4. Design of embedded system
Levels of embedded system design
 Specification Idea (Specification)
• Design productivity
increases with the level of
abstraction. Abstract
• The task of functional

Design
verification is very difficult
at low abstraction levels. Abstract gap
 Inplementation
• Efficient implementations
require to wxploit the low- Detailed
level features of the target
architecture.
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 Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
4. Design of embedded system
Design abstraction

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 Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
4. Design of embedded system
Abstraction Levels
 It is important to work on
the right level of abstraction.
 The higher the level of
abstraction, the shorter the
design time.
 The lower the level of
abstraction, the more details
can be finetuned.

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 Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
4. Design of embedded system
Abstraction Levels

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 Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
4. Design of embedded system
Abstraction Levels

Register
transfer level

Gate level

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 Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
4. Design of embedded system
Abstraction Levels
Transistor Silicon level
level

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 Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
4. Design of embedded system
Hardware vs Software
 Many functions can be done by software on a
general purpose microprocessor OR by hardware
on an application specific ICs (ASICs)
 For examples: game console graphic, PWM, PID
control
 Leads to Hardware/Software Co-design concept

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 Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
4. Design of embedded system
Hardware or Software
 Where to place functionality?
 Ex: A sort algorithm
• Faster in hardware, but more expensive.
• More flexible in software but slower.
• Other examples?
 Must be able to explore these various trade-offs:
 Cost.
 Speed.
 Reliability.
 Form (size, weight, and power constraints).

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 Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
4. Design of embedded system
Hardware vs Software
Workstations
Graphics Personal
Power/Performance

Processors Computers
DSP Processors
Network General-Purpose
FFT Processors
Processors Processors
MPEG Processors
Embedded
FIR Processors
Domain-Specific
Embedded Processors
Application-Specific
Processors

Programmability and Flexibility

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 Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
4. Design of embedded system
Hardware vs Software

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 Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
4. Design of embedded system
Microcessor technology
 Processors vary in their customization for the problem
at hand
total = 0
for i = 1 to N loop
total += M[i]
Desired end loop
functionality

General-purpose Application- Single-purpose

processor specific processor processor

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 Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
4. Design of embedded system
General-purpose processors
 Programmable device used in a variety of
Controller Datapath
applications
Control Register
– Also known as “microprocessor” logic and file
State
 Features register
General
– Program memory IR PC ALU
– General datapath with large register
file and general ALU Program Data
memory memory
 User benefits Assembly
– Low time-to-market and NRE costs code for:

– High flexibility total = 0

for i =1 to
 “Pentium” the most well-known, but there …
are hundreds of others.
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 Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
4. Design of embedded system
General-purpose processors
 Digital circuit designed to execute exactly
one program
– a.k.a. coprocessor, accelerator or peripheral
 Features Controller Datapath
– Contains only the components needed to Control index
execute a single program logic
total
– No program memory State
register +
 Benefits
– Fast
Data
– Low power memory
– Small size
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 Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
4. Design of embedded system
Application-specific processors
 Programmable processor optimized for a Controller Datapath
particular class of applications having Control Register
common characteristics logic and file
State
– Compromise between general-purpose and register
single-purpose processors General
IR PC ALU
 Features
– Program memory Program Data
– Optimized datapath memory memory
– Special functional units Assembly
code for:
 Benefits
total = 0
– Some flexibility, good performance, size, power for i =1 to
…
 DSP
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 Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
4. Design of embedded system
Trends in embedded systems

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 Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
4. Design of embedded system
Future embedded systems

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 Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
4. Design of embedded system
Future embedded systems

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 Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
4. Design of embedded system
Future embedded systems

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 Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
4. Design of embedded system
Observations on future embedded systems
 More complexity (people expect more
functions and higher performance from their
electronic products)
 This leads to more complex software
 Which requires better design process
 More importantly, thorough testing for safety
critical systems (diagnostics codes of engine
ECUs is half of its total software codes)

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 Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
4. Design of embedded system
Research in Embedded Systems
• Hardware – to improve performance (sensors
and actuators), verification, etc.
• Software – reusability, testing, verification, OS,
etc.
• Network – higher connectivity between systems
(e.g. smart homes link many systems together,
standardised protocols, etc.
• Security – protection against attacks
• Design – improved methodology, more
automation, formal verification
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Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

The end!

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