Module 1 Who are required to take NSTP?

National Service Training Program All male and female freshmen of any baccalaureate
degree or at least 2-year technical-vocational course in
NSTP is designed to encourage, develop, and train the any private and public educational institutions.
students to contribute to the general welfare and the
betterment of life for the members of the community or How will the NSTP be taken up?
the enhancement of its facilities, especially those Each of the NSTP components shall be undertaken for
devoted to improving health education, environment, an academic period of two (2) semesters and be
entrepreneurship, safety, recreation, and moral of the credited for three (3) units per semester.
citizenry, and other social welfare service.
What will become of NSTP graduates?
You are expected to develop self-awareness that can Graduates of the non-ROTC components shall belong to
create a positive result towards society and become the National Service Reserve Corps (NSRC) which could
more conscious and observant of the people and events be tapped by the States for literacy and civic welfare
around you. You are expected also to learn the “hows” activities. Graduates of the ROTC component shall form
and “whys” of human actions and interactions, whether part of the AFP Citizen Armed Force, subject to DND
acceptable or unacceptable and be able to manage such requirements.
behavior (self-management) for the betterment of
society. You are expected to also develop a social What lead agencies monitor the implementation of the
attitude (community awareness) that benefit others NSTP?
without necessarily providing any direct benefit to him. CHED regional officers, TESDA provincial and district
offices, and DND-AFP through the major service reserve
Republic Act 9163 or commands and their ROTC units shall oversee and
The National Service Training Program (NSTP) monitor the implementation of the NSTP under their
Act of 2001 respective jurisdiction, to determine if the training
conducted is in consonance with this Act.
For many years before, students expressed
disgruntlement over the content, conduct, staff
incompetence, and alleged corruption in the ROTC Component Programs of NSTP
program.
1. Reserved Officers’ Training Corps (ROTC) program to
In response to the call of the public before for reforms provide military training to tertiary level students in
in the ROTC program, RA No. 9163 or NSTP Act of 2001 order to motivate, train, organize, and mobilize them
was passed and signed into law by former President for national defense preparedness.
Gloria Arroyo on January 23, 2002 and was
implemented in school year 2002-2003 onwards. 2. Literacy Training Service (LTS) program to train the
students to teach literacy and numeric skills to school
The program is jointly implemented by the Commission children, out of school youths, and other segments of
on Higher Education (CHED), Technical Education and society which are considerably in need of their services.
Skills Development Authority(TESDA),and Department
of National Defense (DND). 3. Civic Welfare Training Service (CWTS) program to
train students to contribute to the general welfare and
What is NSTP? the betterment of life for the members of the
National Service Training Program (NSTP) refers to the community or enhancement of its facilities, especially
program aimed at enhancing civic consciousness and those devoted to empowering health, education,
defense preparedness in the youth by developing the environment, entrepreneurship, safety, recreation, and
ethics of the three (3) program components, specifically moral of the citizenry, and other social welfare services.
designed to enhance the youth’s active contribution to
the general welfare. The curriculum adopted by the University for all
programs excluding Criminology program for the first
semester is Community Welfare Training Service
Program called CWTS 1(NST C101) and CWTS 2 (NST
C102) for the second semester. For Criminology
students, the curriculum adopted for the first semester Module 2
is ROTC program (NST C101) for the first semester and Philippine Demography
(NST C102) for the second semester. Every NSTP
component is equivalent to 3 units per semester. Human Population: How do we study the population?
Demography is the statistical study of human
What are the objectives of the NSTP-CWTS CS 11A? populations. It encompasses the study of the size,
1.To promote and protect the physical, mental, structure, and distribution of these populations, and
intellectual, and social wellbeing of youth. spatial and/or temporal changes in them in response to
2. To inculcate patriotism and nationalism in the birth, migration, aging and death. “Demo” means “the
youth. people” and “graphy” means “measurement”.
3.To encourage their involvement in public and
civic affairs. Demographics of the Philippines are records of human
4. To identify their role as change agents in the population in the country, including its population
community. density, ethnicity, education level, health, economic
5. To prepare and implement projects that will status, religious affiliations, and other aspects of the
answer specific needs of the society. population.

