EXERCISES & PROBLEMS 693

14E. A gasoline gauge for an automobile is shown schematically

Rj; 4.0 Q in Fig. 28- 31. The indicator (on the dashboard) has a resistance of
10 n. The tank unit is simply a float connected to a variable
~'06.0vlL08.0Q resistor whose resistance is 140 n when the tank is empty, is
20 n when the tank is full, and varies linearly with the volume of

J -0--+-+
gasoline. Find the current in the circuit when the tank is (a)
empty, (b) half-full, (c) and full.
~l; 12V ,-----,
,R- d' 1
I m lcator v- Indicator
FIGURE28-28 Exercise 6.
1L J
, '7E. A wire of resistance 5.0 n is connected to a battery whose
i emf~ is 2.0 V and whose internal resistance is 1.0 n. In 2.0 min,
(a)how much energy is transferred from chemical to electrical ----I
form?(b) How much energy appears in the wire as thermal en- 12 V 1;= r-- Tank unit
ergy?(c) Account for the difference between (a) and (b). Connected
through Rtank:
SE. In Fig. 28-4a, put ~ = 2.0 V and r = 100 n. Plot (a) the chassis
currentand (b) the potential difference across R, as functions of R
overthe range 0 to 500 n. Make both plots on the same graph. (c) FIGURE 28-31 Exercise 14.
Makea third plot by multiplying together, for various values of R,
thecorresponding values on the two plotted curves. What is the ISP. A 10 km long underground cable extends east to west and
physicalsignificance of this third plot? consists of two parallel wires, each of which has resistance 13
)oten-
lCroSS 9E. A car battery with a 12 V emf and an internal resistance of n/km. A short develops at distance x from the west end when a
0.040n is being charged with a current of 50 A. (a) What is the conducting path of resistance R connects the wires (Fig. 28-32).
potentialdifference across its terminals? (b) At what rate is en- The resistance of the wires and the short is then 100 n when the
itor in
ergybeing dissipated as thermal energy in the battery? (c) At measurement is made from the east end, and 200 n when it is
brium
whatrate is electrical energy being converted to chemical energy? made from the west end. What are (a) x and (b) R?
e time
(d)What are the answers to (a) and (b) when the battery is used to
epend Conducting path
supply50 A to the starter motor?
~ fully

:: : :': ::]:::'::: :::::::::::::::

'IOE. In Fig. 28-29, if the potential at point P is 100 V, what is West East
)attery
thepotential at point Q?
. ~
~x~1
FIGURE 28-32 Problem 15.

16P. (a) In Fig. 28-33 what value must R have if the current in
the circuit is to be 1.0 rnA? Take ~1 = 2.0 V, ~2 = 3.0 V, and
r, = r2 = 3.0 n. (b) What is the rate at which thermal energy
is the appears in R?
FIGURE28-29 Exercise 10.
doing
entia!? IlE. In Fig. 28-30, the section of circuit AB absorbs 50 W of
powerwhen a current i = 1.0 A passes through it in the indicated
direction.(a) What is the potential difference between A and B?
(b)Emf device C does not have internal resistance. What is its
emf?(c) What is its polarity (the orientation of its positive and
negativeterminals)?

"------ A A A ~C'0i(J7~''iJt--~ FIGURE 28-33 Problem 16.

~;V2V;;--b.i~j;gi;J~
17P. The current in a single-loop circuit with one resistance R is
FIGURE28-30 Exercise 11.
5.0 A. When an additional resistance of 2.0 n is inserted in series
12K In Fig. 28-5a calculate the potential difference across R2, with R, the current drops to 4.0 A. What is R?
assuming~ = 12 V, R, = 3.0 n, R2 = 4.0 n, and R3 = 5.0 n. 18P. Thermal energy is to be generated in a 0.10 n resistor at
ble in-
power BE. In Fig. 28-6a calculate the potential difference between a the rate of 10 W by connecting the resistor to a battery whose emf
Jattery, andc by considering a path that contains R, r2, and ~2' (See is 1.5 V. (a) What potential difference must exist across the resis-
SampleProblem 28-2.) tor? (b) What must be the internal resistance of the battery?
 694 CHAPTER 28 CIRCUITS

