Mapping Results

provided updating the user with the progress.   Upon completion, the status label will change to
“Map files up to date”.  There are also options on the dialog to Copy and Delete a results map.
The Manage Results Maps dialog is convenient for processing multiple stored maps.

Evaluating RAS Results

Every effort has been made in HEC-RAS to give the user a consistent interactive experience. 
However, because of the different data requirements for 1D and 2D modeling, the output options in
RAS Mapper will depend on the model type.  The simplest method for interacting with HEC-RAS
results is to move the mouse cursor over the Map Window and a map tip with the interpolated value
value for the Selected Layer with be displayed next the cursor.  The selected layer will be
highlighted in the Layer List and the name will be shown in the Map Window.  The selected Profile
will also be displayed ( upper right corner) in the Map Window.  The number of decimal places used
to show the value is controlled by the Display Output Decimal Places in the Global Settings |
General options.

The simple cursor reporting of values is a quick way to get an answer or two, but is reliant on the user
selecting the layer of interest and then moving the mouse.  More efficient tools are available to
analyze the full scope of the HEC-RAS results using the Layer Watch List, Time Series Plots, and
Profile Plots.

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 When querying results Maps, an interpolated value is reported to the user.  The interpolated
value may change based on the Render Mode and zoom level.

For computed model results (that are not interpolated), you can use the structure of the geometry to
query results.  For 1D models, this means that the River, Cross Sections, and Storage Areas have
results that can be plotted.  Select the layer, right-click on the feature and choose the Results Profile
Plot option of interest (WSE, Depth, Velocity) or a Results Time Series (Flow, Stage).  For 2D models,
the 2D Mesh is allows you to select various time series plots for the cell or cell face (discussed in
detail, later).  Below are an examples for different cross section plot options.

 When querying model geometry for Results, such as cross sections or 2D cells, the value
computed by the computation engine is reported to the user.

 Results Profile Plot for Water Surface Elevation

Results Time Series Flow Plot

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Cross Section Terrain Profile Plot

Layer Watch List

The Layer Watch List is provided for the user to simultaneously evaluate multiple layers.  This is
extremely convenient for diving deep into the results.  To use the Layer Watch List, right click on
Add Watch to Layer Values.  Each layer will be added to the Layer Values tab, shown below, in the
lower left of the RAS Mapper interface.  As you add layers, they will automatically be turned on, but
you can establish the order you want to the reported values and you can specify the short ID tag next
to each value.  By default, the first letter of the layer name is used for the ID tag.  The Layers Values

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list also allows you to Add and Delete layers to watch.  If you would prefer, you can also pop the
window out and place it at any desired location.

As you move the mouse over the Map Window, values for the watch layers will be shown as the map
tip, without having to select the layer.  In the example below, the Depth (D), Water Surface Elevation
(W), and Terrain (T) are being evaluated.  The number of decimal places used to show the value is
controlled by the Display Output Decimal Places in the Global Settings | General options.

Time Series Plots

For both 1D and 2D result maps that are enabled there will be a floating menu to plot All Enabled
Results | Plot Time Series for WSE, Velocity Depth, and Courant for the current mouse location.
The plotted results are based on interpolation of results.  If no maps are turned on, the context menu
will show the property followed by “[No enabled maps]”.  The  An example stage hydrograph plot
for a location in the model domain for multiple plan results is shown below.  The location for which
the results are plotted will be highlighted in the Map Window and allows for interactive comparison
of results from multiple plans.

