UNIVERSITY OF SAINT LOUIS

Tuguegarao City

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING, ARCHITECTURE & IT EDUCATION

Engineering Sciences Department
S.Y. 2020 – 2021

CORRESPONDENCE LEARNING MODULE

DEQN 1013: Differential Equations

Prepared by:

ENGR. JENIROSE B. MATIAS

ENGR. FRANCIS NICOLAS B. ESCOBAR
ENGR. DARYL A. RAMIREZ
Instructors

Reviewed by:

ENGR. VICTOR C. VILLALUZ, MEE

Engineering Sciences Department Head

Recommended by:

ENGR. VICTOR C. VILLALUZ, MEE

OIC Dean

Approved by:

EMMANUEL JAMES P. PATTAGUAN, Ph.D.

VP for Academics

This file is a property of University of Saint Louis – Tuguegarao. It must not be reproduced or transmitted in any form, in whole or in part, without expressed written permission
 module

HOMOGENEOUS DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

EXACT DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

▪ Identify if a differential equation is a homogeneous or not

▪ Solve for the general and particular solution of a homogeneous

differential equation

▪ Identify if a differential equation is exact or not

▪ Solve for the general and particular solution of a homogeneous

differential equation

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WEEK 3: Types of Differential Equation

2. Homogeneous Differential Equations

A first ordered differential equation is called a homogeneous differential equation if it can be written in the form
𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0
where and M any N are of the same degree

Homogeneous Functions – functions where the sum of the powers of every term are the same. The first function below is
homogeneous of degree 3, the second and third are not homogeneous.

Examples
1. 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 − 𝑦 3
2. 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 + 2√𝑥 + 𝑦
3. 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 4 + 3𝑥𝑦 + 6

Homogeneous Test
A function 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) is homogeneous of degree 𝑛 if
𝑓(𝑟𝑥, 𝑟𝑦) = 𝑟 𝑛 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)

Examples

1. 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚) = 𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙𝒚 + 𝒚𝟐 To check if the function is homogeneous or not,

substitute 𝑟𝑥 to 𝑥
substitute 𝑟𝑦 to 𝑦
𝑓(𝑟𝑥, 𝑟𝑦) = 3(𝑟𝑥)2 − 4(𝑟𝑥)(𝑟𝑦) + (𝑟𝑦)2 Simplify the function
𝑓(𝑟𝑥, 𝑟𝑦) = 3𝑟 2 𝑥 2 − 4𝑟 2 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑟 2 𝑦 2 Factor out 𝑟 2 which is common to all terms to check if it satisfies the
condition 𝑓(𝑟𝑥, 𝑟𝑦) = 𝑟 𝑛 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)
𝑓(𝑟𝑥, 𝑟𝑦) = 𝑟 2 ⏟
(3𝑥 2 − 4𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 )
𝑓(𝑥,𝑦)

𝑓(𝑟𝑥, 𝑟𝑦) = 𝑟 2 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) ; 𝑛 = 2 Since it satisfies the condition, then the function is homogeneous
∴ 𝑯𝒐𝒎𝒐𝒈𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒐𝒖𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒅𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒆𝒆 𝟐

2. 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚) = 𝟑𝒙𝟑 − 𝒙𝟐 𝒚 To check if the function is homogeneous or not,

substitute 𝑟𝑥 to 𝑥
substitute 𝑟𝑦 to 𝑦
𝑓(𝑟𝑥, 𝑟𝑦) = 3(𝑟𝑥)3 − (𝑟𝑥)2 (𝑟𝑦) Simplify the function

𝑓(𝑟𝑥, 𝑟𝑦) = 3𝑟 3 𝑥 3 − 𝑟 2 𝑥 2 (𝑟𝑦)

𝑓(𝑟𝑥, 𝑟𝑦) = 3𝑟 3 𝑥 3 − 𝑟 3 𝑥 2 𝑦 Factor out 𝑟 3 which is common to all terms to check if it satisfies the
condition 𝑓(𝑟𝑥, 𝑟𝑦) = 𝑟 𝑛 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)
𝑓(𝑟𝑥, 𝑟𝑦) = 𝑟 3 ⏟
(3𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 𝑦)
𝑓(𝑥,𝑦)

𝑓(𝑟𝑥, 𝑟𝑦) = 𝑟 3 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) ; 𝑛 = 3 Since it satisfies the condition, then the function is homogeneous
∴ 𝑯𝒐𝒎𝒐𝒈𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒐𝒖𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒅𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒆𝒆 𝟑

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 3. 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚) = 𝒙𝟑 − 𝒙𝒚 + 𝒚𝟑 To check if the function is homogeneous or not,
substitute 𝑟𝑥 to 𝑥
substitute 𝑟𝑦 to 𝑦
𝑓(𝑟𝑥, 𝑟𝑦) = (𝑟𝑥)3 − (𝑟𝑥)(𝑟𝑦) + (𝑟𝑦)3 Simplify the function
𝑓(𝑟𝑥, 𝑟𝑦) = 𝑟 3 𝑥 3 − 𝑟 2 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑟 3 𝑦 3 Factor out 𝑟 2 which is common to all terms to check if it satisfies the
condition 𝑓(𝑟𝑥, 𝑟𝑦) = 𝑟 𝑛 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)
𝑓(𝑟𝑥, 𝑟𝑦) = 𝑟 2 (𝑟𝑥 3 − 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑟𝑦 3 ) Since the function did not satisfy the condition, then it is not a
homogeneous function
∴ 𝑵𝒐𝒕 𝒉𝒐𝒎𝒐𝒈𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒐𝒖𝒔
𝟏
(𝒙𝟐 +𝒚𝟐 )𝟐
To check if the function is homogeneous or not,
4. 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚) = 𝟏 substitute 𝑟𝑥 to 𝑥
(𝒙𝟐 −𝒚𝟐 )𝟐 substitute 𝑟𝑦 to 𝑦
1 Simplify the function
[(𝑟𝑥)2 + (𝑟𝑦)2 ]2
𝑓(𝑟𝑥, 𝑟𝑦) = 1
[(𝑟𝑥)2 − (𝑟𝑦)2 ]2
1 1
[𝑟 2 𝑥 2 + 𝑟 2 𝑦 2 ]2 Factor out (𝑟 2 )2 which is common to all terms to check if it satisfies the
𝑓(𝑟𝑥, 𝑟𝑦) = 1 condition 𝑓(𝑟𝑥, 𝑟𝑦) = 𝑟 𝑛 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)
[𝑟 2 𝑥 2 − 𝑟 2 𝑦 2 ]2
1 1 1
(𝑟 2 )2 [𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ]2 Cancel out (𝑟 2 )2 since it is common to both numerator and denominator
𝑓(𝑟𝑥, 𝑟𝑦) = 1 1
(𝑟 2 )2 [𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ]2
1
[𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ]2
𝑓(𝑟𝑥, 𝑟𝑦) = 1
[𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ]2
The function can also be written as
1 Any number raise to zero is equal to one
0
[𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ]2
𝑓(𝑟𝑥, 𝑟𝑦) = 𝑟 1 ; 𝑛=0
[𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ]2 Since it satisfies the condition, then the function is homogeneous

