GENERAL EDUCATION – SOCIAL SCIENCES

I. Philippine History and Government

Pre-spanish Government
 Settlements were composed of villages called BARANGAY with more or less families.
 Each barangay was ruled by a DATU as chief executive, law-giver, chief judge and military head.
 The government was monarchial.
 The datu was assisted by Council of Elders called MAGINOOS, his advisers.
 Social Classes: NOBILITY(Maharlika), FREEMEN(Timawa), SERFS(Aliping Namamahay), SLAVES (Aliping Saguiguilid)

Houses:
1. Bahay Kubo (nipa hut)
2. Batalan - where washing and bathing were done
3. Badjaos (sea gypsies) - boat houses

Mode of Dressing:
1. Kanggan - male Filipinos’ collarless short-sleeved jacket
2. Bahag - strip of cloth wrapped around the waist and in between legs (lower part of their clothing)
3. Putong - men’s headgear
4. Baro or camisa - women’s wide sleeved-jacket
5. Saya - women’s skirt
6. Tapis - additional cover was a piece of white or red cloth wrapped around waist

Literature:
1. Awit (songs) 5. Salawikain (proverbs)
2. Hele (cradle song) 6. Bugtong (riddles)
3. Ihiman (Wedding songs) 7. Kumintang (war songs)
4. Myths & Epics:

Epiko:
1. Hudhud – Ifugao 4. Bantungan, Indarapatra at Sulayman - Muslims
2. Biag ni Lam-ang – Ilokano 5. Hinilawod - Panay
3. Handiong/Ibalon – Bikolano 6. Darangan - Maranaw

Dances:
1. Balitaw at Dandansoy – Visayans 3. Kumintang - (love dance) Tagalog
2. Mahinhin (courtship dance) – Tagalog 4. Kinnotan - Ilocano Ant Dance

Spanish Government
 March 16,1521 - Discovery of the Philippines by Ferdinand Magellan
 Magellan landed on Homonhon and named the island “Archipelago of St. Lazarus (March 17, 1521).
 The country was governed by the King of Spain from 1565-1821.
 The Spanish government in the Philippines was centralized in structure and national in scope.
 The barangays were consolidated into pueblos (towns) headed by a GOBERNADORCILLO.
 The powers of the government were exercised by a Governor-General.
 First Governor-General: Miguel Lopez de Legaspi; last: Gen. Diego delos Rios.

Spanish Gov’t - Revolutionary government

 Established forms of de Facto Government:
 The Katipunan- a secret society organized by Andres Bonifacio on August 26, 1896.
 The Biak-na-Bato Republic-established by Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo on Nov. 1, 1897 in Biak-na-Bato (now San Miguel,
Bulacan)
 The Dictatorial Government-established by Aguinaldo on May 24, 1898
 Proclamation of Independence in Kawit, Cavite on June 12, 1898.

American Government
Three Kinds:
Military Government (April 14, 1898)
Governors: Gen. Wesley Meritt, Gen. Elwell Otis, Gen. Arthur McArthur
Civil Government (July 4, 1901)
Was headed by Civil Governors and Commissioners
First: William H. Taft, Luke Wright, Frank Murphy (first High Commissioner of US to RP)
Commonwealth Government (March 24, 1934)
The establishment was through Tydings-McDuffie Law
Manuel Quezon was the President, Sergio Osmena, the Vice President

Japanese Government
 The Japanese Military Administrator was established in Manila on January 3, 1942.
 A Civil government known Philippine Executive Commission was established by Jorge B. Vargas as Chairman.
 The so-called Japanese-sponsored Republic of the Philippines was inaugurated with Jose Laurel as President on
October 14, 1943 which he dissolved on August 17, 1945.

The Third Philippine Government

 The Third Philippine Republic was liberated from the Japanese on July 4, 1946 with Manuel Roxas as President, and
Elpidio Quirino as VP.
 Roxas died in 1948, so Quirino became the President, and Ramon Magsaysay, the VP.
 When Magsaysay died in a plane crash in 1957, Carlos Garcia became the President who was followed by Diosdado

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 Macapagal.
 Marcos defeated Macapagal in 1965.

MARCOS Government: He took his office on December 30, 1965., and was relected in 1969.
He amended the 1935 Constitution which then became 1973 Constitution.
Marcos issued Proclamation 1081 which placed the country under Martial Law.
The Congress was abolished, the opposition leaders were imprisoned or just disappeared.
He assumed the executive, legislative, and judicial powers of the government.