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If the 2D Flow Area layer is enabled (turned on, you can see the mesh), as the mouse is moved over
the map, the selected cell will be highlighted.  A right mouse click provide access to simulation
results (not interpolated) for the highlighted cell or cell face. Depending on the zoom level, the
mouse will snap to the cell or face (zoom in more to snap to cell center).   These computation values
are what are used in the 2D hydraulic computations and are available under the Cell/Face Plot Time
Series menu option.  Available options are listed below.
• Cell: Water Surface
• Fact Point: Velocity
• Face: Normal Velocity
• Face: Flow
• Face: Shear Stress

Not only will a right mouse-click provide access to simulation results, the user will also have access
to the pre-processed geometric data.  The context menu will provide a Plot Property Table menu
item for several plot options.
• Cell: Volume-Elevation
• Face: Profile
• Face: Area-Elevation
• Face: Wetted Perimeter-Elevation

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• Face: Manning’s n – Elevation

• Face: Conveyance - Elevation

Profile Lines
River and Cross Sections lines allow you to plot 1D model results, simply by clicking on the feature. 
However, user-defined Profile Lines allow you to create lines for 2D models in specific locations
where you would like to repetitively evaluate simulation results.  The Profile Lines layer and is
located in the Features group so that the layer is drawn on top of all other features. Profile lines are
created using the RAS Mapper Editing tools.  To create them, start editing the Profile Lines layer, and
create lines wherever you would like to extract information from a raster dataset.  The orientation of
the profile lines with have zero-station at the start of the line and positive flow will be evaluated with
downstream (positive flow) established with the starting point on the left of the line. 
Once a feature has been created, you will be prompted for new name for the Profile Line.

Profile lines are features just like any other in that they can be modified, moved, and deleted.  You
can also interact with them when the Profile Lines layer is selected.  To plot information along a
profile line, select the Profile Lines layer and select a feature from the Map.  Alternatively, you can
select profile line from the Active Features list or the dedicated Profile Lines list.  A right-click will
allow you to Plot Profile or Plot Time Series.

Plot Profile
Plot Profile will allow you to create a plot underneath the line for a single mapping time step.  Plot
options are dictated by what Result layers are turned on in the Layer List (WSE, Depth, Velocity, etc.). 
There are plot options to plot the map values with and without Terrain.  The profile plots are also
linked to the animation tools, so you can move through the simulation window to evaluate results. 
When animating, the profile line and map layer will update.  As shown in the figure below, multiple
map layers of the same type can be plotted at the same time (so long as they are turned on).  The
data behind the plots are available for inspection by clicking on the Table tab in the plot.

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Another plot option when plotting velocities is to plot Velocity with Terrain.

It is also convenient to have an idea where you are along a line.  One of the Profile Lines layer
plotting properties is the ability to turn on Stationing Tick Marks along the line.  In the figure below,
a plot of velocities near a breach location are shown along with the stationing along the profile line
used to extract the velocity information.

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Plot Time Series

Time series information is also available for a profile line.  Option to plot Flow, Volume
Accumulation, and a Rating Curve are available.  Positive flow is evaluated as flow passing though
the line (away from the viewer) when looking at the line with zero-station on the left.  An example
plot comparing flow through a breach location is shown below.

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10 RASTER CALCULATOR
There are several tools in RAS Mapper that allow the user to evaluate model results at specific
locations through interactive point querying and with profile lines.   However, in order to perform
analysis of the entire layer, you can use the the RASter Calculator.  The RASter Calculator allows you
to perform mathematical and logical operations on gridded datasets in RAS Mapper through user-
defined scripts.  When using the RASter Calculator, the you are actually creating a syntax for a
Calculated Layer that can then be evaluated in RAS Mapper using the interactive querying tools
used for evaluating normal RAS Results.  The Calculated Layer is intended to be treated very similarly
to a Dynamic Map, in that you can animate the layer.  If you are using the calculated layer to compare
results from two different HEC-RAS simulations then it is quite convenient to  use the animate
toolbar to evaluate various timesteps.   However, a calculated layer can also have a static
component layer, such as the Terrain layer or using the value from a particular timestep in a result.
A Calculated Layer is added to RAS Mapper by selecting a RAS Result group or by selecting the Map
Layers group, right clicking and choosing the Create a New Calculated Layer menu item.