∴ 𝑯𝒐𝒎𝒐𝒈𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒐𝒖𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒅𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒆𝒆 𝟎

Solution of a Homogeneous Differential Equation

Steps for Solving a Homogeneous Differential Equation

1. Rewrite the differential in homogeneous form 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0
2. Make the substitution 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥 or 𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦 where 𝑣 is a variable.
Note: Use 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥 if N is simpler than M
𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦 if M is simpler than N
3. The use the product rule to get 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑣𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑣 or 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑣𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦𝑑𝑣
4. Substitute to rewrite the differential equation in terms of 𝑥 and 𝑑𝑣 or 𝑣 and 𝑦 only
5. Follow the steps for solving separable differential equations
𝑦 𝑥
6. Re-substitute 𝑣 = or 𝑣 =
𝑥 𝑦

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Examples
Solve for the general solution of the following homogeneous differential equations.

1. (𝒙 + 𝒚)𝒅𝒙 + (𝒙 − 𝒚)𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎 Use either 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥 or 𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦 since M and N since M and N

𝑀 = 𝑥+𝑦 𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦 are both simple.
𝑁=𝑥−𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑣𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦𝑑𝑣 In this case, 𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦 will be used
(𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0 Substitute 𝑣𝑦 to 𝑥
Substitute 𝑣𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦𝑑𝑣 to 𝑑𝑥
(𝑣𝑦 + 𝑦)(𝑣𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦𝑑𝑣) + (𝑣𝑦 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0 Simplify the equation
𝑣 2 𝑦𝑑𝑦 + 𝑣𝑦 2 𝑑𝑣 + 𝑣𝑦𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑣 + 𝑣𝑦𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0 Group terms with 𝑑𝑦
Group terms with 𝑑𝑣
(𝑣𝑦 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑣 + (𝑣 2 𝑦 + 𝑣𝑦 + 𝑣𝑦 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0 Combine similar terms
(𝑣𝑦 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑣 + (𝑣 2 𝑦 + 2𝑣𝑦 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0 Factor out common terms
*for (𝑣𝑦 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑣 , factor out 𝑦 2
*for (𝑣 2 𝑦 + 2𝑣𝑦 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 , factor out 𝑦
𝑦 2 (𝑣 + 1)𝑑𝑣 + 𝑦(𝑣 2 + 2𝑣 − 1)𝑑𝑦 = 0 Use the concept of separable differential equation to
solve for the general solution
1 1
[𝑦 2 (𝑣 + 1)𝑑𝑣 + 𝑦(𝑣 2 + 2𝑣 − 1)𝑑𝑦 = 0] [ ] Multiply the whole equation by 2 2
(𝑦 )(𝑣 +2𝑣−1)
(𝑦 2 )(𝑣 2 + 2𝑣 − 1)
𝑦 2 (𝑣 + 1) 𝑦(𝑣 2 + 2𝑣 − 1) Cancel out common terms for both numerator and denominator
𝑑𝑣 + 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑦 2 (𝑣 2 + 2𝑣 − 1) 𝑦 2 (𝑣 2 + 2𝑣 − 1)
𝑣+1 𝑑𝑦 Integrate the whole equation
𝑑𝑣 + =0
𝑣2 + 2𝑣 − 1 𝑦
𝑣+1 𝑑𝑦 𝑣+1
∫ 𝑑𝑣 + ∫ = ∫0 *for ∫ 2 𝑑𝑣, use integration by substitution
2 𝑣 +2𝑣−1
𝑣 + 2𝑣 − 1 𝑦 2
𝑢 = 𝑣 + 2𝑣 − 1
𝑑𝑢 = (2𝑣 + 2)𝑑𝑣
1 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦
∫ ∙ +∫ = ∫0 𝑑𝑢 = 2(𝑣 + 1)𝑑𝑣
𝑢 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑢
= (𝑣 + 1)𝑑𝑣
2
1 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦
∫ +∫ = ∫0
2 𝑢 𝑦

1 Replace 𝑢 by 𝑣 2 + 2𝑣 − 1
𝑙𝑛𝑢 + 𝑙𝑛𝑦 = 𝐶
2
1 Multiply the whole equation by 2
𝑙𝑛|𝑣 2 + 2𝑣 − 1| + 𝑙𝑛𝑦 = 𝐶
2
1 ∗ 2𝐶 = 𝐶
[ 𝑙𝑛|𝑣 2 + 2𝑣 − 1| + 𝑙𝑛𝑦 = 𝐶] 2
2
𝑙𝑛|𝑣 2 + 2𝑣 − 1| + 2𝑙𝑛𝑦 = 𝐶
𝑙𝑛|𝑣 2 + 2𝑣 − 1| + 𝑙𝑛𝑦 2 = 𝐶 Applying law of logarithm
𝑥
𝑙𝑛|(𝑦 2 )(𝑣 2 + 2𝑣 − 1)| = 𝐶 Rearranging 𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦, we get 𝑣 =
𝑦
𝑥
Substitute to 𝑣
𝑦

