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ISS-CNS IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 31 (2016) 012033 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/31/1/012033

The use of Moringa Oleifera Seed Powder as Coagulant to

Improve the Quality of Wastewater and Ground Water

Hendrawati,1,2 Indra Rani Yuliastri,2 Nurhasni2 , Eti Rohaeti3, Hefni Effendi3,

Latifah K Darusman3
1
Doctoral Program in Environmental and Natural Resources Management (ENRM), IPB
Email: [email protected]
2
Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science and Technology State Islamic University Jakarta
3
Bogor Agricultural University IPB

E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract. Wastewater and ground water treatment are mostly using Polyaluminum Chloride
(PAC), a synthetic coagulant, which possess health risk and require expensive cost. This
research was carried out to observe the effect of Moringa oleifera seed as natural coagulant to
replace synthetic coagulant. M. oleifera reduced 98.6% turbidity of wastewater, 10.8 % of its
conductivity, 11.7% of its BOD and removed its metal contents (Cd, Cr, Mn). When applied to
ground water, M. oleifera removed the turbidity of ground water as much as 97.5%, while
reduced the conductivity and BOD of ground water 53.4 % and 18%, respectively. The use of
M. oleifera also reduced total number of coliform. The advantage of using M. oleifera is that it
does not reduce pH as PAC, hence does not require further treatment to adjust pH of the treated
water.

1. Introduction
Water is an important resource for life. Entire living organisms on earth need water for life.
However, water can be problematic if it is not available in the right conditions. Water is used by
human for various purposes, therefore the cleanliness of water consumed is very important since water
is known to affect the health. Today, the quality of water becomes a major problem that needs serious
attention. Good quality water has become an expensive item, because many water sources has been
polluted by waste coming from the various human activities. This leads to declining quantity of water
sources that could not meet the ever growing need.
In the provision of clean drinking water, besides the quantity and continuity, the quality must
meet the applied standards. The ideal water should have some characteristics such as clear, colorless,
tasteless, odorless, phatogen-free, harmful chemical-free and non-corrosive. Water is also expected not
to leave sediment in all distribution organs. This standard was set to prevent the occurrence and the
spread of waterborne diseases.
To achieve this standard, there is one common technique applied in water treatment process,
which is coagulation-flocculation. Coagulation is the process of coagulating colloidal particles due to
the addition of synthetic materials to neutralize charged particles thus forming a precipitate due to the
force of gravity. Coagulant can be synthetic materials such as ferrous sulfate (Fe(SO4)), aluminum
sulfate or alum (Al2(SO4)3), and Poly Aluminum Chloride (PAC) (Al2(OH)3Cl3)10.

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ISS-CNS IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 31 (2016) 012033 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/31/1/012033

Coagulation is one of the most common ways to reduce the pollutant contents in the water
body that are present as turbidity, color and organic matters. Coagulation is also used to reduce the
metal ion content in water. Separation of these colloids can be done by the addition of synthetic
coagulant or biocoagulant followed by slow agitation (flocculation) that causes coagulation of
colloidal particles so they can be separated by sedimentation [1].
The common methods of water purification using synthetic materials such as aluminum sulfate
(alum) and calcium hypochlorite are not efficient, because these materials are imported and thus make
the water cost becomes relatively expensive in most economically developed countries and is not
affordable for most rural population. Therefore, some people try to get the water source from dams,
mining, small streams, rivers, and lakes. Water from these sources is usually turbid and contaminated
with microorganisms that may cause various diseases.
Several findings from previous research in Postnote (2002) demonstrated the use of synthetic
materials for water purification can be severely hazardous to health if something goes wrong in their
treatment during processing [2]. The report considered the high level of aluminum in the brain is a risk
factor causing Alzheimer's disease. Other studies have raised doubt about the feasibility of inserting
aluminum into the environment by the use of aluminum sulfate as a coagulant continuously in the
water treatment process. However, Davis (2006) found no conclusive evidence about the correlation
between aluminum and Alzheimer's disease [3].
Besides synthetic chemicals, there are natural ingredients that can be derived from tropical
plants which can be used as coagulants, including moringa seeds (Moringa oleifera). The use of
natural ingredients from local indigenous plants to clear muddy water is not a new idea [4]. From
existing reports, there were allegations that the powder of Moringa seeds has antimicrobial properties.
Previous research found that Moringa is not toxic [5] and recommended for use as a coagulant in
developing countries. Various studies have been conducted and showed that moringa seeds are
effective as biocoagulant to improve physico-chemical properties of contaminated water. M. oleifera
functions as coagulant trough adsorption and neutralization mechanisms [6]. Moringa oleifera is
potential as organic pollutant absorber in simulation solution [7]. M. oleifera is reported able to
eliminate the turbidity and dissolved organic matters of river water [8]. Damayanti et al. (2011) made
a membrane consisted of M. oleifera, PAC and zeolite for palm oil effluent treatment [9].
Indonesia is rich in biodiversity, and moringa tree can grow well, easy to find and easy to
cultivate in various regions. Therefore it is not difficult to use Moringa seeds as a natural coagulant or
biocoagulant for water clarifying process. The use of natural coagulants in water treatment process is
expected to provide more advantages than the use of synthetic materials because they are natural and
reported as safe to be consumed. The cost of using natural coagulants will be less expensive than that
of alum. Effectiveness of natural coagulant for water purification will be tested also in the wastewater
treatment process. Therefore, research should be conducted to find out the effectiveness of moringa
seed in improving water quality. Water quality parameters that need to be investigated are including
turbidity, electrical conductivity, pH and temperature, metal absorbing capability, and ability to
decrease microbial content.