AQUINO Government: Marcos called for a snap election on February 7, 1986 led to rampant cheating that eventually led to EDSA
People Power.
Corazon Aquino became the President, and Salvador Laurel, the VP.
The downfall of the 20 years of Marcos Presidency
Aquino was inducted on February 25, 1986 in San Juan, Manila.
The birth of the ‘Cory’ or 1987 Constitution

RAMOS Government: Fidel Valdez Ramos took his oath on June 30, 1992 as the 12th President.
He declared the ‘National Reconciliation’
He legalized the Communist Party.
His administration centered on five-pointed program: peace and stability; economic growth and sustainable
government; energy and power generation; environmental protection; streamlined bureaucracy.

ESTRADA Government: Jose Marcelo Ejercito aka Joseph Estrada was elected on May 11, 1998.
He bested De Venecia, Roco, Enrile, Lim, Santiago, I. Marcos, and M. Morato.
He took his oath in Barasoain Church same with Aquinaldo.
He was accused of illegal gambling like jueteng, receiving kickbacks from tobaco excise tax
Found guilty on perjury, blunder and graft, Estrada was impeached on January 20, 2012.

ARROYO Government: Arroyo completed the remaining three years of Estrada.

She won the May 14, 2004 presidential election over movie actor Fernando Poe.
She was charged massive fraud, vote buying, and violence especially in rural areas.

AQUINO Government: Benigno S. Aquino was elected on May 10, 2010.

The first election that used (Precinct Count Optical Scan) PCOS machine pursuant to Election Automation
Law (R.A. No. 9369).
Noynoy or PNOY is known for his ‘Tuwid na Daan’ advocacy.
Implementation of R.A. 10533 – K- 12

DUTERTE Government: R.A. 10931 – Universal Access to Free Tertiary Education Act
“Build Build Build” Program
War on Drugs
Sustainable Development Goals

Complete List of Presidents:

1. Emilio Aguinaldo – from 1899-1901 9. Diosdado Macapagal – from 1961-1965

2. Manuel L. Quezon – from 1935-1943 10. Ferdinand Marcos – from 1965-1986
3. Jose P. Laurel – from 1943-1945 11. Corazon Aquino – from 1986-1992
4. Sergio Osmena – from 1944-1946 12. Fidel Ramos – from 1992 – 1998
5. Manuel Roxas – from 1946-1948 13. Jose Ejercito Estrada – from 1998-2001
6. Elpidio Quirino – from 1948-1953 14. Gloria Macapagal Arroyo – from 2001-2010
7. Ramon Magsaysay – from 1953-1957 15. Benigno Simeon Aquino – from 2010-2016
8. Carlos Garcia –from 1957 -1961 16. Rodrigo Roa Duterte – from 2016 - present

SUMMARY (Dates to Remember):

1. March 16, 1521 : Ferdinand Magellan sighted the island of Samar.

2. March 17, 1521 : Magellan named the island “Archipelago of St. Lazarus”
3. March 29, 1521 : The first blood compact between Magellan and Rajah Kulambo of Limasawa was held
4. March 31, 1521 : The first Christian Mass was celebrated in Limasawa, Southern Leyted by Fr. Pedro de Valderrama.
5. April 27, 1521 : Magellan was killed in the battle of Mactan by Lapu-Lapu (First Filipino hero).
6. February 2, 1543 : Ruy Lopez de Villalobos named Samar and Leyte “Filipinas” in honor of Prince Philip II of
Spain, son of King Carlos
7. March 16, 1565 : Blood of compact of Gov. Gen. Miguel Lopez de Legazpi and Rajah Sikatuna of Bohol
8. April 27, 1565 : Cebu was named La Villa de San Miguel
9. June 3, 1571 : Manila was conquered by Martin de Goiti in the Battle of Bankusay
10. June 24, 1571 : Legazpi named Manila “Distinguished and Ever Loyal City” making him the first Governor-
General of the Philippines.
11. May 16, 1584 : Royal Audiencia (now Supreme Court) was established.
12. May 17, 1764 : Britain surrendered the Philippines to Spain after losing in the seven-year war.
13. October 31, 1829 : Francisco Dagohoy rebellion, the longest revolt in the Philippines, lasted for 85 years.
14. September 6, 1834 : Manila was opened to World Trade.
15. November 4, 1841 : Apolinario dela Cruz aka “Hermano Pule” was executed for fighting the Spanish government.
16. June 19, 1861 : Birth of Jose Rizal
17. February 17, 1872 : Execution of GOMBURZA
18. February 15, 1889 : La Solidaridad was published by Graciano Lopez Jaena and became the official organ of the
Reform Movement
19. July 3, 1892 : Rizal founded La Liga Filipina, a civic movement that united the Filipinos in expressing reforms and
freedom against Spanish colonial policies.
20. July 7, 1892 : Rizal was exiled in Dapitan, Zamboanga del Norte