𝑥2 𝑥 Simplify the equation and cancel out common terms for both
𝑙𝑛 |(𝑦 2 ) [ 2 + 2 ( ) − 1]| = 𝐶 numerator and denominator
𝑦 𝑦
ln|𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 2 | = ln 𝐶 Apply natural logarithm rule
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 𝑒 𝑙𝑛(𝑥) = 𝑥
2 +2𝑥𝑦−𝑦 2 |
𝑒 ln|𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑙𝑛𝐶
𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 2 = 𝐶
GS: 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙𝒚 − 𝒚𝟐 = 𝑪

2.(𝒚𝟐 − 𝒙𝒚)𝒅𝒙 + 𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎 Since N is simpler than M,

𝑀 = 𝑦 2 − 𝑥𝑦 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥 use 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥
𝑁 = 𝑥2 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑣𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑣
(𝑦 2 − 𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0 Substitute 𝑣𝑥 to 𝑦
Substitute 𝑣𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑣 to 𝑑𝑦
((𝑣𝑥)2 − 𝑥(𝑣𝑥))𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 (𝑣𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑣) = 0 Simplify the equation and combine similar terms
𝑣 2 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑣𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑣𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑣 = 0 Use the concept of separable differential equation to solve for the
𝑣 2 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑣 = 0 general solution
1 1
[𝑣 2 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑣 = 0] [ 2 3 ] Multiply the whole equation by 2 3
𝑣 𝑥
𝑣 𝑥

𝑣 2𝑥 2 𝑥3 Cancel out common terms for both numerator and denominator

𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑣 = 0
𝑣 2𝑥 3 𝑣 2𝑥 3
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑣 Integrate the whole equation
+ 2=0
𝑥 𝑣
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑣 1
∫ +∫ 2 = ∫0 * = 𝑣 −2
𝑣2
𝑥 𝑣
𝑑𝑥
∫ + ∫ 𝑣 −2 𝑑𝑣 = ∫ 0
𝑥
𝑣 −2+1 Simplify the equation
𝑙𝑛𝑥 + =𝐶
−2 + 1
𝑣 −1 1 Transpose
1
𝑙𝑛𝑥 + = 𝐶 𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑛𝑥 − = 𝐶 𝑣
−1 𝑣
1 Apply natural logarithm rule
𝑙𝑛𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛𝐶 +
𝑣 𝑒 𝑙𝑛(𝑥) = 𝑥
1
𝑒 𝑙𝑛𝑥 = 𝑒 𝐶+𝑣
1 ∗ 𝑒𝐶 = 𝐶
𝑥 = 𝑒𝐶 ∙ 𝑒𝑣
1 𝑦
𝑥 = 𝐶𝑒 𝑣 Rearranging y= 𝑣𝑥, we get 𝑣 =
𝑥
𝑦
Substitute to 𝑣
𝑥
1 Simplify the equation
𝑦
𝑥= 𝐶𝑒 𝑥
𝑥
𝑥 = 𝐶𝑒 𝑦
𝒙
GS: 𝒙 = 𝑪𝒆𝒚

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 𝒅𝒚 𝒚 𝒚 First step is to rearrange the equation in the form of
3. = 𝒙 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙
𝒅𝒙 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑦 Multiply the whole equation by 𝑑𝑥
[ = + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ] 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑦 𝑦
𝑑𝑦 = ( + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑥
𝑦 𝑦 Since N is simpler than M,
( + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ) 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑥 𝑥 use 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥
𝑦 𝑦
𝑀 = + tan 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥 Substitute 𝑣𝑥 to 𝑦
𝑥 𝑥
𝑁 = −1 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑣𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑣 Substitute 𝑣𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑣 to 𝑑𝑦
𝑣𝑥 𝑣𝑥 Simplify the equation and cancel common terms for both numerator and
( + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ) 𝑑𝑥 − (𝑣𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑣) = 0
𝑥 𝑥 denominator
(𝑣 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑣)𝑑𝑥 − 𝑣𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑑𝑣 = 0 Group terms with 𝑑𝑥
Group terms with 𝑑𝑣
(𝑣 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑣 − 𝑣)𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑑𝑣 = 0 Combine similar terms
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑣𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑑𝑣 = 0 Use the concept of separable differential equation to solve for the
1 general solution
[𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑣𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑑𝑣 = 0] [ ] 1
𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑣 Multiply the whole equation by
𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑣
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑣 𝑥 Cancel common terms for both numerator and denominator
𝑑𝑥 − 𝑑𝑣 = 0
𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑣 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑣
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑣 Integrate the whole equation
− =0
𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑣
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑣 1
∫ −∫ = ∫0 ∗ = 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑣
𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑣 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑣
𝑑𝑥
∫ − ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑣𝑑𝑣 = ∫ 0
𝑥
𝑙𝑛𝑥 − 𝑙𝑛|𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑣 | = 𝑙𝑛𝐶 Apply law of logarithm
𝑥 Apply natural logarithm rule
𝑙𝑛 = 𝑙𝑛𝐶
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑣 𝑒 𝑙𝑛(𝑥) = 𝑥
𝑥
𝑒 𝑙𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑙𝑛𝐶
𝑥 Rearranging y= 𝑣𝑥, we get 𝑣 =
𝑦
=𝐶 𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑣 𝑦
Substitute to 𝑣
𝑥
𝑥 𝑦
𝑦 = 𝐶 or 𝑥 = 𝐶𝑠𝑖𝑛
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑥
𝒚
GS: 𝒙 = 𝑪𝒔𝒊𝒏
𝒙

4. 𝒚𝒅𝒙 − (𝒙 − √𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 ) 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎 Since M is simpler than N,

use 𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦
𝑀=𝑦 𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦
2
𝑁 = 𝑥 − √𝑥 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑣𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦𝑑𝑣 Substitute 𝑣𝑦 to 𝑥
Substitute 𝑣𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦𝑑𝑣 to 𝑑𝑥

𝑦(𝑣𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦𝑑𝑣) − (𝑣𝑦 − √(𝑣𝑦)2 + 𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑦 = 0 Simplify the equation

