Exercise 1

Identification of fruit varieties

1. Mango

Varieties released from I.A.R.I., New Delhi

Malliaka: (Neelum x Dashehari)
This variety was released in 1971. Tree moderate, semi-vigorous to vigorous, moderate
spreading, bearing moderately and regular. Fruit large, ovate-oblong; beak slight, sinus absent,
peel thick, apricot yellow; flesh firm, fibreless. Fruit quality superb with excellent sugar acid
blend., TSS (24-20° Brix), good keeping quality (15 days). It is suitable for table and canning
purposes. Maturity during 3rd – 4th week of July.

Amrapali: (Dashehari x Neelum)

This cultivar was released in 1979. Tree small, dwarf and medium spreading and highly suitable
for high density plantation. Fruit small to medium (130 g),ovate-oblong; beak indistinct, sinus
slight, peel thick, light greenish apricot yellow, somewhat fibrous; flesh firm , deep orange red,
fibreless. Fruit quality excellent. Maturity in 4th week of July.

Pusa Arunima: (Amrapali x Sensation)

This mango hybrid was released in 2002. Regular bearer, semi-vigorous and suitable for closer
planting (6 m x 6 m; ripening 4th week of June to 1st week July in north India. Fruits medium to
large (230 to 250 g), attractive red peel; medium TSS (19.5° Brix), suitable for both domestic
and international markets. It has long shelf-life (10 to 12 days) at room temperature after
ripening.

Pusa Surya: (Selection from Eldon)

Released in 2002 as a selection from an exotic variety Eldon introduced from Brazil. Trees are
semi-dwarf and suited for close planting (6 m x 6 m). Fruit medium to large (260 to 290 g),
attractive apricot yellow peel; pulp medium, TSS (19° Brix) with long shelf-life (10 to 12 days)
at room temperature after ripening. Fruit ripens by mid-July in north India,

Pusa Shreshth (Amrapali x Sensation)

Plant medium, semi dwarf, regular and moderate tolerance to major pests. Fruit medium (211-
241g), attractive, elongated shape; peel red, pulp orange, pulp content, 71.9 g. pulp: stone ratio,
3.7-4.6, TSS, 18.5-21.5o Brix, acidity 0.15-0.25%, ascorbic acid content, 38.80-40.5 mg/100g
pulp.

Pusa Pratibha (Amrapali x Sensation)

Plant is medium statured with lanceolate leaves; semi-vigorous growth habit; bearing regular,
Fruit medium (181 g), attractive, elongated oblong; peel bright red, pulp orange, high pulp
content (71.1%), good TSS and acid blend. TSS 19.6%, ascorbic acid (34.89 mg/100 g pulp),
shelf life 7 to 8 days at room temperature; mature after 140 days of flowering.

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Pusa Peetamber (Amrapali x Lal Sundari)
Plant short statured with lanceolate leaves, semi-vigorous; suitable for planting at a distance of 6
m x 6 m; Fruit medium (213.0 g), elongated oblong, yellow; good TSS and acid blend; TSS
18.8%; shelf life 5 to 6 days at room temperature; high pulp content (73.6%) and ascorbic acid
content (39.78 mg/100 g pulp). Mature after 140 days of flowering;

Pusa Lalima (Dushehari x Sensation)

Plants are; medium statured plant with lanceolate leaves, semi-vigorous growth habit, suitable
for planting at a distance of 6 m x 6 m. Fruit medium (209.0 g), attractive, oblong, bright, peel
red, pulp orange. TSS 19.7%, high pulp content (70.1%) and ascorbic acid content ( 34.73
mg/100 g pulp), shelf life 5 to 6 days, mature 125 days after flowering

Varieties released from IIHR, Bangalore

Arka Anmol: (Alphanso x Janardan Pasand)
Tree medium vigourous, regular, prolific bearer, fruit weight is 250 g with uniform, peel yellow,
pulp orange, TSS 20o Brix, keeping quality is excellent, this cultivar is free from spongy tissue
disorder and suitable for export.

Arka Aruna (Banganpalli x Alphonso)

Tree dwarf, regular and precocious bearer; it is late maturing cultivar. Fruit large (500-750 g),
pulp high (73.378.5%) and free from spongy tissue, TSS 22° Brix.

Arka Neelkiran (Alphonso x Neelum)

Semi-vigorous, regular bearer. Average weight of fruit 340 g, pulp content is 68%, pulp orange,
TSS 210 Brix. This cultivar is also free from the spongy tissue disorder.

Arka Puneet (Alophonso x Banganpalli)

Tree vigorous, regular,prolific bearer. This is a "mid season cultivar. Average fruit weight is 284
g, pulp content is 75%, orange yellow. Free from fibre. TSS 21° Brix, the flavour of fruit is just
like Alphonso. This cultivar is also free from the spongy tissue and fruit fly.

Arka udaya (Amrapalli x Arka anmol)

Late-season variety, sweet in taste, high-yielding with a long shelf-life. Fruits can stay fresh at
room temperature for about 10 days without refrigeration. Regular bearer.

Varieties released from CISH, Lucknow

Dashehari-51

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A regular bearing and high yielding clone of Dashehari has been selected from the orchard of
ClSH, Lucknow and released during 1998. Per year productivity of this clone is 38.8 per cent
more than that of the normal Dashehari even in off year. This clone produces good crop every
year without 'off bearing rhythm'.

CISH-M2 (Dashehari x Chausa)

Fruits are dark yellow in colour with firm flesh and scanty fibre. It is a late season variety and
has good commercial value.

Ambika (Amrapali x Janardan Pasand)

Fruits yellow with dark red blush and firm dark yellow flesh. Fruit medium (225 g), oblong in;
sinus slight, beak broadly pointed. Peel smooth and tough. TSS 210 Brix. It is late in ripening
hybrid.

Varieties released from RFRS, VEGURLA

Ratna (Neelum x Alphonso)
This variety was released in 1981. Tree very dwarf in North India with weak and spreading
branches. Newly emerged leaves are dark red and small to medium; regular bearing. The fruit
maturity is late (fruit mature in 3rd week of July) in North India. Fruits medium to large (315 g),
peel deep yellow, pulp recovery 79% and orange. The fruit is free from spongy tissue. The TSS
is 23.8° Brix, acidity 0.25% and fruit taste is sweet.

Sindhu (Ratna x Alphonso)

First seedless variety released in 1992. Tree semi-vigorous, regular bearer, fruit medium (215
g), attractive; peel red, pulp deep orange, pulp to stone ratio high (26:1), fibreless, free from
spongy tissue. Taste of fruit is pleasant with a better sugar acid ratio than Ratna. TSS above 22°
Brix and acidity medium (0.25%). The stone of fruit is very.

Konkan Ruchi (Neelum x Alphonso)

Released in 1999, regular bearing mango variety developed for pickle making. The tree is heavy
yielder, fruit large (430 g) and pulp recovery is about 78%.