2. Methods
2.1. Sample Collection
Wastewater samples were taken from a textile industry in Karawang. Wastewater sampling
was conducted in March, April and May 20??, where the company is in normal production period.
Wastewater samples were taken from the equalization basin. Groundwater samples were taken from a
well in Pamulang. Analysis was conducted at the Research Laboratory, Center for Integrated
Laboratory, Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University Jakarta.

2.2. Materials and equipment

Materials used in this study were the test substance (sample) and chemicals. Wastewater test
material was taken from a textile industry in Karawang and ground water was taken from the

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ISS-CNS IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 31 (2016) 012033 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/31/1/012033

Pamulang, Moringa oleifera seeds were taken in March 20??, in Pasawahan, Purwakarta. The
chemicals used were Poly Aluminum Chloride (PAC) brand Kuriflock concentration of 100 mg/L,
Single Strength Lactose Broth (Merck), Double Strength Lactose Broth (Merck), oxygen-alkali iodide
azide reagent Sodium Iodide (NaI) as an oxidant, sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3) 0.025 N (Merck),
sulfuric acid (H2SO4) 6 N (Merck), manganese sulfate (MnSO4) 4 M (Merck), and starch indicator.
The instruments used were pH meter (Myron L ARH1), digital thermometer, portable
conductometer (Myron L ARH1), portable turbidity meter (HANNA Instrument), Atomic Adsorption
Spectrophotometer (Perkin Elmer), magnetic stirrer (Cymarec*2), cuvet, durham tube and glasswares

Raw water Wastewater

Biocoagulant Synthetic coagulant

PAC

Jar test

Temperature Turbidity pH measurement Conductivity

measurement measurement measurement

MPN Test DO,BOD Metal Level

measurement

Figure 1. Research Flowchart

3. Results and Discussion

In the wastewater and groundwater treatment process using M. oleifera as coagulant, the
optimum dose required to treat the wastewater and ground water is different. This can be seen in Table
1, a dose of 100 mg/L gave the best result for the wastewater as the treated water showed the lowest
value of turbidity, closest pH value to 7, and the lowest value of conductivity. While the ground water
needed 80 mg/L of coagulant. This showed that the optimum dose of M. oleifera as coagulant was
influenced by the level of the initial turbidity of the water to be processed. The optimum dose to treat
water with initial turbidity around 300 FTU (wastewater) is 100 mg/L or higher. The lower the initial
turbidity, the lower the optimum dose. Excessive coagulant addition will not cause turbidity to
disappear until the lower limit. Determination of optimum dose can be done by the lab-scale Jar Test
method.