What are the objectives of the ROTC Program? What agencies of the government conducts population
ROTC aims to provide military education and training for census?
students to mobilize them for national defense The census is performed by the National Statistics Office
preparedness. Its specific objectives include preparation (NSO). The NSO, along with three other agencies
of college students for service in the Armed Forces of namely, the National Statistical Coordination Board
the Philippines in the event of an emergency and their (NSCB), the Bureau of Labor and Employment Statistics
training to become reservists and potential (BLES), and the Bureau of Agricultural Statistics (BAS)
commissioned officers of the AFP. ROTC student-cadets comprises the Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA).The
attend college like other students, but also receive basic census is enumerated every five years. The last census
military training and officer training from the branch of was done on the year 2015.
service that handles their school's ROTC unit.
The latest population census was done in August 2015.
What agencies/groups benefit from the skills acquired The population of the Philippines as of August 1, 2015
by the trainees? was 100,981,437, based on the 2015 Census of
CWTS focuses on supplementing various facets of Population (POPCEN 2015). The 2015 population is
volunteer work, such as infrastructure, social welfare higher by 8.64 million compared with the population of
assistants, rescue and operation workers, by way of 92.34 million in 2010, and by 24.47 million compared
Government and Non-Government Organizations, many with the population of 76.51 million in 2000.
community development organizations, medical The most populated region in the Philippines is the
missions such as those of Red Cross and the Region IV-A (CALABARZON) having around 14.4 million
Department of Health, and various ecology-based people. While the region with the lowest population in
projects, such as tree planting activities. the Philippines is the Cordillera Administrative Region
having around 1.72 million people.

Urban (City) Population

44.4% of the population is urban (47,278,672 people in
2018). Among the 16 highly urbanized cities (HUCs)
comprising the region, Quezon City had the biggest
population in 2015 with 2.94 million. It was followed by
the City of Manila with 1.78 million and Caloocan City
with 1.58 million. The City of San Juan had the smallest
population among the HUCs with 122 thousand.
To figure out how many people live in the Philippines
after the 2015 census, we can look at data provided by
the NSO. Projecting this data forward, we can use the
1.72% growth rate.
 disease transmission. More income = more taxation
 The current population of the Philippines is which = more money for public health services.
108,072,851 as of Wednesday, June 26, 2019,
based on the latest United Nations estimates. 2) Better Medical Facilities: Following this came the
 The Philippines population is equivalent to 1.4% of industrial revolution. Technological advancement was
the total world population. perhaps the biggest reason why the balance has been
 The Philippines ranks number 13 in the list of permanently disturbed. Science was able to produce
countries (and dependencies) by population. better means of producing food, which allowed families
 The population density in the Philippines is 363 per to feed more mouths. Medical science made many
Km2(939 people per mi2). discoveries thanks to which they were able to defeat a
 The total land area is 298,170 Km2 (115,124 sq. whole range of diseases. Illnesses that had claimed
miles) thousands of lives till now were cured because of the
 44.4 % of the population is urban (48,051,350 invention of vaccines. Combining the increase in food
people in 2019) supply with fewer means of mortality tipped the
 The median age in the Philippines is 24.3 years. balance and became the starting point of
overpopulation.

What is overpopulation? 3) Technological Advancement in Fertility Treatment:

Human overpopulation occurs if the number of people With latest technological advancement and more
in a group exceeds the carrying capacity of the region discoveries in medical science, it has become possible
occupied by the group. The term often refers to the for couple who are unable to conceive to undergo
relationship between the entire human population and fertility treatment methods and have their own babies.
its environment, the Earth or to smaller geographical Today there are effective medicines which can increase
areas such as countries. Most contemporary estimates the chance of conception and lead to rise in birth rate.
for the carrying capacity of the Earth under existing Moreover, due to modern techniques pregnancies
conditions are between 4 billion and 16 billion. today are far safer.
Depending on which estimate is used, human
overpopulation may or may not have already occurred. 4) Lack of Family Planning: Most developing nations
have large number of people who are illiterate, live
What are the causes of Human Overpopulation? below the poverty line and have little or no knowledge
Overpopulation can result from an increase in births, a about family planning. Getting their children married at
decline in mortality rates, an increase in immigration, or an early age increase the chances of producing more
an unsustainable biome and depletion of resources. It is kids. Those people are unable to understand the
possible for very sparsely populated areas to be harmful effects of overpopulation and lack of quality
overpopulated if the area has a meager or non-existent education prompts them to avoid family planning
capability to sustain life (e.g., a desert). measures.