Other varieties
Alphanso
Tree medium, bearing low and biennial. Leaves oval- lanceolate, out- held, twisted; apex in
moderate curve, sinus absent, peel medium to thick; fruit quality good, flavor pleasant, taste very
sweet, keeping quality good; stone medium. Moderately resistant to wind and hopper.

Kesar
It is a commercial variety of Gujrat and second to the Alphanso in terms of export. Fruits
medium to large (3-4 fruits/kg), taste is very good, sugar acid blend excellent. It is moderate
yielder and biennial bearer.

Dahsehari
It is a midseason and heavy bearing cultivar. The tree medium, moderate vigorous, spreading;
rounded, medium to dense canopy. The fruit primrose to canary yellow with abundant light
yellow dots, medium; peel smooth. The flesh yellow, firm, with almost no fibre and a delightful
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aroma and very sweet taste.

Langra
Tree tall, and spreading, bearing medium and biennial. Fruit oblongish, beak much prominent,
sinus not marked, peel medium, lime green; flesh firm, lemon yellow, fibre scanty near peel.
Fruit quality very good, pleasant aroma.

Samarbehisht Chowsa
Originated as superior chance seedlings in Chowsa village, Lucknow. The tree moderately
vigorous and spreading. Fruit medium, ovate to oval-oblique, beak distrinct to prominent, sinus
slight, peel medium thick, flesh firm, umber yellow; fibreless. Pulp soft and juicy with scanty
fine, long fibre near the skin.

Bombay Green
The tree large and speading. The fruit medium, ovate-oblong to oblong-reniform, beak absent,
sinus shallow, peel thick, spinach green; flesh firm to soft with scanty fibre just under the peel,
very sweet with pleasant aroma.

Himsagar
The tree vigorous, tall, dense, spreading; the fruit large (450-550 g), greenish yellow to bright
yellow with no blush, with light yellow dots, ovate with flattened base. The peel thin, tough and
easily separated; flesh firm and juicy with no fibre, orange, rich and sweet with a mild aroma, of
good to excellent quality.

Banganpalli
The tree medium, moderately vigorous and spreading, bearing heavy and regular. Fruit large,
obliquely oval, sinus shallow, peel thin, golden, flesh firm to meaty, fruit quality good, juice
moderately to abundant without fibre.

Kurakan
Tree medium, top rounded, bearing heavy, fruit medium to small, oval. Beak absent to a point;
sinus slight, peel medium thick. Flavor aromatic, taste medium sweet. It is a polyembryonic
cultivar.

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 Pusa Shreshth Pusa Pratibha

Pusa Arunima Pusa Arunima

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 Pusa Lalima

Pusa Peetamber

Ambika
Mallika

2. Citrus varieties and species

I. Mandarin (C. reticulata)

The mandarin group comprised numerous species as well as intergeneric and interspecific
hybrids, which possess several unique characteristics. The most distinguishable trait of mandarin
group is easy peeling character. Mandarihs are divided into five groups:
i) Mediterranean mandarins (C. dcliciosa Tan.)
ii) Satsuma (C unshiu Marc.)
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iii) King mandarin (C nobilis Lour.)
iv) Common mandarins (C reticulata Blanco)
v) Small fruited mandarins.
A widely grown mandarin is Ponkan which is of great significance in India, China, the
Philippines and Brazil. The detail description of mandarin cultivars is mention here under.

Khasi Mandarin:
Tree is generally medium to tall with erect habit, densely foliage, fruits depressed, globose to
oblate, orange yellow to bright orange, surface smooth, glossy, base even, short necked, rind thin
soft, adherence very slight, juice abundant, orange coloured.

Nagpur mandarin
Large sized tall tree, trunk robust, branches growing up right, foliage not dense, bark thin,
brown, spines absent. Petiole cylindrical, long, articulate, petiole wings narrow, upper surface
dark green, smooth, glossy, aroma distinct. Flowers mostly solitary in the axil of leaves, flowers
bisexual, bud obovate, star shaped at the apex, pedicel short. Fruit depressed, globose to oblate,
colour yellow, surface smooth, glossy, stem short, strongly attached. Rind thin, soft to very soft,
oil glands numerous, juice abundant, TSS 6.5%, acidity 0.735%, flavour good, taste good
blending of sour and sweet. Seeds 11/fruits.

King (C. nobilis)

Tree stiff and upright growth, generally thorny, frequently hanging branches, leaves small dark
green, petiole narrowly winged. Fruits large and mandarin like with rough and bumpy, deep
orange yellow, base rounded, easily separable, juice abundant, quality very good.

Dancy (C. tangirina)

Best known of the Mandarins. Tree has fine foliage and upright habit. Good flavor. Plant
medium sized, erect growing, tall tree, crown compact, rounded, trunk robust, branches growing
up right, bark thin, brown, angular, spines absent, petiole cylindrical, articulated, medium long,
narrow winged, broadly lanceolate, size small, upper surface dark green, glossy smooth, apex,
flower small, bisexual, white in colour, rarely male flowers seen at the end of flowering season,
pedicel short, tampering towards the base, pollen abundant. Fruit easy to peel, oblate to pyriform,
colour reddish orange, surface smooth, finely pitted, tips blunt, stem short, rind thin, soft
leathery, oil glands average, aroma distinct spicy, juice moderate, TSS 6.5% and acidity 0.78% ,
some seeds.

Willow leaf (C. deliciosa)

A large to medium tree, almost thorn less, spreading, broad topped, very willowy in growth
(drooping branches). Leaves small, narrow, deep green, sharp pointed. Fruits small to medium
with thin rind, strongly compressed, rind and segments loose, juice plenty, juice sacs short.

Satsuma (C. unshui)

Hardiest of all mandarins. Seedless and easy to peel. Excellent flavor when ripe in winter
months. A very slow grower. Tree thornless and spreading habit, round topped, leaves broad,
tapering abruptly towards the apex, petioles scarcely margined, flower medium in size, fruits

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medium to small, compressed, orange at maturity and pulp orange. Very juicy, acidity and
sweetness well blend, easily separable. Polyembryonic species.

Kara mandarin
Tree moderately vigorous, spreading and round topped, similar to Satsuma but larger and more
vigorous, thorneless with rather stout, spreading and drooping branches, leaves dark green, hardy
to cold. Fruit medium large, moderately to slight oblate, base commonly slight necked and
furrowed, apex flattened or depressed with visible areolar area. Rind medium thick, soft to
texture, moderately adherent but peels freely well, surface slightly rough and bumpy.

II. Sweet orange (C. sinensis)

Sweet orange is the most widely distributed and exhibits the highest production among all
commercial citrus species. Sweet oranges can be divided into four groups based on fruit
norphological characteristics, chemical constituents and usage.
i) Common or round oranges: These include Valencia, used for fresh fruit and processing,
Shamouti, with its typicai form and flavour, and Pera, Hamlin and Pineapple, grown mainly
for processing.
ii) Navel orange: This is the most important group for fresh fruit. Navel orange has the
prominent distinctive feature of a small, secondary fruit embedded in the apex of the main
fruit.
iii) Pigmented (blood) orange: Anthocyanin appears in the rind and juice. The best known
varieties are Moro, Tarocco and Sanguinelli.
iv) Acidless or sugar orange: This has very low acidity in the fruit (about 0.2%). Mosambi,
Succary.