19P. Power is supplied by a device of emf ~ to a transmission 29E. By using only two resistors-singly, in series, or in 36]
line with resistance R. Find the ratio of the power dissipated in the parallel-you are able to obtain resistances of 3.0, 4.0, 12, and in I
line for ~ = 110,000 V to that dissipated for ~ = 110 V, assum- 16 n. What are the two resistances? Wh
ing the power supplied is the same for the two cases. 30E. In Fig. 28-34, find the equivalent resistance between points it i~
20P. Wires A and B, having equal lengths of 40.0 m and equal (a) A and B, (b) A and C, and (c) Band C. (Hint: Imagine that a 371
diameters of 2.60 mm, are connected in series. A potential differ- battery is connected between points A and C.) the
ence of 60.0 V is applied between the ends of the composite wire.
The resistances of the wires are 0.127 and 0.729 n, respectively.
Determine (a) the current density in each wire and (b) the poten-
tial difference across each wire. (c) Identify the wire materials.
See Table 27-1.
J;,;fsm;~
FIGURE 28-34 Exercise 30.
ope
cau
381
witl
diff
21P. The starting motor of an automobile is turning too slowly,
31E. In Fig. 28-35, find the equivalent resistance between points
and the mechanic has to decide whether to replace the motor, the
D and E. (Hint: Imagine that a battery is connected between
cable, or the battery. The manufacturer's manual says that the
points D and E.)
12 V battery should have no more than 0.020 n internal resist-
ance, the motor no more than 0.200 n resistance, and the cable no 4.00 Q
D
more than 0.040 n resistance. The mechanic turns on the motor
and measures 11.4 V across the battery, 3.0 V across the cable, FIGURE 28-35 E
and a current of 50 A. Which part is defective? Exercise 31.
22P. Two batteries having the same emf~ but different internal • 32E. In Fig. 28-36 find the current in each resistor and the po'
resistances rl and r2 (rl > r2) are connected in series to an exter- tential difference between a and b. Put ~I = 6.0 V, ~2 == 5.0Y,
nal resistance R. (a) Find the value of R that makes the potential ~3 = 4.0 V, RI = 100 n, and R2 = 50 n.
difference zero between the terminals of one battery. (b) Which
FIG
battery is it?
23P. A solar cell generates a potential difference of 0.10 V when
a 500 n resistor is connected across it, and a potential difference ·39P
of 0.15 V when a 1000 n resistor is substituted. What are (a) the (a)
internal resistance and (b) the emf of the solar cell? (c) The area ima.
of the cell is 5.0 cm2, and the rate per unit area at which it receives
energy from light is 2.0 mW!cm2. What is the efficiency of the
cell for converting the light energy to thermal energy in the
FIGURE 28-36
1000 n external resistor?
Exercise 32.
24P. (a) In Fig. 28-4a, show that the rate at which energy is F' 28 37 h .. .. h 't h
.. . .. _ 33E. Igure - sows a CIrCUItcontammg tree SWIc es,
dISSIpated m R as thermal energy IS a maXImum when R - r. (b) I bid S S d S P' d h f II 'bl
.. . _ 2 \ a eel, 2' an 3' m t e current at a or a POSSI e
Show that thIS maXImum power IS P - ~ 14r. ({A,~ .. f' h . P qJ 120 V R - 200(\
_ . . \ ~~w-'- combmatlOns 0 SWltC settmgs. ut CD = , 1- . H,
e; 25P. A battery of emf ~ - 2.00 V and Internal reslstance;r - and R2 = 10.0 n. Assume that the battery has no resIstance.
0.500 n is driving a motor. The motor is lifting a 2.00 NQ§at
constant speed v = 0.500 m/s. Assuming no energy losses, find 1 1 1 FIG
(a) the current i in the circuit and (b) the potential difference V
across the terminals of the motor. (c) Discuss the fact that there
40P
are two solutions to this problem. or il
26P. A temperature-stable resistor is made by connecting a re- rate
sistor made of silicon in series with one made of iron. If the be fi
required total resistance is 1000 n in a wide temperature range is R
around 20°C, what should be the resistances of the two resistors? 41P
See Table 27-1. dissi
FIGURE 28-37 Exercise 33. imUJ
SECTION 28-6 Multiloop Circuits or p;
34E. Two lightbulbs, one of resistance R I and the other of resist·
27E. Pour 18.0 n n;sistors are connected in parallel across a ance R2, where RI > R2, are connected to a battery (a) in parallel at Ie
25.0 V ideal battery. What is the current through the battery? and (b) in series. Which bulb is brighter (dissipates more energy) 42P
28E. A total resistance of 3.00 n is to be produced by connect- in each case? nect·
ing an unknown resistance to a 12.0 n resistance. What must be 35E. In Fig. 28-7, calculate the potential difference between wha
the value of the unknown resistance and should it be connected in points c and d by as many paths as possible. Assume that 'J;l = resis
series or in parallel? 4.0 V, ~2 = 1.0 V, RI = R2 == 10 n, and R3 == 5.0 D. tion