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21. July 7, 1892 : Andres Bonifacio organized the Kataas-taasan, Kagalang galangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Ba
22. August 23, 1896 : Cry of Balintawak
23. August 31, 1896 : Emilio Aguinaldo led the uprising in Kawit, Cavite.
24. September 12, 1896 : 13 men from Cavite known as “Los Trece Martirez de Cavite” were executed.
25. December 30, 1896 : The martyrdom of Rizal in Luneta de Bagumbayan
26. May 10, 1897 : Execution of Andres and Procopio Bonafacio brothers
27. July 7, 1897 : The Biak na Bato, a revolutionary government, was established.
28. April 25, 1898 : America declared war against Spain.
29. May 1, 1898 : American Navy under Commodore George Dewey defeated the Spaniards in the famous the Battle of
Manila Bay.
30. May 28, 1898 : Aguinaldo waved the Philippine flag for the first time to celebrate his victory.
31. June 12, 1898 : Declaration of Philippine Independence
32. August14, 1898 : General Wesley Merit established the military government.
33. December 10, 1898 : Treaty of Paris was signed between Spain and America ending their war and surrendering the
Philippines to the American government.
34. January 23, 1899 : Inauguration of the first Philippine Republic of Malolos Republic with Aguinaldo as president.
35. June 5, 1899 : Antonio Luna was assassinated by Aguinaldo’s guards in Cabanatuan City.
36. December 2, 1899 : Gen. Gregorio del Pilar was killed in the Battle of Tirad Pass.
37. June 18, 1908 : The University of the Philippines was founded as the first public university
38. October 6, 1913 : Francis Harrison became the first American governor-general of the Philippines
39. October 13, 1913 : Signing of the Underwood-Simons Tariff law that led to an open trade between the Philippines and USA.
40. August 29, 1916 : The bicameral congress of RP was founded granted by the Jones Law.
41. December 7, 1933 : The Right of Suffrage was granted to the Filipinos by Gov. Frank Murphy.
42. March 24, 1934 : Commonwealth government was created as provided by the Tydings-McDuffie law and was approved
by US President Franklin Roosevelt.
43. March 23, 1935 : Signing of American-sponsored Constitution of the Philippines by FDR and Claro M. Recto.
44. November 15, 1935 : Inauguration of the Commonwealth Government with Manuel L. Quezon as the president.
45. December 8, 1941 : Bombing of the Pearl Harbor , the US naval station in Asia-Pacific.
46. December 26, 1941 : Declaration of Manila as an Open City Gen. Douglas McArthur.
47. April 9, 1942 : The Fall of Bataan, Major Gen. Edward King, commander of US forces in Bataan surrendered
the fortress to the Japanese forces. The Japanese led their captives on a cruel “Death March”
from Bataan to Pampanga to Capas.
48. May 6, 1942 : Fall of Corregidor Island,
49. October 14, 1943 : Inauguration of the Japanese-sponsored Puppet Republic with Jose Laurel as president.
50. October 20, 1944 : Gen. McArthur was landed at Red Beach, Leyte with Sergio Osmena and Claro M. Recto.
51. April 30, 1946 : Approval of Philippine Rehabilitation Act by the US Congress allowing the US to exploit the
Philippine Natural Resources.
52. September 8-10,1954: The SEATO (Southeast Asia Treaty Organization) was organized.
53. November 9, 1965 : Ferdinand Marcos was elected president.
54. August8, 1967 : ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) was created in a Manila Summit.
55. September 21, 1972 : Marcos signed Proclamation 1081 (Martial Law)
56. August 21, 1973 : Senator Benigno Aquino jr. Was assassinated at the tarmac of Manila International Airport.
57. February 7, 1986 : Snap Election
58. February 25, 1986 : Corazon Aquino was sworn in as the first woman president of the Philippines (EDSA People Power)
59. February 2, 1987 : Ratification of the 1987 Constitution (Cory Constitution)
60. June 15, 1991 : Eruption of Mount Pinatubo
61. June 12, 1998 : Centennial Celebration of the Philippine Independence
62. November 13, 2000 : Impeachment of Joseph Erap Estrada
63. February 13, 2003 : Pres. Gloria Arroyo signed the Oversees Absentee Voting Act of 2003 (R.A. 9189).
64. July 27, 2003 : Oakwood Mutiny enlisted military personnel known as Magdalo group
65. February 25, 2004 : Declaration of August 21 as Ninoy Aquino Day
66. 2005 : A taped conversation between President Arroyo & an election official surfaced during the 2004
elections implying she influenced the official election results. Calls for her resignation and
demonstrations followed soon after. In September 2005, Congress voted down the filing of an
impeachment against Arroyo.
67. 2007 : Former President Joseph Estrada is convicted of plunder, the first ever in the history of the Philippines.
68. 2010 : First automated national elections in the Philippines.
69. 2010 : Benigno "Noynoy" Simeon Cojuangco Aquino III wins the Presidential elections and sworn in at Manila's
Rizal Park on June 30, 2010.
70. 2016 : Rodrigo "Rody" Roa Duterte, the former Mayor of Davao City assumed the Presidency. He is the first
president to come from Mindanao.
71. 2017 : Pres. Duterte declares Martial Law in Mindanao Island due to the rebellion in Marawi City by ISIS-affiliated
Maute group on May 23 and extended by both houses of congress to December 31, 2017. The devastated
city of Marawi was declared liberated by Duterte on October 17, 2017.