Following are the cultivars of sweet orange.

Satgudi
Fruit almost spherical, small to large, smooth surface, attractive orange coloured when fully
matured, base and apex is fully rounded, rind thin with little rag, semi glossy and finelly pitted,
pulp uniformly straw colour, juicy, flavour excellent, seeds few to many.
Italian.

Washington Navel orange

Famous winter-ripening fruit. Excellent in flavour. Seedless, easy to peel, separates into
segments. Also good for fresh squeezed juice in winter.

Valencia orange
The traditional juice orange, also good for eating. Blooms in spring and has small green fruit first
summer which ripen the following summer. Stores well on tree for long periods actually
improving in quality.

Jaffa orange
Also known as 'Shamouti' orange. Fruit is almost seedless, pleasantly sweet and juicy. Easy to
peel. Stores well on tree.

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 III. Lime (C. aurantifolia)
Lime trees most probably originated in tropical areas along the Malay archipelago and as a result
of this heritage are the most freeze sensitive of all commercial citrus species. Thus, the
distribution of limes is limited to the tropics and warm, humid subtropical regions where
minimum temperatures remain above -2° C to -3°C. Acid limes consist of small fruited Indian,
West Indian or Mexican lime (C aurantifolia) and large fruited Tahiti or Persian lime (C
latifolia).
Tree medium sized, hardy and semi vigorous, upright with an irregular and loose crown. Foliage
not dense, light green, thorns numerous, leaves broadly elliptical, margin crenate, apex obtuse,
veins prominent, petiole narrowly winged, distinctly articulated, fruit round to oblong, yellow,
smooth, apex rounded and slightly nippled, base rounded, rind thin, papery, adherence very
strong, segments 9-11, pulp light greenish-yellow, juicy, flavour good and sour.

Bears seedless lime

Large fruit, very juicy and seedless. Most be protected from severe frosts. Crop heaviest in fall,
although fruit stores on tree finally turning from green to yellow before falling off

Mexican lime
Known as 'Key Lime in Florida, this is the most tender citrus. Fruit much smaller than 'Bearss'
with many seeds. Strong lime flavor and Juicy.

Tahiti lime
'Tahiti' tree are monoembryonic, indicating that this variety is not completely female sterile. The
progeny were variable, resembling lemon and citron.

Kagzi lime
A small tree with rather irregular branches; twigs with short, stiff, very sharp spines; leaves
small, 5-7.5 cm long, elliptic-ovate or oblong-ovate, obtusely pointed at the tip and rounded at
the base, margins crenulate, pale green, petioles narrowly winged, spathulate; inflorescences
axillary, short, lax racemes of 2-7 flowers (rarely single); flowers small, white in the bud, calyx
cupulate, 4-5 lobed; petals 4-5, stamens 20-25; ovary depressed, globose, with 9-12 segments,
not merging into the style but clearly set off from it; style soon deciduous; stigma depressed,
globose; fruits small, oval or subglobose, often with a small apical papilla, greenish-yellow when
ripe; peel very thin, prominently glandular-dotted; seeds small, oval, white inside. Pramilini,
Vikram, Jaidevi, Saisarbati, ALH-77 are some important varieties of Kagzi lime.

IV. Lemon (C. limon)

The true home of the lemon is unknown, though some have linked it to northwestern India.
Lemon trees probably originated in the_Eastern Himalayan regions of India. It is generally
accepted that lemon is a hybrid closely related to citron. Distribution and major production areas
are limited to semi-arid to arid subtropical regions having the minimum temperatures greater
than - 4°C. Certain lemons may be hybrids between Lemon and citron. Another lemon Meyer (C.
meyerii) is less acidic and rather resembles an orange in shape. Following are the cultivars of
lemon.

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Assam lemon
It is an indigenous variety of Assam and grows all over south India, with the name Pat nimboo in
Bombay-Deccan region and as Seville lemon in Andhra Pradesh. The cultivation of this variety
is gaining populality because of heavy fruiting, the big size of the fruit and the abundant juice
content. It is known as Sivakasi lemon or Nepali Oblong.

Bearss
Closely resembles 'Lisbon'. It is highly susceptible to scab and greasy spot and oil spotting.
The tree is vigorous and tends to produce too many water sprouts. The peel is rich in oil.

Eureka
It originated from seed taken from an Italian lemon (probably the 'Lunario'). The fruit is elliptic
to oblong or rarely obovate, with moderately protruding nipple at apex, a low collar at the base;
peel yellow, longitudinally ridged, slightly rough because of sunken oil glands, medium-thick,
tightly clinging; pulp greenish-yellow, in about 10 segments, fine-grained, tender, juicy, very
acid. Fruits are often borne in large terminal clusters unprotected by the foliage. Trees are of
medium size, almost thornless, early-bearing, prolific; not especially vigorous, cold-sensitive,
relatively short-lived.

Kagzi Kalan
It is originated from chance seedling. Trees are spreading, less thorny, smooth branch, leaves
big. Fruits are often borne in large terminal clusters, big size, less acidic, seedless, and juicy.
Bear flowers in two seasons.

Lisbon
Originated in Portuga possibly as a selection of 'Gallego. Fruit almost identical to Eureka,
elliptical to oblong, prominently nippled at apex, base faintly necked; peel yellow, barely rough,
faintly pitted, sometimes slightly ribbed, medium-thick, tightly clinging; pulp pale greenish-
yellow, in about 10 segments, fine-grained, tender, juicy, very acid, with few or no seeds. Fruit is
borne inside the canopy, sheltered from extremes of heat and cold. Trees are large, vigorous,
thorny, prolific, and resistant to cold, heat, and wind. It is low-yielding and short-lived in India.

Meyer
It is a hybrid, possibly lemon x mandarin orange. Tree small, with few thorns, prolific, cold-
resistant; produces few water sprouts. Plant has a mounding habit, nearly thornless. Fruits
abundantly in winter but can have some fruit most months of the year. Mature fruit turns from
yellow to slightly orange in color. Obovate, elliptical or oblong, round at the base, occasionally
faintly necked and furrowed or lobed; apex rounded or with short nipple of medium size, peel
light-orange with numerous small oil glands, pulp pale orange-yellow, usually in 10 segments
with tender walls, melting, juicy, moderately acid with medium lemon flavor; seeds small, 8 to
12. It is a carrier of a virulent strain of tristeza.

Nepali Round
It originated in India; round, without distinct nipple; juicy; seedless. Tree large, vigorous,
compact, nearly thornless, medium-prolific. Successfully cultivated in South India.

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Villafranca
It is believed to have originated in Sicily; closely resembles 'Eureka'; of medium size. Tree is
more vigorous, larger, more densely foliaged, and more thorny than 'Eureka' but becomes
thornless with age.