Overview
A Calculated Layer is created by defined the Layers you want to use in the analysis.  By default, the
Terrain layers will always be available to the user.  After defining the layers (think of them as
variables in an equation), you can then write simple code to perform and operation. The intent, is to
have example scripts provided with HEC-RAS, so that the user doesn't have to create a script.  One
example script might be to compare water surface elevations from two different plans.  The basic
steps to creating a calculated layer are listed below.

Begin with Tools | Create Calculated Layer menu item or right-click on a Plan and select
Create a New Calculated Layer.
1.  Select an example Script or "User Defined" to write your own.
2.  Add the Layers to be evaluated.
3.  Add mathematical operations and logic calculation code.
4.  Provide an output location to save the script.
5.  Provide a Name for the Calculated layer.
6.  Press the Create Layer button to add the layer to RAS Mapper.

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Scripts
The RASter Calculator was developed to allow users to write complex scripts; however, HEC-RAS
provides example scripts to assist you in performing common calculations.  Example scripts are
available from the Script list at the top of the calculator.  Current examples include:
• Compare WSE - Allows the comparison of water surface profiles from two different plans.  By default, the
script uses the first two Plans available in the RAS project.
• Depth * Velocity - Result is the multiplication of the Depth times the Velocity for the first plan in the RAS
Project.  Using the Max profile is not appropriate as it multiplies the max depth and max velocity (which will
not have occurred at the same time).
• Hazard - This is an complex example of how to script to evaluated the product of depth and velocity given
rule criteria.

You can Load a script shared by another RAS user or Save a script once you have completed it. 
Example scripts most likely will not be exactly what you need. To write or modify the code, you will
first need to add Layers or change what the represent.

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Layer Variables
Layers are used as the "variables" for scripting.  Tools are available to Add New, Delete, Rename,
and Edit.  By default, Terrain layers are added as static layers that cannot be modified or removed.

Add - Use the Add button to add a Layer to be evaluated.  When a layer is added, you must define
how the layer will be use.  A layer variable is defined by its Name, Plan, Map Type, Animation
Behavior, and Profile.

• Name - a short name for the layer.

• Plan - identifies the RAS Plan (result) that the map layer is generated from.
• Map Type - this defines the simulation result of interest (Water Surface Elevation, Velocity, etc.).
• Animation Behavior - defines whether the layer can be animated by time step (profile) or if the layer is static
(does not change the profile).
• Profile - the water surface profile to be evaluated. Only available for Static layers.

Once a layer definition has been supplied, click the Add Variable button to add to the Layer list. 
Press the Close button to dismiss the form.
Delete - Removes the selected Layer from the Layer list.
Rename - Allows you to rename the selected Layer variable.

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Edit - Allows you to change the definition of a the selected layer variable.

Calculation Code
Scripts are written in a simple text editor using either Visual Basic or C#.  You are only writing the
functional code (not the complete program).  Once a script is complete, it will be compiled at
runtime when the Calculated Layer is evaluated.  Example code is provided to assist users in
scripting.  More complete help is available by clicking on the  Help button.

To check to see if it will compile use the View Full Code button to compile the script, see the full
code, and check for any errors.  Successful code compilation will result in a window message without
errors.  If there are errors, the line number where an error occurred will be reported at the top of the
Code Compiler Check window.

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Help
Help is available by clicking on the  Help button.  Help is provided for the coding in Visual Basic
logic and .Net Framework math functions.  Additionally, example scripts are provided to
demonstrate the use of functional code.  The example code can be copied and pasted into the
coding window, however, layer variables will have to be created to use the script.  Examples of
available help are shown below.

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Calculated Layer
Once a script is finished, specify a Folder location to store the map script (name.rasscript) and
provide a layer Name.  The script will be saved to disk will be used to load the map each time RAS
Mapper is opened.  Clicking the Create Layer button will then add the Calculated Layer to the Map.

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If a script already exists on disk, you will be prompted for a unique name.

Once a Calculated Layer has been added to the Map, it will be treated like other layers.  All the
fundamental map querying tools will be available to analyze the layer.  If the layer variables were
added as a dynamic map type, the animation toolbar will allow for changing the profile.