Relevant Terms:
INSULARES : Spaniards born in the Philippines
PENINSULARES : Spanish-born residents of the Philippines
KALAYAAN : Newspaper of Katipunan which first came out on Jan 1896 with Emilio Jacinto as editor
KATIPUNAN : Secret society founded by Bonifacio on July 7,1892 in Tondo, Manila. It means (Kataastaasan Kagalang-
galang na Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan)
LA LIGA FILIPINA : society founded by Rizal on July 3, 1892
LA SOLIDARIDAD : organ of the Reform Movement with G.L. Jaena as the first editor
PALABRA de HONOR: word of honor, keeping one’s promises
TRUE DECALOGUE : political tract written by Mabini which became the Bible of the Filipino rebels
THOMASITES : American teachers who came to the Philippines in 1901 to teach English to the Filipinos

The Philippine Heroes

1. The National Hero - JOSE RIZAL
2. The Great Plebian and Father of Katipunan - ANDRES BONIFACIO
3. Hero of the Battle of Tirad Pass - Gen. GREGORIO DEL PILAR
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4. President of the first Philippine Republic - Gen. EMILIO AGUINALDO
5. Sublime Paralytic and Brain of Revolutions - APOLINARIO MABINI
6. The Martyred Priests of 1872 - GOMBURZA (Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos, Jacinto Zamora)
7. The Brain of Katipunan - EMILIO JACINTO
8. Cofounder of La Independencia - Gen. ANTONIO LUNA
9. Mother of Balintawak - MELCHORA AQUINO
10. Greatest Filipino Orator of the Propaganda Movement - GRACIANO LOPEZ JAENA
11. The First Filipino Cannon-maker - PANDAY PIRA
12. A Propagandist, Managing Editor of La Solidaridad - MARIANO PONCE
13. Lakambini of Katipunan and wife of Bonifacio - GREGORIA DE JESUS
14. First UP President - RAFAEL PALMA
15. Greatest Filipino Painter - JUAN LUNA
16. The Greatest Journalist and Moving Spirit of the Propaganda Movement- MARCELO H. DEL PILAR
17. The First Filipino Poetess (from Ilocos Sur) - LEONA FLORENTINO
18. Peace Advocate of the Revolution - PEDRO PATERNO
19. Founder of Philippine Socialism - ISABELO DELOS REYES
20. Writer of the Spanish Lyrics of the Philippine National Anthem - JOSE PALMA
21. The Last Rajah of Manila - RAJAH SOLIMAN
22. The Maker of the First Filipino Flag - MARCELA AGONCILLO
23. Leader of the Ilocano Revolt - DIEGO SILANG
24. Continued the Fight after her Husband’s Death - Maria Josefa GABRIELA SILANG
25. Chief of Mactan who killed Magellan; First Filipino Hero - LAPU-LAPU
26. A Man of Many Talents; the Former Highway 54 was named after him- EPIFANIO DELOS SANTOS
27. The Prince of Tagalog Poets - FRANCISCO BALAGTAS BALTAZAR
28. Mother of Biak-na-Bato - TRINIDAD TECSON
29. Leader of the Revolt in Tarlac - Gen. FRANCISCO MAKABULOS
30. Composer of ‘Lupang Hinirang’ - JULIAN FELIPE