V. Grape fruit (C. paradisi)

Grapefruit is probably a natural hybrid of pummelo as a seed parent and sweet orange or some
other similar type as pollen donor. Grapefruit is one of the few citrus types that originated in the
New World, probably in the West Indies. The high heat requirement limits production of the
highest quality fruit in tropical and hot, humid subtropical regions. It has achieved prominence in
the twentieth century as fresh fruit and for processing. It is not clear whether the name was given
because the flavour resembling the grape or, more probably, because the fruits are borne in
clusters, contrasting with the single fruit in pummelo. Following are the cultivars of the
grapefruit.

Foster:
Plant fairly vigorous, medium sized tree, crown rounded, compact, trunk medium, robust,
branches spreading, young shoots light green, minutely hairy, short slender spines are in one or
two yeas old shoots. Petiole medium long, rounded, articulated, broadly winged, shape ovate to
subcordate, tip touches the very broadly rounded base of the lamina, lamina medium large, upper
surface dark green, glossy, slightly leathery, apex rounded, base broadly rounded, aroma mild.
Inflorescence in cymose cluster, bud ovate, oblong ovate, white, minutely hairy at apex, fruit
globose to oblate, colour yellow with a blush of pink, surface smooth, coarsely pitted, base
rounded or slightly depressed, stem medium long, apex rounded, areole absent, rind medium
thick, firm, leathery, juice abundant, mesocarp thick, yellowish with pinkish, TSS 7%, acidity
0.87% seeds average 34 per fruit.

Duncan
Plant medium large, crown compact, rounded, trunk medium, robust, bark rather thick, gray,
branches thick, spreading, short slender spines on one or two year old shoots in the axils of
leaves. Petiole articulate, long, cylindrical in shape, petiole wings broad, lamina large, upper
surface dark green, glossy, slightly leathery, margins entire towards the base, apex rounded, base
broadly to narrow rounded, aroma mild. Inflorescence cymose clusters, solitary flowers also in
the axils of leaf, bisexual, 2-9 flowers in cluster, buds ovate oblong, white, minutely hairy at the
apex, pedicel cylindrical, long, anther long. Fruit medium large, oblate to globose, colour light
yellow, surface smooth, no ridges and furrows, apex evenly rounded, areole absent. Rind
medium thick, pleasant strong aroma, segment 13, seeds average 39 per fruit, TSS 7.5%, acidity
0.85 and juice abundant.

Marsh Seedless
Best flavor if grown in hot climate locations. Fruits take 18 months from bloom to ripen. Tree
has dense form and rich, green foliage. Fruits are big, smooth with white flesh. This is seedless
cultivar.

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Rio Red
Texas hybrid that shows much better color than the traditional 'Ruby'. Best in warmer locations
but also performs well near the coast.

Star Ruby
Dark red color is characteristic of this variety, even when grown in cooler coastal regions. Plants
are small with dense foliage. Heavy bearer, fruit are smooth with dark red flesh, stores well on
the tree.

VI. Pummelo (Citrus grandis)

Pummelo, sometimes referred to as Shaddock, is a typically large sized tropical citrus fruit.
Pummelo is probably native to southern China or the Malay and Indian archipelagos. A
monoembryonic species with large sized fruits. Spreading, round topped, almost thornless tree.
Leaves large with broadly winged petiole. Lower surface of leaf is pubescent, particularly main
vein. Flowers very large, fruits large sized, subglobose to pyriform in shape with thick and
spongy rind. Fruits are sweet and moderately juicy. Rind thick and seeds are very large.

VII. Sweet Lemon (C. limetta)

A general name for certain non-acid lemons or limettas. In India, they are grown in the
Nilgiris, Malabar and other areas. The fruits are usually insipid, occasionally subacid or acid.
The seeds are white within and the tree is large, resembling that of the orange.

VIII. Galgal or Hill Lemon (C. pseudolimon)

It is cultivated on a commercial scale in the submountain areas of northern India where it is
grown as a substitute for lemon or lime. It is also known as Kumaon lemon. The notable
differences between this variety and other lemon varieties are that it has the essential oils, aroma
in both leaves and rind, single bloom and one crop behavior. It is commonly used for making
pickle in Punjab. Tree fairly tall, hardy and vigorous, upright and spreading with an irregular and
loose crown, foliage dense and light green thorny, leaves broadly elliptic ovate to oblong,
marginate crenate, apex obtuse-acute, petiole long marginally winged. Fruit ovate oblong,
yellow, apex slightly nipped, base rounded toi slightly nippled, rind medium thick, axis hallow,
segments 8-10, pulp light yellow, juicy, flavour good and sour. Seeds are 28-60.

IX. Rootstock varieties

Karna khatta, Sohsarkar (C. karna)
It is moderately plyembryonic species. Tree medium to large, some what similar to that of
rough lemon. Leaves large with serrulate margin and winged petiole. Flowers are large and
pigmented. Fruits medium, rind surface irregular and apical papilla well developed. Rind thick
and moderately adhering. Fruit surface and pulp orange coloured. Fruit juicy and acidic in taste

Cleopatra mandarin (C. reshni)

Tree thornless, with dense top, leaves small, fruits produced singly or in bunches, fruit colour
dark orange red shape ovalate, flattened at both sise, size small, rind rough, thin, loosely
attached, flesh orange, juice abundant, acidity and sweetness normal.

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Rough lemon (C. jambhiri)
Perhaps a lemon x citron hybrid, but has been given the botanical name of C. jambhiri originated
in northern India, where it grows wild; fruits oblate, rounded or oval, base flat to distinctly
necked, apex rounded with a more or less sunken nipple; of medium size, peel lemon-yellow to
orange-yellow, rough and irregular, with large oil glands, often ribbed; pulp lemon-yellow,
usually in 10 segments, medium-juicy, medium-acid, with moderate lemon odor and flavor;
seeds small, 10 to 15, brownish. Reproduces true from seeds, which are 96% to 100% nucellar.
Tree large, very thorny; new growth slightly tinged with red; buds and flowers with red-purple.
The tree has been of great importance as a rootstock for the sweet orange, mandarin orange and
grapefruit. Jatti khatti, Florida rough and Italian rough are the variants of rough lemon.

Attani (C. rugulosa)

The leaves are mandarin like but have larger wing. The rind peels easily. The flowers are
medium sized with a pubescent ovary.

Rangpur lime (C. limonia)

Medium large, fairly vigorous growing tree, crown compact, trunk medium, robust, branches
spreading, bark rather thin, brown, young shoots purple coloured, spines are on one year or two
year shoots, no spines on trunk or older growth. Petiole medium long, cylindrical, articulated,
slightly winged, lamina medium large, ovate elliptic, upper surface green, apex attenuated, base
euneate, aroma distinct lemon like. Inflorescence cymose cluster, sub terminal or superiously
terminal, proportion of bisexual flowers are more, flower bud small, light purple, ovate star
shaped at the apex, male flowers generally 4 petalled, light purple out side and white in side,
ovary, ovoid or sub- cylindrical. Fruit shape globose, oblate, colour deep orange, surface smooth,
finely papillate, rounded or depressed, furrows extending through the color, stem short, apex
rounded, areole distinct. Rind medium thick, oil medium abundant, aroma strong, measocarp
medium thick, light orange, segments easily separable, juice abundant, TSS 5.5%, taste sour,
acidity 3.18%. In reality this orange-colored fruit is a sour mandarin. Its juice combines mellow
lime sourness with mild orange flavor.