What are the effects of overpopulation?

Human overpopulation has been due to several 1) Depletion of Natural Resources: The effects of
factors: overpopulation are quite severe. The first of these is the
depletion of resources. The Earth can only produce a
1) Economic growth and improving living standards: limited amount of water and food, which is falling short
There are number of ways in which this had led to a of the current needs. Most of the environmental
decline in the death rate: Better food and nutrition damage being seen in the last fifty odd years is because
(which in turn is related to better transport networks of the growing number of people on the planet. They
and refrigeration) which has meant that children are are cutting down forests, hunting wildlife in a reckless
better able to resist infectious diseases, reducing the manner, causing pollution and creating a host of
infant and child mortality rates. This is estimated to problems.
account for 50% of the decline in the death rate. Better
quality housing = Better heating and less damp, means 2) Degradation of Environment: With the overuse of
less illness. Smaller family sizes = as people get richer, coal, oil and natural gas, it has started producing some
they have fewer children, which reduces the chances of serious effects on our environment. Rise in the number
of vehicles and industries have severely affected the
quality of air. Rise in amount of CO2 emissions leads to 4) Tax Benefits or Concessions: Government of various
global warming. Melting of polar ice caps, changing countries might have to come with various policies
climate patterns, rise in sea level are few of the related to tax exemptions to curb overpopulation. One
consequences that we might we have to face due to of them might be to waive of certain part of income tax
environment pollution. or lowering rates of income tax for those married
couples who have single or two children. As we humans
3) Rise of Unemployment: When a country becomes are more inclined towards money, this may produce
overpopulated, it gives rise to unemployment as there some positive results.
are fewer jobs to support large number of people. Rise
in unemployment gives rise to crime as people will steal What is being done regarding overpopulation?
various items to feed their family and provide them The Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive Health
basic amenities of life. Act of 2012 (Republic Act No. 10354), informally known
as the Reproductive Health Law is a law in the
4) High Cost of Living: As difference between demand Philippines, which guarantees universal access to
and supply continues to expand due to overpopulation, methods on contraception, fertility control, sexual
it raises the prices of various commodities including education, and maternal care.
food, shelter, and healthcare. This means that people
must pay more to survive and feed their families. President Rodrigo Duterte signed an executive order providing funds
and support for modern family planning, in a bid to make modern
family planning available to the poor by 2018.
What can be done to curve the overpopulation?
1) Better Education: One of the first measures is to
The order seeks to mobilize the Department of Health,
implement policies reflecting social change. Educating
Commission on Population, Department of Interior and
the masses helps them understand the need to have
Local Government (DILG) in implementing "quality
one or two children at the most. Families that are facing
modern family planning information and services."
a hard life and choose to have four or five children
should be discouraged. Family planning and efficient
The Health Department is tasked by the EO to "review
birth control can help in women making their own
the gaps in the implementation of the (Reproductive
reproductive choices. Open dialogue on abortion and
Health) law, issue corresponding orders and guidelines,
voluntary sterilization should be seen when talking
and implement interventions to support LGUs (local
about overpopulation.
government units) and (civil society organizations)."
2) Making People Aware of Family Planning: As
The Department of Education is also tasked to
population of this world is growing at a rapid pace,
implement a "gender sensitive and rights-based"
raising awareness among people regarding family
sexuality education in schools.
planning and letting them know about serious
aftereffects of overpopulation can help curb population
The Department of Social Welfare and Development is
growth. One of the best ways is to let them know about
set to integrate the law's strategies in the national
various safe sex techniques and contraceptives methods
poverty reduction and social protection programs.
available to avoid any unwanted pregnancy.
The Philippine Commission on Women is expected to
3) Knowledge of Sex Education: Imparting sex
"promote reproductive health rights."
education to young kids at elementary level should be
must. Most parents feel shy in discussing such things