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ISS-CNS IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 31 (2016) 012033 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/31/1/012033

Table 1. Effect of coagulant addition to the tested parameters of the sample

Wastewater Ground Water

Tested PAC M. oleifera PAC M. oleifera
Contro
Parameter Control (100 80 100 (100 80 100
l
mg/L) mg/L mg/L mg/L) mg/L mg/L
Temperature 28.27 28.63 28.66 28.83 28.40 28.90 28.90 29.00
(oC)

Turbidity 85.79 32.19 6.75 4.913 49.92 21.68 5.44 6

(FTU) (89.6% (97.9% (98.6% (89.4% (97.5% (97.4%
reductio reductio reductio reducti reductio reductio
n) n) n) on) n) n)

5.10 4.83 5.67 6.20 6.96 5.21 7.38 7.42

pH
1109.70 1906.30 1052.50 1004.65 227 238.70 219 216.35
Conductivity (10.8% (53.4%
(µS) reductio reductio
n) n)

3.1. The effect coagulant addition to water temperature

The addition of powdered moringa seed (M. oleifera) and the PAC as a coagulant in wastewater
treatment processes and water purification did not significantly affect the temperature. The initial
temperature of the wastewater samples was 28.27 °C and the highest temperature after the addition of
coagulant was 29 oC. While the initial temperature of ground water sample was 28.40 °C and the highest
temperature after coagulant addition was 29.00 oC. The use of coagulant in water treatment process did
not drastically change the temperature. Temperature of each sample was still in the normal temperature
range for water.

3.2. The effect of the use of M. oleifera to water turbidity

Table 1 shows that the optimum concentration of M. oleifera coagulant to reduce wastewater
turbidity was 100 mg/L, while the ground water only need 80 mg/L of Moringa oleifera, which reduced
97.9% and 97.5% turbidity, respectively. M. oleifera coagulant has better coagulation capability to
reduce water turbidity compared with PAC at concentration of 100 mg/L that was able to reduce
turbidity by 89.6% in wastewater and 89.4% in ground water.
The highest turbidity value in wastewater after coagulation process using M. oleifera was 6.75
FTU and the lowest turbidity value was 4.913 FTU. Meanwhile, the highest turbidity value in ground
water after coagulation process using M. oleifera was 5.44 FTU and the lowest was 6 FTU. When M.
oleifera concentration exceeded the optimum dosage, turbidity raised up because all colloids have been
neutralized and precipitated with an optimum dosage, so the excess coagulants will cause turbidity in
water as they did not interact with oppositely charged colloidal particles.
Turbidity in the water is caused by suspended solids, both organic and inorganic substances.
Inorganic substances include crack of rock, sand, mud, and dissolved metals. Organic matters
originating from domestic and industrial waste could serve as good environment for bacteria to grow.
Besides microorganisms, algae and plankton can also cause cloudiness in the water.
When the coagulant was added to the sample and followed by rapid stirring, the resulting
cationic protein from M. oleifera was distributed to all parts of the liquid and then interacted with the
negatively charged particles that caused dispersed turbidity. Such interactions disturb the force that
stabilize the particles, so that it can bind to small particulates to form precipitate. This process is called

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IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 31 (2016) 012033 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/31/1/012033

coagulation. An additional advantage in this case is, that all the mud that comes from grain
coagulation M. oleifera is biodegradable and is an organic material. Unlike alum, coagulation activity
is strongly influenced by the natural alkalinity of the water itself. So it is necessary to add material,
such as lime, to increase alkalinity or pH of the water that will be coagulated using alum. As a result,
the sludge that is produced through this process has a larger volume than the one produced by the
coagulant M. oleifera seeds.

3.3. The effect of M. oleifera usage to water pH

The degree of acidity (pH) is one of the most important factors affecting the coagulation process.
When the coagulation process is not carried out at optimum pH range, it could lead to failure of the floc
formation and poor quality of water produced. The optimum pH for each coagulant is different. Specific
coagulant will not work optimally in more acidic or more alkaline environment than the optimum pH
value. Based on the analysis, the optimum pH obtained using M. oleifera biocoagulant is at pH 6-8. At
this value, amino acids ionize to produce carboxylate ion and proton, proton charge attracts electrons
(colloids) to form neutral group and then produce floc [10].
Recommended pH range for water by WHO (2006) is between 6.0 and 8.0 [11]. The treatment
was performed in the range of 4.83 to 7.42 which increased by increasing the coagulant dosage. The pH
of 100 mL of distilled water increased from 7.6 to 8.28 mg after the addition of M. oleifera powder. This
can be explained by the fact that the solution becomes more alkaline due to the ability of M. oleifera as a
coagulant lies in the presence of cationic water-soluble protein found in its skin and seeds. This causes
the acceptance of protons in water by the alkaline amino acids present in M. oleifera protein that results
in the release of hydroxyl groups which make the solution becomes alkaline [12].
In the sample that used the PAC as coagulant, the pH will be more acidic with the addition of
coagulant dosage. During water treatment process, alum produces acid which in turn lower the pH.
Increased acidity may occur due to the aluminum trivalent cation that act as Lewis acid and accept
lone electron pairs [4] In the synthetic coagulant (PAC), a decrease of pH was caused by the presence
of free hydrogen ions (H+) generated from the hydrolysis reaction, which is when the coagulant reacts
with water. Generally, the higher the amount of coagulant, the higher the decrease of pH.