Sour orange (Citrus aurantium)

A medium-sized tree, with a rounded top; twigs angled when young, with single, slender
spines, often short, or stout spines on rapidly growing shoots; leaves medium-sized, ovate,
bluntly pointed at tip, broadly rounded to cuneate at base; petioles 2-3 cm long, rather broadly
winged, flowers large, very fragrant fruits subglobose, usually slightly depressed at both base
and top, peel thick, with a rather rough surface, becoming brilliant orange with a reddish tint at
maturity; locules 10-12, filled with sharply acid pulp and numerous seeds; fruit becoming hollow
at center as it matures.

Alemow (C. macrophylla)

It has large leaves with much smaller, subtriangular, short-winged petioles. The fruits are
very large, 8.5 to 10 cm in diameter, subglobose to oblong, more or less narrowed at the base,
with a rough, transversely-corrugated, but rather thin skin. The fruit has 13 to 16 segments and
rather dry, sour pulp, considered inedible.

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Citron (C. medica)
A shrub or small tree, with a short indistinct trunk, rather spiny, young shoot smooth, leaves
large, not articulated oblong ovate, elliptic in shape, margins serrate, petiole wingless, flower in
cymose clusters, percentage of stamens flowers are more, fruit lemon yellow, large 10-20 cm
long oblong elluiptyical, rough or warty, rind very thick, pulp sparse, juice moderate, acidity
strong, seeds numerous.

Gazanimma (C. gaznima)

A distinctive species having crushed leaf aroma similar to ginger or eucalyptus smell. Medium
sized tree with thick glossy leaves. Fruit medium sized, almost spherical and smooth surfaced.
Fruits are in acidic taste

Adajamir (C. assamensis)

A distinctive species having crushed leaf aroma similar to ginger or eucalyptus smell. Medium
sized tree with thick glossy leaves. Fruit medium sized, almost spherical and smooth surfaced.
Fruits are in acidic taste

Calamondin (C. madurensis)

Tree small topped ornamental with upright branches, columnar, rather bushy and dense, slightly
thorny, leaves broadly oval, lighter green below, petiole short, narrowly winged. Flowers white
small, borne singly or in pairs at the ends of branchlets. Fruit colour orange to deep orange,
surface smooth and glossy, very finely pitted, shape oblate to spherical, size small, base
flattened, rind thin, loose, easily separable when ripe, tender and pulp very acidic of good
flavour, seeds less. Prized fruit of the Philippines, know as 'Kalamansi'. Small orange fruit, sour
in taste, can be used as a lime or to make marmalade.

Indian wild orange (Citrus indica)

Branches terete, spiny, glabrous; leaves oblong or lanceolate, thick, acute at the base, veins
curved, petioles articulated, linear, fruits small, broadly obovoid or sub-pyriform, solitary on
terminal twigs, pedicels very short; segments few, vesicles fusiform; seeds large, smooth, mono-
embryonic. This species has leaves resembling those of C. sinensis, but small, fig-shaped fruit
containing extremely large seeds is entirely different from any other Citrus.

Papeda
Khasi papeda (C. latipes)
A thorny tree similar to inchang papeda but having leaf blade more variable in size and shape
and with tips subacute. Flowers borne in small axillary racemes. Inflorescence is recemose,
flower bud medium sized Fruit are borne singly having thick peel; inner layer is chalky white
just below the outer green layer. Seeds are smaller.

Microptera (C. microptera)

Petiole broadly winged, distinctly articulated, leaves elongate acuminate, twice as long as
petiole, twigs sub compresses with long one spine on young twigs and one short spine on old
twigs in the axil of the leaves. Fruit with 10 – 12 segments, pubescent with scanty pulp,
depressed, almost without juice. Fruit globose and pale yellow.

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Ichang papeda (Citrus ichangensis)
A spiny shrub or small tree, twigs angular when young, with stout, sharp spines, leaves
narrow, petioles very large, broadly winged, obovate or oblong-spatulate, evenly rounded at the
tip and narrowed abruptly at the base, leaf blade ovate-acuminate, flowers 2.5-3 cm diameter
with minutely ciliate margins; petals oblong, stamens 20, style very short, caducous; stigma
nearly as large as the ovary; ovary with 7-9 locules, ovules numerous in each locule; fruits small,
glabrous, peel rough, seeds large, very thick, apparently monoembryonic.

Trifoliate orange (P. trifoliata)

It is small much branched tree, twigs angled, spiny, spines single, stout, straight, sharp, buds
covered with overlapping bud scales. Leaves palmately, trifoliate, flowered bud covered with
scales, flower single, sessile, fruits small, almost sessile, globose or ovoid or slightly pyriform,
dull lemon colour, peel thick, oil glands numerous. Poncirus is widely used as a rootstock; A
rather dwarf form named 'Flying Dragon', has been recently experimented with as a rootstock.

Fortunella
Small orange fruit that are eaten peel and all. Will store on trees for months without loss of
flavor. Needs lots of heat to produce very fragrant blossoms in summer. Plant is very cold hardy.
Native of China, it is a symbol of prosperity and good luck. Fortunella differs from Citrus
mainly in having two collateral ovules near the top of each locule (Citrus has 4-12). Though
evergreen, it possesses some degree of winter dormancy, enabling the tree to remain quiescent
during the weeks of warm weather. F. margarita and F. japonica are quite widely cultivated in
China, Japan and some subtropical environments. Fruit has a relatively thick, fleshy sweet and
edible peel, and 4-7 segments filled with pleasant, mildly acid pulp.

Clymenia
This genus is allied to Citrus; it differs in with citrus in flowing aspects
1. Subsessile pulp-vesicles (somewhat narrowed at the base but not borne on slender stalks)
attached in great numbers to the lateral segment walls for 3/4 the distance from the peel
to the axis;
2. Very numerous stamens (50-100) with free, slender filaments
3. Ovary with a very short, stout style
4. Leaves with very short petioles,
Small trees, branches spineless, twigs subangular when young, then cylindrical; leaves thin,
smooth, acuminate-caudate at apex, cuneate at base, tapering into the very short petiole,
furrowed above, and not articulated with the leaf blade. The flowers arise singly in the leaf axils
and are borne on straight, rather stout pedicels, slightly longer than the petioles of the subtending
leaves; calyx persistent, stamens very numerous, filaments free, slender, ovary ovoid with 14-16
locules, ovules several in each locule; style very short; fruit ovoid, small, skin thin, orange-like.