II. GEOGRAPHY

Topography
 Numerous islands & islets, coral reefs, abundant rivers, lakes & bays, mountains & valleys
 Extensive coastline, sea coasts indented w/numerous bays, harbors, gulfs
 Has the longest discontinuous coastline in the world – 346,600 km
 61 natural harbors & 20 landlocked straits
 Manila Bay – finest harbor in Asia & largest in Phils
 San Juanico strait – narrowest in the world; between Samar & Leyte
 Bataan & Bicol peninsula in Luzon, Zamboanga & Davao in Mindanao – great Peninsulas
 Phil. Deep – lowest place; some 89 kms. NE Mindanao; depth of 37,732 ft below sea level
7 major mountains:
1. Sierra Madre – longest from Cagayan to Laguna
2. Apo
3. Pulog (Ifugao-Benguet)
4. Banahaw (Laguna-Quezon)
5. Bulusan (Sorsogon)
6. Halcon (Mindoro Oriental
7. Kanlaon (Negros Occidental)
8. Matutum (Cotabato)
4 major lowland plains:
1. Central Plain (rice granary) & Cagayan Valley (greatest tobacco-producing region in Asia)
2. Agusan Valley & Cotabato Valley
3. Benguet plateau
4. Bukidnon plateau – famous
132 main rivers traverse the country
1. Cagayan river – longest
2. Rio Grande of Mindanao – largest
3. Pasig river – most historic
59 natural lakes; largest is Laguna de Bay
 many springs that are valuable for their medicinal waters & geothermal power
 Los Banos & Pansol (Laguna)
 Pandi & Sibul (Bulacan)
 Tiwi (Albay)
 Magsingal (Ilocos Sur)
 Waterfalls: Pagsanjan, Ma. Cristina (Lanao del Norte), Hinulugang Taktak (Antipolo), Tamaraw (Mindoro Oriental), Darosdos
(Samar)

Climate
 Tropical & monsoonal
 Dry season (Dec-May)
 Wet season (June-Nov)
 Jan – coldest month
 May – hottest
 Rainy days (July-Oct)

Natural Calamities
 The Philippine sits on the Pacific “Ring of Fire” where typhoons, earthquakes & volcanic eruptions are a natural disaster
 June-Oct – more than a dozen typhoons hit the Philippines
 Earthquakes happen because of about 103 zones of weakness across the islands; biggest is the Philippine Fault or Rift, a line
from Luzon to Mindanao

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  June 3, 1863 – one of the most horrible earthquakes

Volcanoes
 More than 50 volcanoes w/c lies in the ring of fire
 Mt. Mayon – erupted more than 30 times from 1616 –present
 Feb.1,1814 – most destructive; town of Cagsawa buried & 1,200 people died
 Taal – smallest & most unusual; erupted more than 33 times from 1572-present
 Mt. Pinatubo – dormant for 400 years; worst eruption in 1991; volcanic dust traveled around the globe; affected sunsets &
climates; punched holes in the ozone layer

Natural Resources
 Include soil, plant & animal life, fish & marine resources, minerals, energy sources & scenic beauties
 Though small, has rich natural resources
 Good farm lands are rapidly disappearing due to soil erosion from illegal logging, kaingin, dams & poor road construction,
growth of residential, commercial & industrial areas
 Govt programs to increase crop production – land reform, self-sufficiency in rice, irrigation, farmers’ coop, rural banks, Green
Revolution (the great increase in production of food grains due to the intro of high-yielding varieties, to the use of pesticides, &
to better mgt techniques
 Rice, corn, coconuts, sugar, abaca, tobacco, bananas, mangoes, nuts,
 Rank first in world production of coconuts & hemp products; 2nd in sugar & 5th in tobacco