--~--------------
 EXERCISES & PROBLEMS 695

or in 36E. Nine copper wires of length I and diameter d are connected

2, and inparallel to form a single composite conductor of resistance R.
Whatmust be the diameter D of a single copper wire of length I if
points itis to have the same resistance?
: that a 37E. A 120 V power line is protected by a IS A fuse. What is
themaximum number of 500 W lamps that can be simultaneously
operated in parallel on this line without' 'blowing" the fuse be-
causeof an excess of current?
38E. A circuit containing five resistors connected to a battery R
witha 12.0 V emf is shown in Fig. 28-38. What is the potential
difference across the 5.0 n resistor? (a) (b)
FIGURE 28-40 Problems 42 and 44.
points
:tween 6.0Q
43P. (a) Calculate the current through each ideal battery in Fig.
4.0Q 28-41. Assume that Rl = 1.0 D, R2 = 2.0 D, ~, = 2.0 V, and
~2 = ~3 = 4.0 V. (b) Calculate Va - Vb'

3.0 Q 5.0 Q

1e po-
5.0 V,
+ -
.-.012.0 V
b
FIGURE 28-38 Exercise 38.
FIGURE 28-41 Problem 43.

'39P. In Fig. 28-39, find the equivalent resistance between points 44P. You are given two batteries of emf ~ and internal resist-
(a) F and H and (b) F and G. (Hint: For each pair of points, ance r. They may be connected either in parallel (Fig. 28-40a) or
imagine that a battery is connected across the pair.) in series (Fig. 28-40b) and are used to establish a current in a
resistor R. (a) Derive expressions for the current in R for both
arrangements. Which will yield the larger current (b) when R > r
and (c) when R < r?
45P. A group of N identical batteries of emf ~ and internal re-
sistance r may be connected all in series (Fig. 28-42a) or all in
tches, parallel (Fig. 28-42b) and then across a resistor R. Show that both
ssible arrangements will give the same current in R if R = r.
I.On,
N batteries in series

FIGURE 28-39 Problem 39.

40P. Two resistors Rl and R2 may be connected either in series

or in parallel across an ideal battery with emf~. We desire the
R
rate of electrical energy dissipation of the parallel combination to
be five times that of the series combination. If R, = 100 n, what
(a)
is R2? (Hint: There are two answers.)
41P. You are given a number of 10 n resistors, each capable of
N batteries in parallel
dissipating only 1.0 W without being destroyed. What is the min-
imum number of such resistors that you need to combine in series
~sist- or parallel to make a Ion resistance that is capable of dissipating
rallel at least 5.0 W?
R
~rgy) 42P. Two batteries of emf ~ and internal resistance r are con-
nected in parallel across a resistor R, as in Fig. 28-40a. (a) For
what value of R is the rate of electrical energy dissipation by the
resistor a maximum? (b) What is the maximum energy dissipa- (b)
tion rate? FIGURE 28-42 Problem 45.
 EXERCISES & PROBLEMS 697

the S5P. (a) In Fig. 28-50, determine what the ammeter will read,
;ite assuming'jg = 5.0 V (for the ideal battery), R] = 2.0.11, R2 =
in- 4.0n, and R3 = 6.0 n. (b) The ammeter and the source of emf
arenowphysically interchanged. Show that the ammeter reading f-------{Vl-----I
,rm remainsunchanged.
am
act
ow
ted (a) (b)
FIGURE 28-50 FIGURE 28-53 Problems 60, 61, and 62.
V,
Problem55.
61P. (See Problem 60.) If meters are used to measure resistance,
S6P, What current, in terms of'jg and R, does the ammeter in they may also be connected as in Fig. 28-53b. Again the ratio of
Fig.28-51 read? Assume that it has zero resistance and that the the meter readings gives only an apparent resistance R'. Show
batteryis ideal. that now R' is related to R by
R = R' - RA,