3.4. The Effect of M. oleifera Usage on Conductivity

Conductivity in water is vary widely. The solubility of minerals in different geographic
regions also varies. There is no standard value but high level of conductivity is not allowed in drinking
water for consumers [12]. Table 1 shows that the optimum dosage of M. oleifera to decrease
conductivity was at 100 mg/L. At this concentration, M. oleifera reduced 10.8% conductivity of
wastewater and 53% conductivity of ground water. Compared with the initial conductivity, the
addition of a coagulant in wastewater and ground water made the conductivity value down to 1109.70
μS/cm and 227 μS/cm, respectively. The decline of conductivity value was affected by the initial
conductivity value. Initial low conductivity value decline larger than the higher initial conductivity
value. However, the excess use of M. oleifera beyond optimum dosage made conductivity value rise
again due to the presence of unbound ions.
Table 1 shows increasing conductivity value with the addition of coagulant PAC, from 1109.7
μS/cm to 1906.3 μS/cm. Whereas initial conductivity in the control of ground water was 227 μS/cm
and after the addition of PAC was 238.6 μS/cm. High conductivity value was determined by the
presence of mineral ions and dissolved inorganic compounds. The addition of coagulant M. oleifera
may result in the dispersion of some mineral ions and inorganic compounds into a floc which will then
be precipitated and separated from the solution. This caused the reduction of electrical conductivity.
The addition of coagulant PAC increased the conductivity of water due to the reaction of
water with acidic or alkaline metals. Water can also react with salt which will cause the rise of
conductivity value. Another reason is the inorganic compounds that dissociate in water, which
contribute to water’s ability to conduct very large electric current. Conductivity or electrical
conductivity of water depends on the concentration of ions in water. In the coagulation process,

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IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 31 (2016) 012033 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/31/1/012033

moringa seeds give little effect on the degree of acidity and conductivity. M. oleifera seed solution
reacted as positively charged natural polymer coagulant.

3.5. The Effect of M. oleifera Usage in Metal Level

There have been many efforts conducted by scientists to reduce the concentration of dissolved
metals in the environment. One of them is coagulation process. The observed metals in this study were
Cd, Cr, and Mn. Cd and Cr metals components of dying agents used in textile industries, while Mn are
found in the groundwater. Determination of metal content in this study was carried out by using
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. The result can be seen in Table 2.

Table 2. The effect of coagulant addition on the metal level

Wastewater Ground Water

Tested PAC M. oleifera PAC M. oleifera
Contro
Parameter Control (100 80 100 (100 80 100
l
mg/L) mg/L mg/L mg/L) mg/L mg/L
Mn (mg/L) 6 0.092 - - 0.594 0.265 - -
Cd (mg/L) 6 0.024 - - - - - -
Cr (mg/L) 6 - - - - - - -

Tabel 2 shows that the addition of coagulants can reduce the level of metals in wastewater
significantly. The addition of M. oleifera coagulant decreased the Cd metal content from 6 ppm to
undetectable, whereas PAC coagulant decreased the Cd content from 6 ppm to 0.024 ppm (99%
reduction). Cr content was decreased from 6 ppm to undetectable with the addition of Moringa
oleifera and PAC. The addition of Moringa oleifera lowered the Mn content from 6 ppm to
undetectable, whereas the addition of PAC lowered the Mn content from 6 ppm to 0.092 ppm (98%
reduction). The presence of dissolved Cd and Cr metals was not detected in tested ground water.
Dissolved Mn amount in ground water is 0.594 mg/L. After the addition of M. oleifera coagulant, it
became undetectable. Meanwhile, Mn level decreased to 0.265 after the addition of PAC (55.4%
reduction).
This study proved that the coagulant may reduce level of metals in the wastewater. This could
be due to the addition of a coagulant that will form flocs and pull those metals into the flocs. Chemical
wastewater treatment is usually performed to remove particles that are not easily precipitated
(colloidal), including heavy metals. With the addition of coagulant, removal of such materials in
principle takes place through changes in the properties of these materials, which can be precipitated
from not easily deposited (coagulation-flocculation), either with or without oxidation-reduction
reactions, and also takes place as a result of the oxidation reaction. Decreased levels of these metals
may also occur because of Moringa amphoteric protein binds to the oppositely charged metal ions-
binding compounds, which causes the metal ions to precipitate. Alkaline pH generated by the addition
of Moringa also allows the positively charged metal ions to precipitate as insoluble metal hydroxides
due to the release of OH groups of M. oleifera. This is supported by the fact that in the treatment
without coagulant, to precipitate the metal is done by applying a solution of alkali (eg. lime) to form
hydroxide precipitate of the metals. Precipitated metal will be more stable if the pH of water is above
10.5. This of course is not effective in the treatment of wastewater and ground water because it will
require additional process to lower the pH value.