Greatest diversity of plant & animal life; richest & most numerous species of plants & animals
 8,120 species of plants, 1,000 varieties of orchids, 1,000 species of rice, 3,000 species of trees
 850 species of birds
 Eastern Sarus Crane (tipol in Luzon & labong in Visayas) – biggest
 Phil or monkey eating eagle – world’s largest eagle
 Kalaw
 Katala
 Palawan peacock
 Limbas
 Carabao (water buffalo) – most useful animal
 4 unique animals: tamaraw (Mindoro), tarsius (Bohol), mouse deer of Balabac Island, zebronkey

Forest Resources
 Ranks 3rd in forest reserves in Asia
 More than 3,000 species of trees, 1,000 of w/c are commercial timber
 Narra – most famous; Queen of the Phil. Wood
 Other timbers are apitong, guijo, ipil, kamagong, red & white lauan, tindalo, yakal

Fish & Marine Resources

 Many fishing grounds
 2,000 species of fish
 huge whale shark (Rhincodon typus) or pating bulik – world’s largest; 50 ft. in length; sighted @ Mariveles Bay
 pygmy goby fish (Pandaca Pygmea) – 9.6 mms. Found in Malabon river
 tabios – 3-4 mms. Found in Lake Buhi, Camarines Sur
 of the world’s 60,000 species of shells, some 20,000 are available in the Phils
 Glory of the Sea – world’s rarest & most expensive shell
 Golden Cowrie – another rare shell
 Tridacna gigas – world’s largest shell
 Pisidium – world’s smallest shell
 Turtle Islands in Sulu Sea – 1 of Asia’s spawning grounds for giant sea turtles
Pearl of Allah – world’s largest natural pearl; found in 1932; 350 yrs old & measures 9 ½ by 5 ½ inches in size & 14 lbs. in weight;
valued at US$3.5M

II. Political Science

 Political Science is the systematic study of the State and Government.
 Politics is science that gives us a basic knowledge and understanding of the State and government.
 State is a community of persons, permanently occupying a territory, independent of external control and possessing an
organized government to which the people render habitual obedience.
Elements: (1) People; (2) Territory; (3) Government; (4) Sovereignty

Inherent Powers of the State

1. Police Power- it is the power of the state to regulate individual’s rights and property for the general welfare.
2. Eminent Domain or Power of Expropriation – it is the power of the state to take possession of private property for public
purpose and after payment of just compensation
3. Power of Taxation- the power of the state to enforce proportionate contributions from the people for support of all government
programs and services.

State versus Nation

 State is a political concept while nation is an ethnic concept.
 A nation is a group of people bound together by common culture and who believe that they are one and distinct from others.
 A state may consist of one or more nations, while a nation may be made of several states.

Forms of Government
1. Democracy- comes from the Latin term ‘demon’ and ‘kratos’. It is a form of government wherein the power of sovereignty is
exercised and or resides in the people. It may be classified as pure or representative democracy.
2. Aristocracy- a form of government wherein the power is exercised by a limited few or the so-called elite. It is always regarded
as the privileged class.

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 3. Monocracy- a form of government wherein the power or sovereignty is exercised y one person only, usually a king or queen.
It could either be absolute or limited monarchy.
4. Parliamentary- a form of government wherein the President serves as nominal or titular head. It is the Prime Minister that
runs the affairs of the State. He is directly accountable to the people. Under this system the ministry is legally responsible to
legislature and consequently to the electorate.
5. Presidential – a form of government wherein the President is the chief executive of the state and independent of the
legislature with respect to his tenure, acts and policies.
6. Unitary- a form of government where the control of national and local affairs is exercised by the central or national
government.
7. Federal- a form of government where the power of the state is divided into two namely: national for national affairs and local
for local affairs. Each one is independent in its own sphere.
8. Military - a form of government established and controlled by military authorities over a beleaguered state.
9. Revolutionary - a form of government wherein the State is obtained by means of force.
10. De Jure - a form of government that is founded on existing legal or constitutional basis.
11. De Facto- a form of government that is not founded on existing legal or constitutional basis.
12. Civil - a form of government that is run by elected civilian officials.