PhilHealth will "implement benefit packages that ensure
with their kids which result in their children going out
maximum benefits for family planning services."
and look out for such information on internet or discuss
it with their peers. Mostly, the information is
incomplete which results in sexually active teenagers
unaware of contraceptives and embarrassed to seek
information about same. It is therefore important for
parents and teachers to shed their old inhibitions and
make their kids or students aware of solid sex
education.
 Module 3
Population Housing Key Shelter Agencies on Housing
Mandate
Results of the 2015 Census of Population (POPCEN 2015) revealed Increasing the availability of affordable housing loans to
that of the country's 24.22 million housing units, 92.57 percent or finance the Filipino homebuyers ‘on their acquisition of
22.42 million housing units were occupied by households or
household population. housing units through the development and operation
of a secondary market for home mortgages. Consistent
What agency is responsible for the housing projects of with this mandate NHMFC(National Home Mortgage
the government? Finance Corporation) bought mortgages originated by
The National Housing Authority(NHA) is a government private financial institutions and eventually sold them
agency responsible for public housing in the Philippines. back to the public through the issuance of mortgage-
It is organized as a government owned and controlled backed financial instruments.
corporation under the Housing and Urban Development
Coordinating Council as an attached agency. Mandate Under E.O. 272,
The SHFC shall be the lead government agency to
Under PD 757 31 July 1975, NHA was tasked to develop undertake social housing programs that will cater to the
and implement a comprehensive and integrated formal and informal sectors in the low-income bracket
housing program which shall embrace, among others, and shall take charge of developing and administering
housing development and resettlement, sources and social housing program schemes, particularly the CMP
schemes of financing , and delineation of government and the AKPF Program (amortization support program
and private sector participation. and development financing program).Vision By 2022,
SHFC shall have provided 530,000 organized homeless
Housing and Urban Development Coordinating Council and low-income families with Flexible, Affordable,
COUNCIL FUNCTIONS: Innovative, and Responsive (FAIR) shelter solutions
The HUDCC Council has the following powers and to their housing needs.
functions:
 To formulate national objectives for housing and Pag-IBIG is an acronym which stands for Pagtutulungan
urban development and to design broad strategies sa Kinabukasan, Ikaw, Bangko, Industria, at Gobyerno.
for the accomplishment of these objectives. In effect, Pag-IBIG harnesses these four sectors of the
 To determine the participation and coordinate the society to provide its members with adequate housing
activities of the key government housing agencies in through effective savings scheme.
the national housing program.
 To monitor, review and evaluate the effective What are the projects of the NHA?
exercise by these agencies of their assigned The program, directed by the national leadership,
functions. involves relocation and resettlement of families residing
 To assist in the maximum participation of the in or along danger areas in Metro Manila particularly
private sector in all aspects of housing and urban those along waterways such as creeks, rivers, and
development. esteros. It is undertaken mainly through in-city multi-
 To recommend new legislation and amendments to storey housing development utilizing government-
existing laws as may be necessary for the owned land. NHA undertakes housing development,
attainment of government’s objectives in housing. while estate management/ building maintenance shall
be undertaken either by LGUs, NGOs, or homeowners'
 To formulate the basic policies, guidelines and
associations. It also covers implementation of
implementing mechanisms for the disposal or
alternative in-city project schemes proposed by
development of acquired or existing assets of the
program stakeholders and off-city resettlement where
key housing agencies which are not required for the
in-city project plans are not feasible.
accomplishment of their basic mandates; and
 To exercise or perform such other powers and
The National Housing Authority (NHA) shall proceed
functions as may be deemed necessary, proper or
with the preventive evacuation of dwellers in
incidental to the attainment of its purpose and
condemned housing projects namely, the Vitas
objectives.
Temporary Housing in Tondo, Manila, the Fort Bonifacio Urban poor and slum dwellers now make up about one-
Tenement in Taguig and the Punta Tenement in St. Ana third of all megacity populations — a proportion that
Manila for relocation to NHA resettlement projects. has changed little in the recent past and shows little
indication of changing soon.