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11 GOOGLE EARTH EXPORT

HEC-RAS inundation maps are able to tell a complex story of the flooding potential in our river
floodplains.  While users can display background imagery using web services in HEC-RAS, it is often
not the best way to avail to the results to non-RAS users.  Google Earth, however, is a powerful
visualization tool that can be used to display inundation boundary maps.  HEC-RAS has two different
ways to create inundation maps using the KML format specific to Google Earth.

Provided you have an inundation boundary polygon developed in HEC-RAS, you can export it either
to a KML file or to a 3D KML by simply right-clicking on the inundation boundary polygon and
selecting the Export Layer menu option.

KML Export
To create a KML, perform the following steps listed below.
1. Create and Inundation Boundary layer in RAS Mapper.
2. Right-click on the Inundation Boundary layer and choose the Export Layer | Save Features to KML menu
option.
3. Provide a filename and press OK.
4. The KML can then be added to a Google Earth instance (or likely you can double-click on the KML and it will
launch and load Google Earth).

 Experience has shown, that KML files with more that 10,000 points do not render well in Google
Earth.  Therefore, you may consider filtering the inundation boundary polygon, prior to KML
export.

An example inundation KML in Google Earth is shown below.

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3D KML Export
To create a 3D KML, perform the following steps listed below.
1. Create and Inundation Boundary layer in RAS Mapper.
2. Set the symbology to the color and transparency (blue, 50% are good values).
3. Right-click on the Inundation Boundary layer and choose the Export Layer | Save Inundation to 3D KML
menu option.
4. The 3D KML export dialog will be shown.

5. The default name and location of the KMZ file (zipped up KML) will be based on the Plan that produced the
inundation boundary.  You can change the name and file location using the Browse button.
6. The default values for the output options are good suggestions.  They are discussed in detail below.
7. Press OK to generate a KMZ file to use in Google Earth.
8. As the file is generated, a status message will inform you of the progress.  The number of polygons that are
processed for the entire file extent is shown and the maximum count.

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9. When finished, a message box will report the filename location and number of polygons in the KML file.

10. The KMZ can then be added to a Google Earth instance (or likely you can double-click on the KMZ and it will
launch and load Google Earth).

 The final file is a KMZ file, which is a zipped up KML file.  The smaller file size will improve sharing
the floodplain inundation.

The 3D KML file may initially look a lot like the 2D KML file discussed above, as Google Earth will
zoom to the extents of the data.  Interacting with the map is when the "3D" aspect starts to get
interesting.  The 3D KML file allows you to interact with it by clicking on a particular location.  The
depth, water surface elevation, and velocity for that area will be reported. 

At this point, let's make it clear that the 3D KML file you are visualizing is a vector representation of
an HEC-RAS results grid.  The reported results in the 3D KML are values based on interpolated HEC-
RAS results for the center of the 3D KML polygon.  This is more obvious if we turn on the polygon
boundaries, as shown in the figure below.  While the point values are exacting, they do lend insight
into the potential hazards for a particular area for the event being considered.

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Providing interaction with the map is very useful, but there are better ways to visualize results in
Google Earth.  Choose a location and enter "Street View".

You can now visualize the water level in perspective to cars, buildings, sign posts and other features
to inform you how the flood hazard.

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3D KML Export Options

There are several options available when exporting the inundation boundary 3D KML.  These option
control what the KML will look like in Google Earth.  Experimentation with your data and study area
may be required to discover the best option for you.

Boundary Polygon Filter Tolerance

The polygon filter tolerance is used evaluate the floodplain boundary and remove "redundant"
points.  If the filter tolerance is set to 0, no filtering will occur.  For all other values, three consecutive
points along the boundary are evaluated by connecting the first and third point by a straight line.  If
the second point of the three is within the distance tolerance of the line, the point is removed. 
Removing the number of points in the inundation boundary can reduce file size and improve
rendering speeds in Google Earth, but sacrifices accuracy. The default value is 1ft.

