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Network Topologies and Networking Standard: Unit 2

Unit 2 discusses network topologies and standards. There are two types of line configurations - point-to-point and multipoint. Common network topologies include bus, star, ring, mesh, and hierarchical. Various IEEE standards define networking protocols.

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78 views25 pages

Network Topologies and Networking Standard: Unit 2

Unit 2 discusses network topologies and standards. There are two types of line configurations - point-to-point and multipoint. Common network topologies include bus, star, ring, mesh, and hierarchical. Various IEEE standards define networking protocols.

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pratyay dhond
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Unit 2

Network Topologies and Networking Standard

• Line Configuration
• Topology
• IEEE networking standards
Line Configuration in Computer Networks

• A network is two or more devices connected through a link. A link is a


communication pathway that transfer data from one device to
another. Devices can be a computer, printer or any other device that
is capable to send and receive data. For visualization purpose,
imagine any link as a line drawn between two points.
For communication to occur, two devices must be connected in some
way to the same link at the same time. There are two possible types
of connections:
• Point-to-Point Connection
• Multipoint Connection
Point-to-Point Connection :
• A point-to-point connection provides a dedicated link between two
devices.
• The entire capacity of the link is reserved for transmission between those
two devices.
• Most point-to-point connections use a actual length of wire or cable to
connect the two end, but other options such as microwave or satellite links
are also possible.
• Point to point network topology is considered to be one of the easiest and
most conventional network
topologies.
• It is also the simplest to establish and understand.
Figure 2-2

Point-to-Point Line Configuration


MultiPoint Connection
• It is also called Multidrop configuration. In this connection two or
more devices share a single link.
• There are two kinds of Multipoint Connections :
• If the links are used simultaneously between many devices, then it is
spatially shared line configuration.
• If user takes turns while using the link, then it is time shared
(temporal) line configuration.
Figure 2-3

Multipoint Line Configuration


Network topology
Network topology
• The arrangement of a network which comprises of nodes and
connecting lines via sender and receiver is referred as network
topology. The various network topologies are :
a. Bus Topology
b. Star Topology
c. Ring Topology
d. Mesh Topology
e. Hierarchical Topology
Bus Topology
• Single cable connects all network nodes without intervening
connectivity devices
• Devices share responsibility for getting data from one point to
another
• Terminators stop signals after reaching end of wire
• Prevent signal bounce
• Inexpensive, not very scalable
• Difficult to troubleshoot, not fault-tolerant
Fig: Bus Topology
Advantages & Disadvantages of Bus Topology
Advantages
• Works well for small networks
• Relatively inexpensive to implement
• Easy to add to it
Disadvantages
• Management costs can be high
• Potential for congestion with network traffic
• If cable fails whole network goes down.
Ring Topology
• Ring topology

• Each node is connected to the two nearest nodes so the entire network forms a circle
• One method for passing data on ring networks is token passing
Ring Topology
Advantages of Ring Topology
• Easier to manage; easier to locate a defective node or cable problem.

• Well-suited for transmitting signals over long distances on a LAN

• Handles high-volume network traffic

• Enables reliable communication


Disadvantages of Ring Topology
• Expensive

• If cable break whole network goes down.

• Requires more cable and network equipment at the start

• Not used as widely as bus topology


• Fewer equipment options
• Fewer options for expansion to high-speed communication
Star topology
Star topology
• Every node on the network is connected through a central device
• Any single cable connects only two devices
• Requires more cabling than ring or bus networks
• More fault-tolerant
• Easily moved, isolated, or interconnected with other networks
• Scalable
Advantages & Disadvantages of Star
Topology
Advantages
• Good option for modern networks
• Easy to manage
• Offers opportunities for expansion
• Most popular topology in use; wide variety of equipment available

Disadvantages
• Hub is a single point of failure
• Requires more cable than the bus
Mesh Topology

Figure 1 : Every device


is connected with
another via dedicated
channels. These
channels are known as
links.
Mesh topology
• In mesh topology, every device is connected to another device via
particular channel.
• If suppose, N number of devices are connected with each other in
mesh topology, then total number of ports that is required by each
device is ,N-1. In the Figure 1, there are 5 devices connected to each
other, hence total number of ports required is 4.
• If suppose, N number of devices are connected with each other in
mesh topology, then total number of dedicated links required to
connect them is N(N-1)/2. In the Figure 1, there are 5 devices
connected to each other, hence total number of links required is
5*4/2 = 10.
Advantages & Disadvantages of Mesh
Topology
Advantages:
• It is robust.
• Fault is diagnosed easily. Data is reliable because data is transferred among
the devices through dedicated channels or links.
• Provides security and privacy.

Disadvantages:
• Installation and configuration is difficult.
• Cost of cables are high as bulk wiring is required, hence suitable for less
number of devices.
• Cost of maintenance is high.
Hierarchical Topology
Hierarchical Topology
• The hierarchical topology is also known as tree topology, which is
divided into different levels connected with the help of twisted pair,
coaxial cable or fiber optics
• This type of topology is arranged in the form of a tree structure in
which top level contains parent node (root node), which is connected
with the child nodes in the second level of hierarchy with
point-to-point link.
• The second level nodes are connected to the third level nodes, which
in turn are connected to the fourth level nodes and so on. Except the
top-level nodes, each level node has a parent node.
Advantages & Disadvantages of hierarchical
Topology
Advantages of hierarchical topology are:
• The hierarchical topology is generally supported by most hardware
and software.
• In the hierarchical topology, data is received by all the nodes
efficiently because of point-to-point link.

Disadvantages of hierarchical topology:


• In the hierarchical topology, when the root node fails, the whole
network crashes.
• The hierarchical topology is difficult to configure.

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