Citrus hybrids
Citranges
These are group of hybrids. The hybrid showed intermediate characters of the parents. The
leaves are manly trifoliate evergreen. The fruits are yellow to orange in colour and rind is thin
smooth. The fruits are juicy flavoured.
Troyer citrange Sweet orange x Trifoliate orange
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Morton citrange Sweet orange x Trifoliate orange

Malta Mosambi

Kagzi lime Kagzi Kalan

Galgal Sweet lemon

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 Red Blush Marsh Seedless

Star Ruby
Imperial

Calamondin Attani
Calamondin

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Carrizo citrange
Attani

Jatti Khatti Rangpur lime

Trifoliate orange

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3. Grape
Varieties identified from IARI, New Delhi
Pusa Seedless
It is a selection made from Thompson Seedless. It resembles Thompson Seedless with regard to
most of the characters but has elongated berries. It is highly responsive to GA3 application. The
berries have high T.S.S. and suitable for both table purpose and raisin making.

Beauty Seedless:
It was introduced by this Division from California, USA ripening 4th week May. The vine
medium, bunches medium to large, long shouldered and compact with bluish black coloured,
spherical; berries medium, prolific bearer, keeping quality very low.

Pusa Navrang (Madeleine Angevine X Rubired)

This hybrid has been released in 1996 from the division of Fruits and Horticultural Technology,
IARI. It is an early ripening (1st week of June), basal bearer, teinturier variety containing red
pigment both in peel and pulp. The bunch is loose, medium with round and medium berries;
suited for coloured juice and wine making; resistant to anthracnose disease.

Pusa Urvashi (Hur x Beauty Seedless)

This variety has been released from IARI, New Delhi, basal bearer, ripening during 1 st week of
June. Bunch is loose and medium in size with seedless greenish-yellow berries. It is suitable for
table purpose and raisin making. The pulp T.S.S. varies from 20 to 22%.

Varieties identified from IIHR, Bangalore

Arka Shyam (Bangalore Blue x Black Champa)
Moderate to heavy yielder, Medium clusters, berries big, round; TSS 24 °Brix, acidity 0.6%,
suitable for table and wine purpose.

Arka Hans (Anab-e-Shahi x Bangalore Blue)

Prolific bearer, bunches medium, yellowish green berries, seeded, TSS 21°Brix, acidity 0.5%,
suitable for wine making.

Arka Sweta (Anab-e-Shahi x Thompson Seedless)

Prolific bearer, suitable for table use and raisin making, bunch weight 260 g, berries greenish
yellow, obovid, uniform, seedless; berry weight. 4.08 g, TSS 18-19° Brix, acidity 0.5-0.6%.

Arka Majestic (Angur Kalan x Black Champa)

plants vigorous, prolific bearer, high yielder, berries deep red, obovoid, bold and seeded, suitable
for table use, bunch weight 370 g, berry weight 7.7 g, TSS 18-20° Brix, acidity 0.40.6%, pedicel
attachment very good, ideal for export, all buds are fruitful.

Arkaneelmani (Black Champa x Thompson Seedless)

plants vigorous, well filled to slightly compact bunches weighing on an average 360 g, berries
black, seedless, berry wt. 3.2 g; TSS 20-22° Brix, acidity 0.6-0.7%, all buds on a cane are
fruitful.

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Arka Chitra (Angur Kalan x Anab-e-Shahi)
Prolific, high yielding, berries-golden yellow with pink blush, seeded but attractive, suitable for
table purpose, average bunch weight 260 g, berry weight 4 g, TSS 18-19° Brix.

Arka Soma (Anab-e-Shahi x Queen of vineyards)

Heavy yielder, white berries, seeded, meaty pulp with muscat flavour, good for wine making.

Arka Trishna (Bangalore Blue x Convent Large Black)

Prolific bearer, berries deep tan, seeded, very sweet pulp, male sterile, good for wine making

Arka Krishna (Black Champa x Thompson Seedless]

Prolific bearer, berries-black, seedless and sweet, more juicy and suitable for beverage industry

Other varieties
Anab-e Shahi
The origin of this cultivar seems to be a bud sport as it had a satellite chromosome. It has been
acclaimed as one of the most productive cultivar grown in India and yielded over 30-40
tones/acre/year. It has attractive large bunches of berries with good shipping quality.

Bangalore Blue
It is a hybrid of vinifera X labrusca. Vine medium and moderate yielder, does well on Kniffin as
well as bower systems of training. The bunches small, compact; berries small to medium, dark
blackish purple. The ripening uniform. Apart from being used for table purpose, it is being
extensively used for juice and wine making. It is known for its hardiness and resistance to
disease for which it finds a suitable place as parent in a breeding programme aimed at inducing
disease resistance.

Perlette
This cultivar is a hybrid of Scolokertekhiralynoje 26 X Sultanina Marble developed at the
University' of California, Davis, by Dr. H. P. Olmo. The most striking feature is the
transluscence of the mature fruit. Berries medium, whitish green, spherical; flesh soft, mild,
muscat flavoured. It has good keeping quality. Small underdeveloped berries (shot berries)
scattered all over the bunch is major defect. The bunch compactness is reduced in a new strain
„Loose Perlette' which was the result of irradiation.

4. Papaya
Varieties released from IARI, New Delhi
Pusa Delicious:
It is a gynodioecious line. The plant medium; first bearing starts at the height of 2m; fruits
medium (1.15 to 2.5 kg), flavour; pulp bright orange, T.S.S. ranges from 10 to 13° Brix.

Pusa Majesty:
Gynodioecious line, good yielder. The fruits have good texture and firm flesh enabling long
distance transportation. Fruit quality is very good with very high papain content. The variety is
also resistant to nematodes.

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Pusa Dwarf:
Plant dwarf, fruits oval round and medium (1 to 1.5 kg). It starts fruiting at a height of 35 cm
above the ground level. This varies ideally suited for high density planting.

Pusa Nanha:
This variety was evolved through mutation. It is exceptionally dwarf (1 m); fruiting starts at 30
cm height from ground level. It is suitable for planting in pots and under high density planting
systems.

Pusa Giant:
This is a vigorous variety with large sized fruits. The plants are sturdy and resistant to strong
winds. It starts bearing at a height of 90 cm from ground level.

Varieties released from Tamilnadu University, Coimbtor

Co. 1
It is a selection from the progenies of cv. Ranchi. Plant dwarf, fruit round or oval, golden yellow
skin, flesh orange.

CO-2
This is a pure line selection from a local type. The plant medium-tall, fruits obovate, large; skin
yellowish green; flesh orange, soft, moderately juicy. It is a good table fruit and also a high
papain yielding cultivar.

CO-3
This is a hybrid between Co. 2 X Sunrise Solo, a tall vigorous plant. The fruit medium, sweet
keeping quality good.

CO-4
This was evolved from a cross between Co. I X Washington. Plant medium tall, fruit large, flesh
thick, yellow with purple tinge, taste sweet; good keeping quality,

CO-5
It is a selection from Washington and found good for papain production.

CO-6
It is a selection from Pusa Majesty. Plant is dioecious and dwarf and found suitable for papain
production.