Interior Polygon (Cell) Size

The KML created is a vector representation of a raster (gridded) dataset.  HEC-RAS attempts to come
up with a cell size that will result in a KML that has 10,000 polygons - which tend to render well in
Google Earth.  However, you may want more detail (smaller polygon size) or less detail (larger
polygon size).

Number of Decimal Places

This rounds the water surface, depth, and velocity results written to the KML. Queried values will be
reported to the number of decimal places specified.  The default value is 1 decimal place.

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Interior Polygon Values

There are two methods available in HEC-RAS for reporting the water surface elevations and depth
values written to the KML file.  The Sloping Water Surface method will interpolate the water surface
elevations and write out the water surface elevations for each corner of of the interior polygons and
a value at the center of the polygon (that can be queried).  This will allow the water surface to looked
sloped in Google Earth.  The Horizontal Water Surface method applies the water surface at the
center of the polygon to each side.  This can result in "stair stepped" inundation in steeper terrain. 
The Sloping Water Surface method is default.
A example plot using Sloping Water Surface shows a continuous water surface (the bulging in the
upper left corner is due to using the Depths Relative to Ground option and that the bridge deck is in
the Google Earth ground surface elevations).

An example plot using Horizontal Water Surface example where the "flat" water surface results in an
elevation gap at the boundary of each polygon.

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Water Surface Plotting Method

Google Earth thankfully provides two different ways to visualize elevation data: absolute values and
values relative to the ground.  Which option is best for you is dependent on how good the data are in
your study area and what detail you are interested in visualizing.  The Depths Relative to Ground
option will plot the output depth on top of whatever ground elevations Google Earth is reporting. 
This method works best when the Google Earth terrain data is "poor" relative to the terrain model
used to create the HEC-RAS model.  This method also tends to work better in steeper terrain.  When
you query the inundation map, depth with be the primary identifier.  The Computed WSE option will
plot the computed water surface elevation without considering the Google Earth terrain values. 
Limitations of the Computed WSE option become more clear when looking at the floodplain
boundary - often the Compute WSE boundary will be limited base on it's intersection with the
ground.  The Depths Relative to Ground option will always show the correct boundary, although the
visualization of the flood depths interior to the boundary may not be perfect. The Depths Relative to
Ground option is default.
An example of plotting differences in Google Earth using the Depths Relative to Ground (blue) option
overlayed with Computed WSE (red) option.  The Computed WSE option performs poorly at shallow
depths because it is attempting to intersect the computed HEC-RAS water surface (which is based on
high resolution terrain) with the Google Earth ground surface elevations (which will not be
consistent with the terrain used in the RAS model.

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Google Earth Visualization

Street View is a great way to visualize flood depths at buildings, etc.; however, you can also turn on
Google Earth 3D Buildings to get an idea overall on what is flooded and by how much. This option is
down in the Layers list and labeled "3D Buildings".  While this can produce a dramatic picture, trees
tend to get in the way of the rendering.

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12 TILE MAP SERVER

RAS Mapper provides the capability to export HEC-RAS Results for visualization using web mapping
services.  This option provides the flexibility to publish map results to a web server (or locally) to use
web-based mapping as the background for the HEC-RAS results. 

Exporting RAS Tiles

To write information into the map tile system, select a dynamic raster result, right-click and choose
the Export RAS Tiles for Web Mapping menu item.  The RAS Tile Cache Export Options dialog will be
populated with a default Layer Name, Cache Level, and Profile (Time, Max, or Min based on what is
active in RAS Mapper).   Map tiles will be stored in PNG format in a database file in the RAS Model
directory using symbology defined for the Layer in RAS Mapper will be used for storing the exported
data.  By default, the data will be written to a database file (.db extension) that has a filename based
on the HEC-RAS Plan Short ID.