What is urban housing?

Urban housing is a fundamental component of every What is the government doing for the housing
city. The city's housing condition reflects not just the problem?
income levels and level of well-being of its inhabitants, Republic Act No. 7279
but to a certain extent, clearly show the social and An act to provide for comprehensive and continuing
spatial inequalities that exist within the city. As a urban development and housing program, establish the
growing megacity confronted by numerous large scale mechanism for its implementation and for other
urban problems, Metro Manila's housing situation purposes.
remains to be a priority metropolitan concern for
several decades now. Continuous massive influx of Sec. 2. Declaration of State Policy and Program
migrants from different provinces to Metro Manila Objectives. — It shall be the policy of the State to
further intensified the demand for settlement space. undertake, in cooperation with the private sector, a
This resulted to the perennial problem on informal comprehensive and continuing Urban Development and
settlements. Housing Program, hereinafter referred to as the
Program, which shall:
A map is created to show that informal settlers in (a) Uplift the conditions of the underprivileged and
Metro Manila occupy vacant public and private lands homeless citizens in urban areas and in resettlement
especially those: areas by making available to them decent housing at
(1) along riverbanks and estuaries. affordable cost, basic services, and employment
(2) near or along major transport routes and opportunities;
transportation facilities like highways and railroad (b) Provide for the rational use and development of
tracks; and urban land in order to bring about the following
(3) areas near possible jobs or income source.
SECTION 27. Action Against Professional Squatters and
The housing landscape of Metro Manila shows extreme Squatting Syndicates. – The local government units, in
polarization. Numerous upscale housing development cooperation with the Philippine National Police, the
projects are sporadically emerging across the Presidential Commission for the Urban Poor (PCUP), and
metropolis alongside the continuous burgeoning of the PCUP-accredited urban poor organization in the
shanty towns and slum dwellings all over the city. area, shall adopt measures to identify and effectively
curtail the nefarious and illegal activities of professional
Local governments encourage upscale housing projects squatters and squatting syndicates, as herein defined.
in the city at the same time strongly opposing 'within-
city' socialized housing for the poor. The City of Manila, Any person or group identified as such shall be
as a matter of policy, no longer allows on-site socialized summarily evicted and their dwellings or structures
housing and has set as a major priority, the relocation demolished and shall be disqualified to avail of the
of slum dwellers to sites outside the metropolis. benefits of the Program. A public official who tolerates
or abets the commission of the abovementioned acts
What is informal settlement? shall be dealt with in accordance with existing laws.
 Dense settlements including communities
housed in self-constructed shelters under For purposes of this Act, professional squatters or
conditions of informal or traditional land members of squatting syndicates shall be imposed the
tenure. penalty of six years imprisonment or a fine of not less
 Common features of developing countries and than Sixty thousand pesos (P60,000.00) but not more
are typically the product of an urgent need of than One hundred thousand pesos (P100,000.00) , or
shelter by the urban poor. both, at the discretion of the court.”
 A significant problem, especially developing
countries, housing the world’s disadvantaged. Squatters who occupy land without the express consent
of the landowner after March 28, 1992 or after the
effectivity of Republic Act No. 7279 may be summarily skills of the aspirants. Usually, employees are
evicted by the local government unit in accordance with under-skilled or under-qualified for the jobs.
the Implementing Rules and Regulations governing
Summary Eviction, which was enacted pursuant to  Second, and closely related cause of
Section 44, Article XII of Republic Act 7279. unemployment are with actions of labor unions.
Workers are demanding wages greater than the
Module 4 firms are willing to pay or can afford to pay.
Employment in the Philippines
 A third reason would be because of the
Employment Rate in the Philippines increased to 94.60 percent in the improvement of our technology. Companies strive
third quarter of 2018 from 94.50 percent in the second quarter of
for the automation of processes, which have
2018. Employment Rate in Philippines averaged 91.25 percent from
1991 until 2018, reaching an all-time high of 95.30 percent in the drastically improved production at lesser labor