Other varieties
Coorg Honey Dew
It is a chance seedling of Honey dew. Plant dwarf, heavy bearer, mostly hermaphrodite but
occasionally pistillate flowers. Fruits are oblong and flesh is thick with good flavour.

Punjab Sweet
It is a selection made at PAU, Ludhiana. It is frost tolerant and dieoecious in nature.

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Surya
It is a gynodieocious hybrid (Sun rise solo x Pink Flesh sweet) developed at IIHR, Bangalore. It
is high yielding variety with good quality fruits.

HPSC-3
It is a hybrid between Tripura Local x Honey Dew and found resistant to papaya mosaic virus.

RCTP-I:
High yielding gynodiocious lines developed through selection, from ICAR, Tripura Centre,
Lembucherra. Plant tall with single straight stem without branching. Fruits well shaped
adequately spaced. A plant produced an average fruit yield of 63.25 kg. The total soluble solids
12.5 0brix.

Pusa Nanha Pusa Dwarf Red Lady

RCPT-1 CO-5

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5. Banana
Poovan
The plant tall, hardy, grows vigorously under the ratooning system of cultivation. One of the
distinguishing characters of the plant is the rose-pink colour on the outer side of midrib. It can
grow under unirrigated condition or with scanty irrigation. The fruit medium to small, yellow
skinned, flesh firm with a sub-acid taste, good keeping quality, resistant to Panama wilt and
fairly resistant to bunchy top. The average bunch weight is about 15 kg.

Dwarf Cavendish
It is the leading commercial cultivar of Maharashtra. The plant dwarf, fruits large, curved, peel
thick, greenish, flesh soft, sweet. The greenish colour of the fruit is retained to some extent even
after ripening, Susceptible to bunchy top and leaf spot disease but resistant to Panama wilt,
keeping quality not good. The Dwarf Cavendish is an important banana in international trade.
Two semi-tall mutants, Monsmari and Williams Hybrid are widely grown in Queensland,
Lacatan.

Kanchkela
This is the most important commercial culinary banana cultivar of India. The plant tall, robust,
light green, very hardy and grows under un-irrigated condition. Average bunch weight is about
15 kg.

Harichal
Musa (AAA) group-Syn. Bombay green (Maharashtra), Peddapachaarati (Andhra Pradesh),
Robusta (Tamil Nadu). It is a semi-tall sport of Dwarf Cavendish, It is another important
commercial banana of Maharashtra. Fruits large, peel thick, greenish to dull yellow, sweet and
delicious. The fruits have better keeping quality than that of Dwarf Cavendish. Average bunch
weight is about 20 kg.

Martman
It is the choicest table cultivar of West Bengal. The plant is tall and can be identified by the
yellowish green stem with brownish blotches, reddish margins of the petiole and leaf sheath. The
average bunch weight is about 12 kg. Fruits medium, similar to that of Poovan in appearance,
peel thin, ivory yellow, flesh firm, sweet with a pleasant aroma. Its cultivation is decreasing due
to susceptibility to Panama wilt.

Nendrun
Musa (AAB) group-Syn. Ethakai (Kerala), Rajeli (Maharashtra), Kochikehel (Sri Lanka),
Plantain (Trinidad). This cultivar is known in all part of the world as plantain. This is a dual-
purpose cultivar of Kerala. It has very good keeping quality. The fruit is relatively longer and
thicker than most other bananas. The bunch is not compact. The average bunch weight is 15 kg.

Safed Velchi
This variety is under stray cultivation throughout South India and Maharashtra and mostly grown
as intercrop in coconut and arecanut garden. The plants are medium-sized with slender,
yellowish pseudo stem having reddish petiole margin. The fruits are small, firm-fleshed and
sweet. The average bunch weight is about 12 kg.
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Gros Michel
Gros Michel occupied the first rank in desirable fruit characters, such as size, quality, flavour,
attractive skin colour, resistance to bruising, grade yield, symmetry and strength of bunch. The
most serious demerit of this cultivar is its susceptibility to wilt.

6.Guava
Allahabad safeda
Fruit medium, roundish, average weight 171 g; surface smooth, glossy, peel yellowish white
with small distinct dots; flesh white, soft melting; flavor pleasant; sweet, good for canning.

Apple colour
Fruit medium, spherical, roundish, fruit weight 38 g; surface slightly rough; peel thick, light red
or pinkish with scattered dots; flesh creamy white, soft melting; flavor pleasant, sweet.

Chittidar
Fruit small to medium, roundish ovate, average fruit weight 126 g; surface smooth, glossy, peel
straw-yellow with few scattered dots; flesh yellowish white, soft melting, flavour mild, sweet
acidic, good for canning.

Behat coconut
Fruit large, elliptical round, average weight 270 g; surface slightly rough, peel thin, light
greenish yellow; flesh white, crisp; flavour mild, acidic sweet; seed large.

Lucknow 49 (Sardar)
Fruit medium to large terminate to pyriform; average weight 182 g; surface slightly rough; peel
thick, yellowish white, distinct medium dots; flesh creamy white, soft melting,; flavour slightly
acidic, swett, good for canning and jelly.

Lalit
It has been released by the CISH, Lucknow, for commercial cultivation. The fruits medium (185
g), attractive, saffron-yellow, red blush; flesh firm, pink with good blend of sugar and acid. This
is suitable for both table and processing purposes.

7. Ber
Thar Sevika
Developed from a cross between Seb x Katha. It is an early maturing variety. Plants semi-
spreadin; fruits attractive, greenish yellow, juicy; average fruit weight 25 g; stone weight 1.35 g,
flesh thickness 1.1 cm. TSS 24%, total sugar 5.02%, ascorbic acid content 88 mg/100g fruit and
acidity 0.60. it is free from powdery mildew and have low incidence of Alternaria rot. Ripening
during last week of December.

Thar Bhubhraj
It is a selection from local material of Bhusavar area of Bharatpur district of Rajasthan, It has an
upright growth habit and has the ability to withstand extremes of temperatures of 2.5 to 48.0° C.
It is also an early maturing variety. Fruits are attractive and very juicy, fruit weight 27.0 g, stone

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weight 1.9 g, flesh thickness 1.0 cm, TSS 23%, total sugar 4.29%, ascorbic acid content 60
mg/100 g fruit, acidity 0.80%. The fruits mature by end of December-first week of January.

Umran
The fruits large, oval in shape, with roundish apex. The fruit matures during February-March and
ripens during mid March. Fruits are sweet, TSS 19%, acidity 0.12%. This cultivar has long shelf
life.

Gola
It is an early mauturing cultivar. Fruits are very attractive, roundish in shape and golden yellow
colour. Fruit weight 20.0 g, TSS 17-19%, acidity 0.46-0.51%.

Thar Sevika Thar Bhubhraj

8. Apple
Red Delicious
The trees vigorous, form spur freely. Fruit large and oblong-conical, with red streaks. Flesh
creamish, juicy, aromatic, sweet. It ripen-in the third week of August and can be stored for 3-4
months.