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 𝑣𝑦𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑣 − 𝑣𝑦𝑑𝑦 + √𝑣 2 𝑦 2 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0 Combine similar terms and for the term √𝑣 2 𝑦 2 + 𝑦 2 , you can factor
out 𝑦 2 and get its square root
𝑦 2 𝑑𝑣 + √𝑦 2 (𝑣 2 + 1)𝑑𝑦 = 0 ∗ √𝑦 2 = 𝑦
𝑦 2 𝑑𝑣 + 𝑦√(𝑣 2 + 1)𝑑𝑦 = 0 Use the concept of separable differential equation to solve for the
general solution
1 1
[𝑦 2 𝑑𝑣 + 𝑦√(𝑣 2 + 1)𝑑𝑦 = 0] [ ] Multiply the whole equation by
𝑦2 √𝑣2 +1 𝑦 2 √𝑣 2 +1

𝑦2 𝑦√(𝑣 2 + 1) Cancel common terms for both numerator and denominator

𝑑𝑣 + 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑦 2 √𝑣 2 + 1 𝑦 2 √𝑣 2 + 1
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑦 Integrate the whole equation
+ =0
√𝑣 2 +1 𝑦
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
*for the term ∫ 2 ,use Additional Standard Formula #3
∫ +∫ = ∫0 √𝑣 +1
√𝑣 2 + 1 𝑦 𝑑𝑢
𝐴𝑆𝐹3. ∫ = 𝑙𝑛 |𝑢 + √𝑎2 + 𝑢2 | + 𝐶
√𝑎2 + 𝑢2
𝑢2 = 𝑣 2 𝑎2 = 1
𝑢=𝑣 𝑎=1
𝑑𝑣
∫ = 𝑙𝑛 |𝑣 + √1 + 𝑣 2 | + 𝐶
√𝑣 2 + 1
𝑙𝑛 |𝑣 + √1 + 𝑣 2 | + 𝑙𝑛𝑦 = 𝐶 Apply law of logarithm

𝑙𝑛 [𝑦 (𝑣 + √1 + 𝑣 2 )] = 𝑙𝑛𝐶 Apply natural logarithm rule

𝑒 𝑙𝑛(𝑥) = 𝑥
2 )]
𝑒 𝑙𝑛[𝑦(𝑣+√1+𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑙𝑛𝐶
𝑥
[𝑦 (𝑣 + √1 + 𝑣 2 )] = 𝐶 Rearranging 𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦, we get 𝑣 =
𝑦
𝑥
Substitute to 𝑣
𝑦

Simplify the equation

𝑥 𝑥 2
𝑦 ( + √1 + ( ) ) = 𝐶
𝑦 𝑦

𝑥 𝑥2
𝑦 ( + √1 + 2 ) = 𝐶
𝑦 𝑦

𝑥 𝑦2 + 𝑥2 1 1
𝑦( +√ )=𝐶 ∗√ =
𝑦 𝑦2 𝑦2 𝑦

𝑥 1 1
Factor out since it is common to both terms
𝑦 ( + √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝐶) 𝑦
𝑦 𝑦
1 Cancel out 𝑦
𝑦 ∙ (𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝐶)
𝑦
𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝐶
GS: 𝒙 + √𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝑪

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Solve for the general and particular solution of the following homogeneous differential equations.

5. 𝒚(𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝒚 + 𝒚𝟐 )𝒅𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 (𝟐𝒙 − 𝒚)𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎 The first step is to solve for the general solution of the given DE.
𝟏 After it, solve for the value of the arbitrary constant (𝐶) by
𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒙 = 𝟏 , 𝒚 = substituting the given values of x and y.
𝟐
Then go back to the solved general solution and substitute the value
of the arbitrary constant, since a particular solution is a solution that
does not contain any arbitrary constant.
𝑀 = 𝑦(2𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 ) 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥 Since N is simpler than M,
𝑁 = 𝑥 2 (2𝑥 − 𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑣𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑣 use 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥
Substitute 𝑣𝑥 to 𝑦
Substitute 𝑣𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑣 to 𝑑𝑦
𝑣𝑥[2𝑥 2 − 𝑥(𝑣𝑥) + (𝑣𝑥)2 ]𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥 2 (2𝑥 − 𝑣𝑥)(𝑣𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑣) = 0 Simplify the equation

𝑣𝑥(2𝑥 2 − 𝑣𝑥 2 + 𝑣 2 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥 2 (2𝑣𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥 2 𝑑𝑣 − 𝑣 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 − 𝑣𝑥 2 𝑑𝑣) = 0

2𝑣𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑣 2 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑣 3 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 − 2𝑣𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 − 2𝑥 4 𝑑𝑣 + 𝑣 2 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑣𝑥 4 𝑑𝑣 = 0 Combine similar terms
𝑣 3 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥−2𝑥 4 𝑑𝑣 + 𝑣𝑥 4 𝑑𝑣 = 0 Group terms with 𝑑𝑥
(−2𝑥 4 + 𝑣𝑥 4 )𝑑𝑣 + 𝑣 3 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 = 0 Group terms with 𝑑𝑣
Factor out 𝑥 3 since it is common to
all terms
𝑥 3 [(−2𝑥 + 𝑣𝑥)𝑑𝑣 + 𝑣 3 𝑑𝑥] = 0 For the term containing 𝑑𝑣, factor out 𝑥

𝑥(−2 + 𝑣)𝑑𝑣 + 𝑣 3 𝑑𝑥 = 0 or 𝑥(𝑣 − 2)𝑑𝑣 + 𝑣 3 𝑑𝑥 = 0

𝑥(𝑣 − 2)𝑑𝑣 + 𝑣 3 𝑑𝑥 = 0 Use the concept of separable differential equation to solve for the general
solution
1
Multiply the whole equation by 3
𝑣 𝑥
1
[𝑥(𝑣 − 2)𝑑𝑣 + 𝑣 3 𝑑𝑥 = 0] [ 3 ]
𝑣 𝑥
𝑥(𝑣 − 2) 𝑣3 Cancel out common terms for both numerator and denominator
𝑑𝑣 + 𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑣 3𝑥 𝑣 3𝑥
(𝑣 − 2) 𝑑𝑥 Integrate the whole equation
3 𝑑𝑣 + =0
𝑣 𝑥
(𝑣 − 2) 𝑑𝑥
∫ 3 𝑑𝑣 + ∫ = ∫0
𝑣 𝑥
𝑣 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑥 1 1
∫ 3 𝑑𝑣 − 2 ∫ 3 + ∫ = ∫0 = 𝑣 −2 = 𝑣 −3
𝑣 𝑣 𝑥 𝑣2 𝑣3
𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑣 −2 𝑑𝑣 − 2 ∫ 𝑣 −3 𝑑𝑣 + ∫ = ∫0
𝑥
𝑣 −2+1 𝑣 −3+1 Simplify the equation
−2 + 𝑙𝑛𝑥 = 𝐶
−2 + 1 −3 + 1
𝑣 −1 𝑣 −2
−2 + 𝑙𝑛𝑥 = 𝐶
−1 −2
1 1 𝑦
− + 2 + 𝑙𝑛𝑥 = 𝐶 Rearranging 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥, we get 𝑣 =
𝑥
𝑣 𝑣 Substitute to 𝑣
𝑦
𝑥