The Cache Level used will greatly affect the time it takes to write out the map tiles because the Cache
Level corresponds to the effective cell size resolution of the raster that is stored.  The process of
creating each PNG for the tile cache requires RAS Mapper to re-compute the output variable layer
(depth, for instance) for each cache level.  The PNG must then be re-projected to the web Mercator
projection supported by web mapping services and written to the ‘db’ file.  This can be a time
consuming process - larger Cache Levels will result in smaller “cell” sizes and larger file sizes. 
The Cache Level also indicates how far you can zoom into the map.  If you attempt to zoom in
beyond the pyramid level of the tile cache, the data will be interpolated.  The default Cache Level is
12 and is recommended for a first cut look at the data at a low resolution that will not sacrifice
speed.  If you write out data using an initial Cache Level and then wish to add additional levels, RAS
will append the data, assuming the output Layer Name (and time step) is consistent – the dialog
shown below will appear allowing the user to overwrite or append to existing data.

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The other option affecting what is written to the map tiles is the Profile selected.  The options of
Maximum, Minimum, or Profiles are available.  If the Profiles option is selected, the user must define
the time range for data export.  Using a time window allows for the data to be animated from the tile
cache.  If there are many profiles in the unsteady flow simulation, there is an option to skip profiles in
the list so the event range can be visualized without having to write out more data than is needed.  If
the inundation area associated with the maximum water surface is exported by default.

Viewing RAS Tiles

To utilize the RAS Tiles option, you can view the RAS Tiles data through a web browser hosted on a
web server.  The RAS Tiles server software was developed using open source tools. Hapi (hapijs.com)
is used for the server framework and Leaflet (leafletjs.com) is used for the interactive mapping
capability.  The RAS Tiles server software is available from the HEC-RAS software downloads web
page.
Instructions for local viewing are provided below.
1. Download and unzip the “RASTiles_server.zip” file from the HEC-RAS software download web page for the
appropriate Windows Operating System (32- or 64-bit).
2. Copy the “rasplanshortid.db” files to the “tilesets” folder in the RAS Tiles directory.
3. Start the tile server by running the “RASTiles.bat” script.
a. This can also be accomplished by starting the tile server using the command line by navigating to the
install directory and typing “node server” and hitting Enter.
4. Open the “RASTiles.html” file in a web browser.
a. This can be accomplished by opening a web browser and typing
“http://localhost:3000/”
5. If additional tile datasets (.db files) are to be viewed, the server will need to be restarted, after copying
the .db files into the “tilesets” folder.
a. To stop the web server, close the CMD prompt.
b. Start the server as discussed in Step 3.

Instructions for web server hosting are provided below.

1. The server must be started as described for local viewing.
2. An Information Technology specialist will need to set up server security/policy so that the web server may be
accessible via the web to mobile clients.
3. Provide the web client with the URL to the web server. Note, the server address will be shown in the CMD
prompt window.

The web browser is launched with the “RAS Tiles” title at the top of the web page.  Individual RAS
Project datasets in the ”.db” files are available for display as indicated by the RAS project name with

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sub headings listing the available Plans.  An overview image is shown on the right of the webpage, as
shown below. 

Selecting a RAS project will show a new web form with datasets for each Plan that has been exported
based on the database files in the “tilesets” folder.  The web interface, shown the figure below, will
allow you to select the Opacity for the RAS maps, animate through the list of output maps, pan,
zoom, and select from the list of background layers.

Map Tool Description

RAS Tiles Takes the user back to the RAS Tiles pages listing each RAS project with available map
layers.

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Map Tool Description

Play, Stop, Forward, The animation toolbar allows the user to step through RAS profile results.  This tool is active
and Back if once a map type (“Depth”) for a particular Plan is selected.
Zoom In, Zoom Out The Zoom Toolbar allows the user to zoom in or out on the data.  The mouse wheel will
allow for zooming.  Double-clicking on the map will also zoom in.
Background Layers Available background layers will provide the user with options to view street names and
aerial imagery.  Currently, Open Street Map data is supported.

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13 V.6.0 RELEASE NOTES

Notes.

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