in which RA is the ammeter resistance. Note that as RA -->- 0,

R' -->- R.
FIGURE 28-51 62P. (See Problems 60 and 61.) In Fig. 28-53 the ammeter and
Problem56. voltmeter resistances are 3.00 and 300.11, respectively. Take
57P. When the lights of an automobile are switched on, an am-
I ~ = 12.0 V for the ideal battery and Ro = 100 n. If R = 85.0.11,
meterin series with them reads 10 A and a voltmeter connected (a) what will the meters read for the two different connections?
sh- acrossthem reads 12 V. See Fig. 28-52. When the electric start- (b) What apparent resistance R' will be computed in each case?
hat Ingmotor is turned on, the ammeter reading drops to 8.0 A and 63P. In Fig. 28-54, Rs is to be adjusted in value by moving the
? is thelightsdim somewhat. If the internal resistance of the battery is sliding contact across it until points a and b are brought to the
the 0.050n and that of the ammeter is negligible, what are (a) the same potential. (One tests for this condition by momentarily con-
nal emfof the battery and (b) the current through the starting motor necting a sensitive ammeter between a and b; if these points are at
(b) whenthe lights are on? the same potential, the ammeter will not deflect.) Show that when
lce this adjustment is made, the following relation holds:
Jle,

v
An unknown resistance (Rx) can be measured in terms of a stan-
dard (Rs) using this device, which is called a Wheatstone bridge.
FIGURE 28-52 64P. (a) If points a and b in Fig. 28-54 are connected by a wire
Problem57. of resistance r, show that the current in the wire is
SSP. In Fig. 28-12, assume that 'jg = 3.0 V, r = 100.11, R] = . 'jg(Rs - Rx)
:an 150n, and R2 = 300 n. If the voltmeter resistance Rv = z=
(R + 2r)(Rs + Rx) + 2RsRx'
on- 5.0kn, what percent error is made in reading the potential differ-
ow enceacross R] ? Ignore the presence of the ammeter. where'jgistheemfoftheidealbatteryandR = R[ = R2.Assume
lof
that Ro equals zero. (b) Is this formula consistent with the result
59P. In Fig. 28-12, assume that 'jg = 5.0 V, r = 2.0.11, R[ = of Problem 63?
hat 5.0n, and R2 = 4.0 n. If the ammeter resistance RA = 0.10.11,
red whatpercent error is made in reading the current? Assume that
gle [hevoltmeter is not present.
60P. A voltmeter (resistance Rv) and an ammeter (resistance
RJ are connected to measure a resistance R, as in Fig. 28-53a.
Theresistance is given by R = Vii, where V is the voltmeter
readingand i is the current in the resistor R. Some ~f the current
(1') registered by the ammeter goes through the voltmeter so that
theratio of the meter readings (= Vii') gives only an apparent
resistancereading R'. Show that Rand R' are related by

b
R R' Rv
FIGURE 28-54
Notethat as Rv -->- 00, R' -->- R. Problems 63 and 64.
 698 CHAPTER 28 CIRCUITS

SECTION 28-8 RC Circuits 73P. The potential difference between the plates of a leaky
(meaning that charge leaks from one plate to the other) 2.0 J.lF
65E. A capacitor with initial charge qo is discharged through a
capacitor drops to one-fourth its initial value in 2.0 s. What is the
resistor. In terms of the time constant T, how long is required for
equivalent resistance between the capacitor plates?
the capacitor to lose (a) the first one-third of its charge and (b)
two-thirds of its charge? 74P. An initially uncharged capacitor C is fully charged by a
device of constant emf';g connected in series with a resistor R. (aJ
66E. In an RC series circuit, ';g = 12.0 V, R = lAO Mn, and
Show that the final energy stored in the capacitor is half the en·
C = 1.80 /-LF. (a) Calculate the time constant.
(b) Find the maxi-
ergy supplied by the emf device. (b) By direct integration OfilR
mum charge that will appear on the capacitor during charging. (c) FIGl
over the charging time, show that the thermal energy dissipated
How long does it take for the charge to build up to 16.0 /-LC?
by the resistor is also half the energy supplied by the emf device.
67E. How many time constants must elapse for an initially un-
75P. A controller on an electronic arcade game consists of a
charged capacitor in an RC series circuit to be charged to 99.0% 79.
variable resistor connected across the plates of a 0.220 p,F capac·
of its equilibrium charge? acro
itor. The capacitor is charged to 5.00 V, then discharged through
••68E. A 15.0 kn resistor and a capacitor are connected in series the resistor. The time for the potential difference across the plates dra~
and then a 12.0 V potential difference is suddenly applied across to decrease to 0.800 V is measured by a clock inside the game. If rela
them. The potential difference across the capacitor rises to 5.00 V the range of discharge times that can be handled effectively is cun
in 1.30 /-LS.(a) Calculate the time constant of the circuit. (b) Find from 10.0 /-Lsto 6.00 ms, what should be the resistance rangeof aliI
the capacitance of the capacitor. the resistor? the