fourth quarter of 2016 and a record low of 85.60 percent in the costs. Because of automation, companies employ a
second quarter of 1991. smaller number of people because they depend
more on machines and robots to do the job. With
Who is unemployed? this, there are no more jobs available for the
Person of employment age (generally 15 to 64 years) people.
who does not have a paying job but is available for work
and is actively seeking a job.  Oversupply of labor force and inability to take on
available jobs (structural unemployment).
In the Philippines, the unemployment rate measures
the number of people actively looking for a job as a
Undergraduates are still taking up college courses that are popular
percentage of the labor force. but were previously high in demand. After graduation, these
graduates possess skills that are not high in demand in the job
The unemployment rate in the Philippines dropped to market. As such, there is a skill mismatch.
5.4 percent in the September quarter of 2018 from 5.6
percent a year ago. Unemployment Rate in the  Oversupply of graduates. The number of graduates
Philippines averaged 8.41 percent from 1994 until 2018, has been increasing over the years. Getting a degree
reaching an all-time high of 13.90 percent in the first is all too common nowadays. However, the labor
quarter of 2000 and a record low of 4.70 percent in the force does not require so many graduates.
fourth quarter of 2016.
What may be done?
The unemployment rate in the country steadied at 5.4 1. There must be an improvement in the quality of
percent in July 2019 despite the addition of 100,000 Education. Education Literacy rate has proved to be not
more Filipinos to the ranks of those looking for jobs, the an indicator of employment, at least for our country.
Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA) reported. This may be absurd because high literacy rate suggests
better jobs for people. But in our country, literacy rate
What is underemployment? may be high, but this only relate to the reading and
Underemployment refers to an employment situation writing skills of the people, and not really based on
that is insufficient in some important way for the comprehensive and analytical skills.
worker, relative to a standard. (e.g., Holding a part-time
job despite desiring full-time). Underemployment is 2. Government should support microeconomic
working at a job that underutilized one’s abilities. Like a enterprises. Microeconomic enterprises, or those small
college graduate working at a fast-food place. and medium enterprises, help alleviate poverty and
unemployment.
Nearly 7 million Filipinos who already have jobs are looking for more
work, says the Philippine Statistics Authority, citing the results of the Small businesses may be supported by creating programs, such as
April 2018 Labor Force Survey providing loans, to the marginalized but deserving people. Often,
the poor are willing to start business, but the main problem is the
What are the causes of unemployment? lack of capital.
 First, the employers seek the people who are most
suitable for the job. Qualifications and credentials 3. Regulation of market competition. Competition in
of employees are prioritized together with the the market is good. It is the key to have better goods
and services at the most reasonable prices. But market
competition should also be regulated by the
government.
Imported products are a usual sight in our market
today. Because imported products are preferred
because of its lower prices, our locally produced goods
are not patronized. The influx of imported goods in our
market kills our local market. With this, local companies
close or lay-off its employees which would then increase
the unemployment rate.

What agencies of the government protect the workers

from unjust practices of their employers?
 Philippine Labor Laws, known in the Philippines as
Labor Code of the Philippines, were created to
protect workers from exploitation and wrongful
terminations.

These labor laws are also meant to encourage fair hiring practices,
Philippine labor laws seek to create a fair working environment
which can then benefit both employers and employees. The Labor
Code of the Philippines is enforced through a quasi-judicial
organization called the National Labor Relations Commission
(NLRC). The NLRC works in tandem with the Department of Labor
and Employment (DOLE) to resolve employer/employee disputes
and labor code violations.

 The Philippines' Department of Labor and

Employment (Filipino: Kagawaran ng Paggawa at
Empleyo, commonly abbreviated as DOLE) is the
executive department of the Philippine Government
mandated to formulate policies, implement
programs and services, and serve as the policy-
coordinating arm of the Executive Branch in the
field of labor and employment. It is tasked with the
enforcement of the provisions of the Labor Code.