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IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 31 (2016) 012033 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/31/1/012033

3.6. The Effect M. oleifera usage on Total Coliform

More than 80% of diseases in tropical areas are caused by the use of unclean water. The
presence of coliform in surface water, such as ground water, comes from poor sanitation [13], while
the presence of microbes in the wastewater comes from biological treatment of wastewater treatment
processes. This process involves decomposing bacteria to decompose organic compounds in
wastewater. The use of water for consumption without prior treatment can cause serious illness that
spread through the water (serious water-borne disease).
Processing the water by coagulation using M. oleifera as natural coagulant showed that the
treatment with M. oleifera provided additional advantage of reduced total microbes (Table 3). M.
oleifera treatment reduced e-coli values by 80% in wastewater treatment. While the use of M. oleifera
in ground water treatment reduced microbial content by 45%.
With proper mixing, the moving particles will enlarge and form flocs that tend to fall to the
bottom of the vessel due to gravity. This confirms the effectiveness of Moringa as coagulant for the
purification of dirty water. Furthermore, the decrease in total coliform number was also affected by
alkaline condition generated by Moringa. Most microorganisms grow well at pH 6.0-8.0, but some of
them can grow well at pH 3 (acidophiles) and at pH 10.5 (alkaliphiles). Coliform bacteria are
facultative anaerobic microorganisms that can grow in aerobic environments and in fermentation
condition that produces lactic acid. Therefore these bacteria can still grow at low pH environment,
coliform bacteria can still grow, but they can not survive alkaline pH [14]. The addition of Moringa as
caogulant affect the increase in pH which in turn stop them from growing..
M. oleifera seeds also have bactericidal activity, which have been proved by Oluduro and
Aderiye (2007) in their research. Bacterial species S. faecalis and P. aerugenosa which were cultured
in water, stop growing back after M. oleifera seeds were added. When the seeds of M. oleifera are
crushed and dissolved into the water, protein produces a positive charge that acts like a magnet and
attracts dominant negatively charged particles such as clay, silk, and other toxic particles. This is in
accordance with the invention of Schwarz (2000) that the flocculation process removes about 90-99%
of bacteria that are usually attached to solid particles, so the bacteria will be aggregated together to
form flocs and can be removed from the water [19].This suggests that bacteria in water were not only
inactivated in a dormant state, but also were killed. M. oleifera removes both gram negative and gram
positive bacteria [20-21].

Table 3. The effect coagulant addition on total coliform, DO and BOD of Wastewater and
ground water.
Wastewater Ground Water
Tested PAC M. oleifera Control PAC M. oleifera
Parameter Control (100 (100
100 mg/L 100 mg/L
mg/L) mg/L)
>1100 1100 210 28 20 11
Total Coliform
(80% (45% reduction)
(MPN/100ml)
reduction)
DO (mg/L) 14 12.4 11.2 10.8 10 8.4
BOD (mg/L) 6.8 6.3 6 6.4 6.2 5.2

3.7. The Effect of M. oleifera Usage on Dissolved Oxygen

Contaminants in industrial wastewater of textiles consist of organic and inorganic materials
that are dissolved or dispersed in water and coarse solids, like the residue of the fiber and yarn. Textile
dyes from organic or inorganic compounds can also cause an increase in the BOD. Solute removal
originated from textile dyes in wastewater will reduce its BOD.
Table 3 shows that the addition of coagulant can affect the decline of dissolved oxygen in
wastewater and groundwater. The addition of 100 mg/L M. oleifera in control wasterwater reduced

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IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 31 (2016) 012033 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/31/1/012033