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 1 1
−𝑦+ + 𝑙𝑛𝑥 = 𝐶
𝑦 2
𝑥 (𝑥 )
𝑥 𝑥2
− + 2 + 𝑙𝑛𝑥 = 𝐶
𝑦 𝑦
𝒙 𝒙𝟐 Solve for the value of the arbitrary constant (𝐶)
GS: − + + 𝒍𝒏𝒙 = 𝑪
𝒚 𝒚𝟐 1
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 1 , 𝑦 =
2
1 12
− + + 𝑙𝑛1 = 𝐶
1 1 2
2 ( )
2
−2 + 4 + 0 = 𝐶
∴𝑪=𝟐 Go back to the general solution of the given DE and substitute the value of 𝐶
to solve for the particular solution
𝑥 𝑥2 Multiply 𝑦 2 to the whole equation for simplification
− + 2 + 𝑙𝑛𝑥 = 2
𝑦 𝑦
𝑥 𝑥2
[− + 2 + 𝑙𝑛𝑥 = 2] 𝑦 2
𝑦 𝑦
−𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 𝑙𝑛𝑥 = 2𝑦 2
PS: 𝒚𝟐 𝒍𝒏𝒙 = 𝟐𝒚𝟐 + 𝒙𝒚 − 𝒙𝟐

6. 𝒙𝒚𝒅𝒙 + 𝟐(𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒚𝟐 )𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎 The first step is to solve for the general solution of the given DE.
𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒙 = 𝟎 , 𝒚 = 𝟏 After it, solve for the value of the arbitrary constant (𝐶) by
substituting the given values of x and y.
Then go back to the solved general solution and substitute the value
of the arbitrary constant, since a particular solution is a solution that
does not contain any arbitrary constant.
𝑀 = 𝑥𝑦 𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦 Since M is simpler than N,
𝑁 = 2(𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑣𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦𝑑𝑣 use 𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦

Substitute 𝑣𝑦 to 𝑥
Substitute 𝑣𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦𝑑𝑣 to 𝑑𝑥
(𝑣𝑦)(𝑦)(𝑣𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦𝑑𝑣) + 2[(𝑣𝑦)2 + 2𝑦 2 ]𝑑𝑦 = 0 Simplify the equation
𝑣𝑦 2 (𝑣𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦𝑑𝑣) + 2𝑣 2 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 + 4𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0 Combine similar terms
𝑣 2 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑣𝑦 3 𝑑𝑣 + 2𝑣 2 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 + 4𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0 Factor out 𝑦 2 since it is common to all terms
𝑦 2 (3𝑣 2 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑣𝑦𝑑𝑣 + 4𝑑𝑦 = 0) Group terms with 𝑑𝑦
(3𝑣 2 + 4)𝑑𝑦 + 𝑣𝑦𝑑𝑣 = 0 Group terms with 𝑑𝑣

1 Use the concept of separable differential equation to solve for the

[(3𝑣 2 + 4)𝑑𝑦 + 𝑣𝑦𝑑𝑣 = 0] [ ]
𝑦(3𝑣 2 + 4) general solution
1
Multiply the whole equation by 2 𝑦(3𝑣 +4)
(3𝑣 2 + 4) 𝑣𝑦 Cancel out common terms for both numerator and denominator
2 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑑𝑣
𝑦(3𝑣 + 4) 𝑦(3𝑣 2 + 4)
𝑑𝑦 𝑣 Integrate the whole equation
+ 𝑑𝑣 = 0
𝑦 3𝑣 2 + 4
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 𝑑𝑦 𝑣 𝑣
Integrate ∫ 𝑑𝑣 using substitution method
∫ +∫ 2 𝑑𝑣 = ∫ 0 3𝑣 2 +4
𝑦 3𝑣 + 4 𝑢 = 3𝑣 2 + 4
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑢
∫ +∫ ∙ = ∫0 𝑑𝑢 = 6𝑣𝑑𝑣
𝑦 𝑢 6 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑣𝑑𝑣
∫ + ∫ = ∫0 6
𝑦 6 𝑢
1 Substitute (3𝑣 2 + 4) to 𝑢
𝑙𝑛𝑦 + 𝑙𝑛𝑢 = 𝐶
6
1 Multiply the whole equation by 6
𝑙𝑛 𝑦 + 𝑙𝑛|3𝑣 2 + 4| = 𝑙𝑛𝐶
6
1
[𝑙𝑛 𝑦 + 𝑙𝑛|3𝑣 2 + 4| = 𝑙𝑛𝐶] 6
6
6𝑙𝑛𝑦 + 𝑙𝑛|3𝑣 2 + 4| = 6𝑙𝑛𝐶 The equation can also be written as
𝑙𝑛𝑦 6 + 𝑙𝑛|3𝑣 2 + 4| = 𝑙𝑛𝐶 6 Applying law of logarithm; 𝐶 6 = 𝐶
𝑙𝑛𝑦 6 (3𝑣 2 + 4) = 𝑙𝑛𝐶
6 (3𝑣 2 +4)
𝑒 𝑙𝑛𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑙𝑛𝐶 Apply natural logarithm rule
𝑒 𝑙𝑛(𝑥) = 𝑥
𝑥
𝑦 6 (3𝑣 2 + 4) = 𝐶 Rearranging 𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦, we get 𝑣 =
𝑦
𝑥
Substitute to 𝑣
𝑦