Starking Delicious
The trees vigorous, form spur freely, fruit large, oblong conical in shape; ground greenish-yellow
covered with dark red stripes all over the fruits. Flesh creamish, juicy, aromatic, sweet, quality
excellent. The fruits cannot be stored for a long time. They ripen in second week of August.

Richared
The trees vigorous, form spur freely, fruits large, oblong-conical; ground colour greenish-yellow,
covering with red wash all over. Lenticells are conspicuous. It also ripens in third week of
August.

Ambri
This is the only indigenous variety grown in India. It originated in Kashmir perhaps from a
seedling. The trees vigorous, .fruit medium to large, oblong ; red streaks over a greenish-yellow
background. The pulp white, crisp and sweet. The fruits ripen in the last week of September.
They can be stored for 4-5 months under ordinary storage in Kashmir and for 10 months in cold
storage. It is an attractive apple with an extra-ordinary keeping quality.

Baldwin
Discovered as a chance seedling, the trees moderately vigorous, spreading, producing spurs

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freely. The fruit large and round to oblong, ground colour pale-green, flushed with dull purplish
brown. Sometime traces of red stripes are present. The fruits mature in the beginning of August.
The fruits last 34 months under ordinary storage conditions. The tree bears late in life and is a
biennial bearer. It is a triploid variety. It was grown extensively in Kullu valley, but with the
introduction of Red Delicious group, it has almost been completely removed.

Golden Delicious
This is most popular cultivar of all apple-growing areas of the world. In India, it is commercially
used as a pollinizer for Delicious apples. It is not popular in Indian market as a commercial
cultivar because of its yellow colour. However, some orchardists are getting good price from it.
Its trees are moderately vigorous, spreading, producing spurs freely. Fruit medium and round
conical to oblong. Ground colour greenish yellow which turns to golden-yellow on ripening.
Some fruits are halfflushed with pale orange. Flesh is creamish, crisp, fine textured, juicy, sweet,
little acidic with very good aromatic flavour.
Granny Smith
It is a late season variety. A chance seedling from the backyard of Marie Ann Smith, Australia.
The tree is very vigorous and crops heavily, but it is not much good for areas with short growing
seasons. Fruits green, slippery skinned, dual purpose cooking/eating. The flesh is hard, crisp, and
juicy. The flavor is tart, becoming very sweet if tree ripened. The fruit will store for several
months after maturity without needing refrigeration. It. is an excellent pollen source for other
varieties.

Jonathan
It is mid season variety. It is a well-known cultivar throughout the apple-growing areas. The
trees moderately vigorous, producing spurs freely, precocious and regular-bearer. The fruits
medium and round to round-conical, ground colour pale greenish-white and flushed with bright
crimson and scattered broken red stripes. The flesh is white, slightly acidic blend. The fruits can
be stored for 2-3 months. The fruit is often affected by black freckles, known as 'Jonathan Spot'.
It also acts as a pollinizer for Delicious varieties.

Vance delicious
A mutant of Delicious. Trees vigorous, spreading; fruit medium to large, conical, striped red;
flesh greenish, turning to creamish-yellow on ripening; firm, juicy, aromatic and sweet. The
fruits ripen 12-13 days earlier than Starking Delicious. It develops good colour at low altitudes
and marginal areas. At higher altitudes it may over colour and turn to dark blackish-red. It is
more productive than Starking Delicious.
Jonagold
A late season variety. It is developed by crossing of Jonathan and Golden Delicious. The fruit are
striped red over a yellow ground color, fine textured, juicy, and are sweet and with a bit more
acidity than Golden Delicious. Consistently rated as one of the finest culinary apples. The fruit
are usually large. Requires a pollenizer (self infertile due to being triploid). Very vigorous and
with a spreading growth habit,
Spur type varieties
Red Chief
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This is a limb sport of Starkrimson. Tree size small, compact and forms more numberof spurs.
Fruit medium to large, uniform, conical, dark and stripes are present on blush.. It develops colour
15 days earlier than Starking Delicious. Flesh is creamish yellow, firm, juicy, aromatic and sweet
in taste

Red Spur
The trees are two-thirds to those of standard Delicious cultivars. Trees have close internodal
growth. Fruit medium to large, conical , dark red. They resemble to those of Richared. Flesh
creamish-yellow, firm, juicy, sweet . It matures 2 weeks earlier than Starking Delicious

Oregon Spur
Tree size is two-thirds the size of standard Delicious cultivar. It forms spurs heavily. Fruit is
medium to large, conical in shape and blushed with dark red colour. Fruit may be uniformly
coloured. Flesh creamish-yellow, firm, juicy and sweet in taste. The fruits ripen a few days
earlier than Starking Delicious in Kullu valley. It is recommended for higher altitudes.

9. Pear
Bartlett
It is also an important mid season, ripening start from the first week of August. The fruit big,
obtuse, pyriform, yellow; peel thin, pulp soft, juicy, sweet and scented. The keeping quality of
the fruit is poor. It is a standard usually requires thinning. The fruit is fit for canning.

Doyenne Du Cornice
It is another mid season variety which requires shorter period of chilling. The pulp is melting,
delicious and aromatic. The fruit is big and obtuse pyriform, the colour of which is yellow with
russet patches. The stalk is long and thin. It had been reported that the variety gave good response
when planted with 'Winter Nelis' as pollinizer. It is irregular in nature. The keeping quality of the
fruit is poor.

Beurre Hardy
It is a late variety. The fruit roundish oval and big; grayish golden yellow; pulp soft, juicy, sweet
and aromatic. Fruits are picked by second week of August. It is also grown in South India above
1,700 metres.

Star King Delicious

Fruits big, pyriform, golden yellow; flesh creamy yellow, soft, juicy, sweet, aromatic, and
delicious. Fruits are picked at the end of August.

Patharnakh
Late season variety of Chinese group. The fruit light yellowish grey with prominent brown dots;
flesh white. Average fruit weight at maturity ranges between 200-250 g. Juice content is 45-50%,
TSS 12 to 15%, acidity0.30 to 0.35%. Keeping quality of the fruit is very good. Picking starts
from the 2nd week of August. The fruit is very hard and quite fit for long distance transportation.

Baggugosha
It is a most important variety of Kashmir valley and can also be grown successfully in
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submountaneous tracts, but the quality becomes poor. Fruit weight 110 to 205 g, juice content 43
to 59%, TSS 12.9 to 17.2%, acidity 0.23 to 0.44%. It is an interspecific hybrid and requires to be
improved by adding some genes responsible for regular bearing.
Kieffer
It is cultivated extensively in the Kodaikanal area in South. It is a cross between the French pear
and the Oriental pear and originated in America. Fruit are large, showing different shape on the
same tree, yellow when fully ripe. Flesh is soft, slightly gritty, very juicy and sweet. A prolific
bearer variety which ripens in September.

Flemish Beauty
The tree vigorous, very productive; fruit high in quality, but require careful timing of harvest to
obtain full flavour and freedom from breakdown. Flemish Beauty is susceptible to scale and fire
blight.

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