69P. A 3.00 Mn resistor and a 1.00 /-LF capacitor are connected • 76P. The circuit of Fig. 28-56 shows a capacitor C, two ideal
in series with an ideal battery of';g = 4.00 V. At 1.00 s after the batteries, two resistors, and a switch S. Initially S has been open
connection is made, what are the rates at which (a) the charge of for a long time. If it is then closed for a long time, by how much
the capacitor is increasing, (b) energy is being stored in the ca- does the charge on the capacitor change? Assume C = 10 J.lF, 80.
pacitor, (c) thermal energy is appearing in the resistor, and (d) ';gl = 1.0 V, ';gz = 3.0 V, Rl = 0.20 n, and Rz = OAO D. to j
energy is being delivered by the battery? flv
the
70P. A capacitor with an initial potential difference of 100 V is
wI
discharged through a resistor when a switch between them is
closed at t = O. At t = 10.0 s, the potential difference across the
capacitor is 1.00 V. (a) What is the time constant of the circuit?
(b) What is the potential difference across the capacitor at t = FIGURE 28-56
17.0 s? Problem 76.
71P. Figure 28-55 shows the circuit of a flashing lamp, like 77P*. In the circuit of Fig. 28-57, <£ = l.2 kV, C = 6.5 J.lF,
those attached to barrels at highway construction sites. The fluo- Rl = Rz = R3 = 0.73 Mn. With C completely uncharged,
rescent lamp L (of negligible capacitance) is connected in paralJel
across the capacitor C of an RC circuit. There is a current through
switch S is suddenly closed (at t = 0). (a) Determine1he current
through each resistor for t = 0 and t = 00. (b) Draw qualitatively
"
f(

the lamp only when the potential difference across it reaches the a graph of the potential difference Vz across Rz from t = 0 to
breakdown voltage VL; in this event, the capacitor discharges t = 00. (c) What are the numerical values of Vz at t = 0 and t =
completely through the lamp and the lamp flashes briefly. Sup- oo? (d) Give the physical meaning of "t = 00" in this case.
pose that two flashes per second are needed. For a lamp with
breakdown voltage VL = 72.0 V, a 95.0 V ideal battery, and
a 0.150 /-LF capacitor, what should be the resistance R of the re-
sistor')
R
FIGURE 28-57
Problem 77.
L

FIGURE 28-55 Electronic Computation

Problem 71. 78. Figure 28-58 shows a portion of a circuit. The rest of the
72P. A 1.0 /-LF capacitor with an initial stored energy of 0.50 J is circuit draws current i at the connections A and B, as indicated.
discharged through a 1.0 Mn resistor. (a) What is the initial Take <£1 = 10 V, <£z = 15 V, Rl = Rz = 5.0 n, R3 = R4 =
charge on the capacitor? (b) What is the current through the resis- 8.0 n, and Rs = 12 n. (a) For each of four values of i-G, 4.0,
tor when the discharge starts? (c) Determine Vc, the potential 8.0, and 12 A-find the current through each ideal battery and
difference across the capacitor, and VR, the potential difference tell if the battery is charging or discharging. Also find the paten·
across the resistor, as functions of time. (d) Express the produc- tial difference VAB. (b) The portion of the circuit not shown con·
tion rate of thermal energy in the resistor as a function of time. sists of an emf and a resistor in series. What are their values?