𝑥 2 Simplify the equation

𝑦 6 [3 ( ) + 4] = 𝐶
𝑦
3𝑥 2 Set 𝑦 2 as the denominator
𝑦6 ( + 4) = 𝐶
𝑦2
3𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 2 Cancel out similar terms
𝑦6 ( )=𝐶
𝑦2
𝑦 4 (3𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 2 ) = 𝐶
GS: 𝒚𝟒 (𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝒚𝟐 ) = 𝑪 Solve for the value of the arbitrary constant (𝐶)
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 0 , 𝑦 = 1
(1)4 [3(0)2 + 4(1)2 ] = 𝐶
1(0 + 4) = 𝐶
𝑪=𝟒 Go back to the general solution of the given DE and substitute the value of 𝐶
to solve for the particular solution
𝑦 4 (3𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 2 ) = 4
PS: 𝒚𝟒 (𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝒚𝟐 ) = 𝟒

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 7. 𝒚(𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚)𝒅𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎 The first step is to solve for the general solution of the given DE.
𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒙 = 𝟏, 𝒚 = 𝟐 After it, solve for the value of the arbitrary constant (𝐶) by substituting
the given values of x and y.
Then go back to the solved general solution and substitute the value of
the arbitrary constant, since a particular solution is a solution that does
not contain any arbitrary constant.
𝑀 = 𝑦(3𝑥 + 2𝑦) 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥 Since N is simpler than M,
𝑁 = 𝑥2 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑣𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑣 use 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥
Substitute 𝑣𝑥 to 𝑦
Substitute 𝑣𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑣 to 𝑑𝑦
(𝑣𝑥)[3𝑥 + 2(𝑣𝑥)]𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥 2 (𝑣𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑣) = 0 Simplify the equation
3𝑣𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑣 2 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑣𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑣 = 0 Combine similar terms
2𝑣𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑣 2 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑣 = 0 Factor out 𝑥 2 since it is common to all terms
𝑥 2 (2𝑣𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑣 2 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑑𝑣) = 0 Group terms with 𝑑𝑥
(2𝑣 + 2𝑣 2 )𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑑𝑣 = 0 Group terms with 𝑑𝑣

2𝑣(1 + 𝑣)𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑑𝑣 = 0 Use the concept of separable differential equation to solve for the
general solution
1
Multiply the whole equation by
𝑣𝑥(1+𝑣)

1
[2𝑣(1 + 𝑣)𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑑𝑣 = 0] [ ]
𝑣𝑥(1 + 𝑣)
2𝑣(1 + 𝑣) 𝑥 Cancel out common terms for both numerator and denominator
𝑑𝑥 − 𝑑𝑣 = 0
𝑣𝑥(1 + 𝑣) 𝑣𝑥(1 + 𝑣)
2 1 Integrate the whole equation
𝑑𝑥 − 𝑑𝑣 = 0
𝑥 𝑣(1 + 𝑣)
2 1 −1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑑𝑣 = ∫ 0 Evaluate ∫ 𝑑𝑣 by using the method Integration of Rational
𝑣(1+𝑣)
𝑥 𝑣(1 + 𝑣) Fractions (Case 1)
2 𝐴 𝐵
∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ ( + ) 𝑑𝑣 = ∫ 0 −1 𝐴 𝐵
𝑥 𝑣 1+𝑣 [ 𝑑𝑣 = + ] [𝑣(1 + 𝑣)]
𝑣(1 + 𝑣) 𝑣 1+𝑣
2 −1 1 −1 = 𝐴(1 + 𝑣) + 𝐵𝑣
∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑣 + ∫ 𝑑𝑣 = ∫ 0 −1 = 𝐴 + 𝐴𝑣 + 𝐵𝑣
𝑥 𝑣 1+𝑣 𝑣: 𝐴+𝐵 =0
2 1 1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑑𝑣 + ∫ 𝑑𝑣 = ∫ 0 𝑣 0 (𝐶): 𝐴 = −1 (−1) + 𝐵 = 0
𝑥 𝑣 1+𝑣 𝐵=1
𝑦
2𝑙𝑛𝑥 − 𝑙𝑛𝑣 + 𝑙𝑛|1 + 𝑣 | = 𝐶 Rearranging 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥, we get 𝑣 =
𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
𝑥
2𝑙𝑛𝑥 − 𝑙𝑛 + 𝑙𝑛 |1 + | = 𝐶 Substitute to 𝑣
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑦 𝑥+𝑦 Apply law of logarithm
2𝑙𝑛𝑥 − 𝑙𝑛 + 𝑙𝑛 | |=𝐶
𝑥 𝑥
𝑥+𝑦 Cancel out common term
2𝑙𝑛𝑥 + 𝑙𝑛 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛𝐶
𝑥
𝑥+𝑦 Apply law of logarithm
𝑙𝑛𝑥 2 + 𝑙𝑛 = 𝑙𝑛𝐶
𝑦

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 𝑥 2 (𝑥 + 𝑦)
𝑙𝑛 = 𝑙𝑛𝐶
𝑦
𝑥 2 (𝑥+𝑦) Apply natural logarithm rule
𝑙𝑛
𝑒 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑙𝑛𝐶 𝑒 𝑙𝑛(𝑥) = 𝑥
𝑥 2 (𝑥 + 𝑦)
=𝐶
𝑦
𝒙𝟐 (𝒙+𝒚) Solve for the value of the arbitrary constant (𝐶)
GS: =𝑪
𝒚 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 1 , 𝑦 = 2
12 (1 + 2)
=𝐶
2
𝟑 Go back to the general solution of the given DE and substitute the
𝑪=
𝟐 value of 𝐶 to solve for the particular solution
𝑥 2 (𝑥 + 𝑦) 3 Multiply the whole equation by 2𝑦
=
𝑦 2
𝑥 2 (𝑥 + 𝑦) 3
[ = ] (2𝑦)
𝑦 2
2𝑥 2 (𝑥 + 𝑦) = 3𝑦
2𝑥 2 (𝑥 + 𝑦) − 3𝑦 = 0
PS: 𝟐𝒙𝟐 (𝒙 + 𝒚) − 𝟑𝒚 = 𝟎

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WEEK 4: Exact Differential Equation

3. Exact Differential Equations

The first-ordered differential equation 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0 is exact if
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
=
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
Solutions of an Exact Equation

Steps on How to Solve Exact DE

∑ ∫ 𝐷. 𝐼. + ∫ 𝑁. 𝐷. 𝐼. = ∫ 0
D.I. - Direct Integration
e.g.
𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ; 𝑄(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝐻(𝑦)𝑑𝑦 ; 𝑂(𝑦)𝑑𝑦

N.D.I. – Non-Direct Integrable

e.g.
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 ; 𝑂(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥

1. Arrange the equation into General Equation taking all of the direct integrable in M and N, choosing non-direct
integrable in M and N.
2. Integrate D.I. and N.D.I. Integrate N.D.I. partially with respect to one particular variable taking one as constant.