20% DO from 14 mg/L to 11.2 mg/L. The addition of PAC decreased the DO content by 11.5%. In
groundwater, M. oleifera lowered 22% DO value from 10.8 mg/L to 8.4 mg/L. PAC only decreased
8% of DO value. The level of biological oxygen demand (BOD) also declined 11.7% from 6.8 mg/L to
6 mg/L in the control wastewater after the addition of M. oleifera. Meanwhile, PAC decreased the
BOD level by 7%. The addition of M. oleifera as coagulant into ground water decreased 18% of BOD
level from 6.4 mg/L to 5.2 mg/L, whereas the addition of PAC was only able to decrease the BOD
level by 3%. The addition of coagulant decreased the DO level due to the increase in inorganic (PAC)
and organic (M. oleifera) substances which cause increased oxygen needs to oxidize these substances.

3.8. General Discussion

In the wastewater and groundwater treatment process using M. oleifera as coagulant, the
optimum dose required to treat the wastewater and ground water is different. This can be seen in Table
1, a dose of 100 mg/L gave the best result for the wastewater as the treated water showed the lowest
value of turbidity, closest pH value to 7, and the lowest value of conductivity; while the ground water
needed 80 mg/L of coagulant. This showed that the optimum dose of M. oleifera as coagulant was
influenced by the level of the initial turbidity of the water to be processed. The optimum dose to treat
water with initial turbidity around 300 FTU (wastewater) is 100 mg/L or higher. The lower the initial
turbidity, the lower the optimum dose. Excessive coagulant addition will not cause turbidity disappear
until the lower limit. Determination of optimum dose can be done by the lab-scale Jar Test method.
Compared with Indonesian regulation number KEP-51/MENLH/10/1995 on Standard Quality
of Liquid Waste for Industrial Activities, the result achieved by this research is safe to be use. The
standard quality for pH ranges from 6.0 to 9.0. The pH score after the addition of coagulant were 6.2
and 7.38. The standard quality of BOD is 60 mg/L, while the coagulation process gave 5.2 mg/L and
6.2 mg/L. Maximum levels of Cr, Cd, and Mn permitted in the industrial waste are 0.5 mg/L, 2 mg/L,
and 2 mg L, respectively, whereas the result of using M. oleifera treatment was undetected.
Several scientific studies suggested that Moringa seeds could serve as coagulant because it
contains low molecular weight water soluble protein [15-16].) Protein will be positively charged
when dissolved in water [17]. Protein will act as positively charged synthetic materials [18] and can
be used as synthetic polymer coagulant. Therefore, Moringa can be called as a coagulant. Since this
coagulant is derived from plants and without any synthetic process, it is also called natural coagulant
or biocoagulant. The most likely mechanism that occurs in the coagulation process is the adsorption
and neutralization of the voltage or adsorption and bonding between unstable particles. It is difficult to
determine which mechanism that occurs because both mechanisms may occur simultaneously. But, the
most common mechanisms of coagulation that involves Moringa seeds are the adsorption and voltage
neutralization [19]. When Moringa seeds that have been processed (powder) were poured into the
dirty water, the protein in the seeds will bind the negatively charged particulates that cause turbidity,
such as clay, bacteria, dust, and others. Thus, the particulates are collected and agglomerated into
larger molecules, which will settle to the bottom, then it will be easy to separate the water and
contaminant.

4. Conclusion
Moringa oleifera was proven to be able to be used for textile wastewater treatment and purification of
groundwater. M. oleifera can be used in the coagulation process because it has properties as a natural
coagulant. Our result suggested that M. oleifera is effective at the concentration of 80 to 100 mg/L as a
coagulant to treat wastewater from textile industry and ground water. M. oleifera optimum coagulant
dose is also influenced by the initial state of the sample to be coagulated. The heavier the burden of
pollution, the higher the optimum dose that is needed.

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IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 31 (2016) 012033 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/31/1/012033

5. Acknowledgment
The authors gratefully acknowledge to Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology,
State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta

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[3] Davis, K. L. 2007. Alzheimer’s Disease. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation.
[4] Sutherland J.P., G.K. Folkard, M.A. Mtawali and W.D. Grant. 1994. Moringa oleifera as
Natural Coagulant. Journal of WEDC Conference. University of Leicester, UK.
[5] Grabow WOK, Slabert JL, Morgan WSG, Jahn SAA. 1985. Toxicity and Mutagenicity
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