Examples
Solve each of the following differential equations.

1. (𝒙 + 𝒚)𝒅𝒙 + (𝒙 − 𝒚)𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎 First, test the equation for exactness by checking if

𝑀 = 𝑥+𝑦 𝑁 =𝑥−𝑦 𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
=
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
=1 =1
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 If it satisfies the condition, then proceed with the steps on how to solve
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁 exact DE
Since = , then the equation is EXACT
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

List D.I, and N.D.I. of the first and second term

D.I. : 𝑥𝑑𝑥 , −𝑦𝑑𝑦 All D.I. will be integrated unlike N.D.I.
N.D.I. : 𝑦𝑑𝑥 , 𝑥𝑑𝑦 Choose one N.D.I. to be integrated
Note: You can choose any of the N.D.I. This will not affect the final
Choose 𝑦𝑑𝑥 answer.

∑ ∫ 𝐷. 𝐼. + ∫ 𝑁. 𝐷. 𝐼. = ∫ 0 Use this formula to solve for the general solution of the differential
equation

∫(𝑥𝑑𝑥 − 𝑦𝑑𝑦) + ∫ 𝑦𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 0

Integrate the whole equation

∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑦𝑑𝑦 + ∫ 𝑦𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 0
For the term ∫ 𝑦𝑑𝑥, integrate it with respect to 𝑥, meaning, you are
going to treat 𝑦 as constant

∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑦𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 0

𝑥2 𝑦2 To simplify the general solution, multiply the whole equation by 2

− + 𝑥𝑦 = 𝐶
2 2
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 𝑥2 𝑦2
[ − + 𝑥𝑦 = 𝐶] 2
2 2
𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 = 2𝐶 2𝐶 = 𝐶
𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 = 𝐶
GS: 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙𝒚 = 𝑪

2. (𝒚𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙𝒚 + 𝟔𝒙)𝒅𝒙 − (𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙𝒚 + 𝟐)𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎 First, test the equation for exactness by checking if

𝑀 = 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 6𝑥 𝑁 = −𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 − 2 𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
=
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
= 2𝑦 − 2𝑥 = −2𝑥 + 2𝑦 If it satisfies the condition, then proceed with the steps on how to
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁 solve exact DE
Since = , then the equation is EXACT
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

List D.I, and N.D.I. of the first and second term

D.I. : 6𝑥𝑑𝑥, −2𝑑𝑦 All D.I. will be integrated unlike N.D.I.

N.D.I. : (𝑦 2 − 2𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑥 , (−𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑦 Choose one N.D.I. to be integrated
Note: You can choose any of the N.D.I. This will not affect the
Choose (𝑦 2 − 2𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑥 final answer.

∑ ∫ 𝐷. 𝐼. + ∫ 𝑁. 𝐷. 𝐼. = ∫ 0 Use this formula to solve for the general solution of the

differential equation

∫(6𝑥𝑑𝑥 − 2𝑑𝑦) + ∫(𝑦 2 − 2𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 0

∫ 6𝑥𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 2𝑑𝑦 + ∫ 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 2𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 0

Integrate the whole equation

6 ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 − 2 ∫ 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦 2 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 − 2𝑦 ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 0
For the term 𝑦 2 ∫ 𝑑𝑥, integrate it with respect to 𝑥, meaning, you
are going to treat 𝑦 as constant
𝑥2 𝑥2 Simplify the equation
6 − 2𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 =𝐶
2 2
3𝑥 2 − 2𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 𝑦 = 𝐶
GS: 𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒚 + 𝒙𝒚𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐 𝒚 = 𝑪

3. (𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒚 − 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝒙)𝒅𝒙 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒚𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎 First, test the equation for exactness by checking if
𝑀 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 𝑁 = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦𝑑𝑦 𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
=
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
= −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 If it satisfies the condition, then proceed with the steps on how to
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁 solve exact DE
Since = , then the equation is EXACT
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

List D.I, and N.D.I. of the first and second term

D.I. : −𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥𝑑𝑥 All D.I. will be integrated unlike N.D.I.

N.D.I.: 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦𝑑𝑥, −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦𝑑𝑦 Choose one N.D.I. to be integrated

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 Choose −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦𝑑𝑦 Note: You can choose any of the N.D.I. This will not affect the
final answer.
∑ ∫ 𝐷. 𝐼. + ∫ 𝑁. 𝐷. 𝐼. = ∫ 0 Use this formula to solve for the general solution of the
differential equation

∫ −𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥𝑑𝑥 + ∫ −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 0

Integrate the whole equation

− ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥𝑑𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 0
For the term 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦𝑑𝑦, integrate it with respect to 𝑦,
meaning, you are going to treat 𝑥 as constant
−𝑙𝑛|𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 | − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥(−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦) = 𝐶
−𝑙𝑛|𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 | + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 = 𝐶
GS: −𝒍𝒏|𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙| + 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒚 = 𝑪

4. (𝟔𝒙 + 𝒚𝟐 )𝒅𝒙 + 𝒚(𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑𝒚)𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎 First, test the equation for exactness by checking if

𝑀 = 6𝑥 + 𝑦 2 𝑁 = 2𝑥𝑦 − 3𝑦 2 𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
=
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
= 2𝑦 = 2𝑦 If it satisfies the condition, then proceed with the steps on how to solve
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
exact DE
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
Since = , then the equation is EXACT
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
List D.I, and N.D.I. of the first and second term

D.I. : 6𝑥𝑑𝑥, −3𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 All D.I. will be integrated unlike N.D.I.

N.D.I. : 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥, 2𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 Choose one N.D.I. to be integrated
Note: You can choose any of the N.D.I. This will not affect the final
Choose 2𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 answer.

∑ ∫ 𝐷. 𝐼. + ∫ 𝑁. 𝐷. 𝐼. = ∫ 0 Use this formula to solve for the general solution of the differential
equation
∫(6𝑥𝑑𝑥 − 3𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦) + ∫ 2𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 0

Integrate the whole equation

6 ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 − 3 ∫ 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 + 2𝑥 ∫ 𝑦𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 0
For the term 2𝑥 ∫ 𝑦𝑑𝑦, integrate it with respect to 𝑦, meaning, you are
going to treat 𝑥 as constant
𝑥2 𝑦3 𝑦2 Simplify the equation
6 − 3 + 2𝑥 =𝐶
2 3 2
3𝑥 2 − 𝑦 3 + 𝑥𝑦 2 = 𝐶
GS: 𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚𝟑 + 𝒙𝒚𝟐 = 𝑪

Solve for the general and particular solution of the following exact differential equations.

5. 𝟑𝒚(𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏)𝒅𝒙 + (𝒙𝟑 + 𝟖𝒚 − 𝟑𝒙)𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎 First, test the equation for exactness by checking if
𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒙 = 𝟎 , 𝒚 = 𝟏 𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
=
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝑀 = 3𝑥 2 𝑦 − 3𝑦 𝑁 = 𝑥 3 + 8𝑦 − 3𝑥
If it satisfies the condition, solve for the general solution of the given
exact DE.
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 𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁 After it, solve for the value of the arbitrary constant (𝐶) by substituting
= 3𝑥 2 − 3 = 3𝑥 2 − 3
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 the given values of x and y.
Then go back to the solved general solution and substitute the value of
the arbitrary constant, since a particular solution is a solution that does
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁 not contain any arbitrary constant.
Since = , then the equation is EXACT
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

D.I. : 8𝑦𝑑𝑦 All D.I. will be integrated unlike N.D.I.

N.D.I. : (3𝑥 2 𝑦 − 3𝑦)𝑑𝑥, (𝑥 3 − 3𝑥)𝑑𝑦 Choose one N.D.I. to be integrated
Note: You can choose any of the N.D.I. This will not affect the final
Choose (𝑥 3 − 3𝑥)𝑑𝑦 answer.

∑ ∫ 𝐷. 𝐼. + ∫ 𝑁. 𝐷. 𝐼. = ∫ 0 Use this formula to solve for the general solution of the differential
equation

∫ 8𝑦𝑑𝑦 + ∫ 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑦 − ∫ 3𝑥𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 0

Integrate the whole equation

8 ∫ 𝑦𝑑𝑦 + 𝑥 3 ∫ 𝑑𝑦 − 3𝑥 ∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 0
For the terms 𝑥 3 ∫ 𝑑𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 3𝑥 ∫ 𝑑𝑦, integrate it with respect to 𝑦,
meaning, you are going to treat 𝑥 as constant
𝑦2 Simplify the equation
8 + 𝑥 3 𝑦 − 3𝑥𝑦 = 𝐶
2
4𝑦 2 + 𝑥 3 𝑦 − 3𝑥𝑦 = 𝐶
GS: 𝟒𝒚𝟐 + 𝒙𝟑 𝒚 − 𝟑𝒙𝒚 = 𝑪 Solve for the value of the arbitrary constant (𝐶)
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 0 , 𝑦 = 1
4(1)2 + (0)3 (1) − 3(0)(1) = 𝐶
𝑪=𝟒 Go back to the general solution of the given DE and substitute the
value of 𝐶 to solve for the particular solution
4𝑦 2 + 𝑥 3 𝑦 − 3𝑥𝑦 = 4 Simplify the equation
4𝑦 2 + 𝑥 3 𝑦 − 3𝑥𝑦 − 4 = 0
PS: 𝟒𝒚𝟐 + 𝒙𝟑 𝒚 − 𝟑𝒙𝒚 − 𝟒 = 𝟎

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Activity

General Instructions: Solve the following problem neatly and completely. Simplify and box your final answers.
Answers/Solutions must be handwritten in a bond paper.

Part I: Indicate the degree and solve for the general solution of the given homogeneous DE.

1. 𝑥 2 𝑦 ′ = 4𝑥 2 + 7𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦 2
2. (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 − 4𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 − (𝑥 2 − 8𝑥𝑦 − 4𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦 = 0
3. 3𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑦 𝑦
4. [𝑥 − 𝑦𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( )] 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( ) 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑥 𝑥

5. 𝑦𝑑𝑥 = (𝑥 + √𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑦

Part II: Indicate the degree and solve for the general and particular solution of the given homogeneous DE.

1. (𝑦 − √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0 ; 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 1

2. (16𝑥 + 5𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + (3𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0 ; 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 (1, −3)
𝑦 𝜋
3. [𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠2 ( ) − 𝑦] 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0 ; 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 =
𝑥 4

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Activity

General Instructions: Solve the following problem neatly and completely. Simplify and box your final answers.
Answers/Solutions must be handwritten in a bond paper.

Test the exactness of the following DE and solve for their general solution.

1. [2𝑥 + 𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥𝑦)]𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0

2 2
2. 2𝑥(3𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑦𝑒 −𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 + 𝑒 −𝑥 )𝑑𝑦 = 0
3. (1 − 𝑥𝑦)−2 𝑑𝑥 + [𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2 (1 − 𝑥𝑦)−2 ]𝑑𝑦 = 0
4. (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 2𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃)𝑑𝑟 + 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃(2𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 1)𝑑𝜃 = 0
5. 𝑥(3𝑥𝑦 − 4𝑦 3 + 6)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 𝑦 2 − 1)𝑑𝑦 = 0
6. (𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑦 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 + (𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑦 − 2𝑥 3 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0
7. 𝑣(2𝑢𝑣 2 − 3)𝑑𝑢 + (3𝑢2 𝑣 2 − 3𝑢 + 4𝑣)𝑑𝑣 = 0
8. (3 + 𝑦 + 2𝑦 2 sin2 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥)𝑑𝑦 = 0

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