IV. The Philippine Constitution

CONSTITUTION is a written instrument of by which the fundamental powers of government are established, limited and defined for the
people, by the people, and of the people. According to Judge Cooley, a constitution is a body of rules and maxims in accordance with
which the power of sovereignty is habitually exercised.
The 1987 Constitution PRINCIPLES:
1. Recognition of the Aid of Almighty God (Preamble)
2. Sovereignty of the People (Art. II, Sec 1)
3. Renunciation of War (Art. II, Sec 2)
4. Supremacy of Civilian Authority over Military (Art II, Sec 3)
5. Separation of Church and State (Art. II, Sec. 6)
6. Recognition of the Importance of Family and of the Youth in Nation-building(Art Sec 12, 13; Art. IV)
7. Guarantee of Human Rights (Art. III, Sec 1-22)
8. Government through Suffrage (Art. V, Sec 1)
9. Separation of Powers (Art. VI, Sec 1)
10. Independence of the Judiciary (Art. VIII, Sec 1)
11. Guarantee of local autonomy (Art. X, Sec. 2)
12. High Sense of Public Morality and Accountability of Public Officers (Art. XI, Sec. 1)
13. Nationalization of Natural Resources (Art. XII, Sec. 2,3,17,18)
14. Non-suability of the State (Art. XVI, Sec 3)
15. Rule of the Majority
16. Government of Laws and not of Men

Nature and Purpose of Constitution

1. Serves as the supreme of fundamental law
2. Establishes basic framework and underlying principles of government.

Functions of Constitution
1. To prescribe the permanent framework of the system of government assigned to the different departments their respective
powers and duties, and established certain fixed first principles on which the government is founded; and
2. To promote public welfare, this involves the safety, prosperity, health, and happiness of the people.

Kinds of Constitution
1. Written or rigid – is one, the provisions of which have been reduced to writing and embodied in one or more instruments at a
particular time. Examples: Philippine and U.S. Constitutions
2. Unwritten or flexible – is one which has not been committed to writing at any specific time but is the collective product and
accumulation of customary rules, judicial decisions, dicta of statements and legislative enactments of fundamental character
written but scattered in various records without having any compact form in writing.

1987 Constitution (‘Cory Constitution’)

Preamble
We, the sovereign Filipino people, imploring the aid of Almighty God, in order to build a just and humane society and establish
a Government that shall embody our ideals and aspirations, promote the common good, conserve and develop our patrimony, and
secure to ourselves and our posterity the blessings of independence and democracy under the rule of law and a regime of truth, justice,
freedom, love, equality, and peace, do ordain and promulgate this Constitution.

Articles:
I-National Territory X-Local Government
II-Declaration of Principles and State Policies XI-Accountability of Public Officers
III-The Bill of Rights XII- National Economy and Patrimony
IV-Citizenship XIII-Social Justice and Human Rights
V- Suffrage XIV-Education, Science and Technology, Arts, Culture and Sports
VI-Legislative Department XV- Family
VII-Executive Department XVI- General Provisions
VIII-Judicial Department XVII- Amendments or Revisions
IX- Constitutional Commissions XVIII- Transitory Provisions

Classes of Rights
1. Natural Right – possessed by every citizen conferred upon him by God as a human being. Ex. right to life
2. Constitutional Right- rights conferred and protected by the Constitution part of the fundamental law cannot be modified or
taken away by the law making body.
3. Statutory Right- it is provided by laws promulgated by the law making body. It can be abolished by the same body. Ex.
Rights to receive a minimum wage and to inherit property
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Classes of Constitutional Rights
1. Civil Right – right which the law enforces to private individual for the purposes of security, happiness and enjoyment.
2. Political Right – right of the citizen to participate directly or indirectly in the establishment of administration of the
government. Ex. Rights to citizenship and suffrage
3. Social and Economic Right – it is intended to insure the well-being and economic security of the individual.
4. Rights of the Accused – intended for the protection of a person accused of any crime
Section 1. No person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of law, nor shall any person be denied the equal
protection of the laws.

Right of the Accused – intended to protect persons accursed of any crime. They of law nor shall any person be denied the equal
protection of the law.

Due Process. Concept of due process of law which hears before it condemns and proceeds upon inquiry before rendering judgment.
Under the constitution, a person may be deprived by the state of his life, liberty or property provided due process of law is observed.

Modes of Acquiring Citizenship:

1. Citizenship by birth
Jus Sanguinis-the child follows the nationality of the parents (by blood)
Jus Soli- by the place of birth
2. Citizenship by Naturalization
Naturalization is an act whereby a person acquires a citizenship different from the person’s citizenship at birth.

Natural born Citizens: Citizens of the Philippines from birth without having to perform any act to acquire or perfect their Philippine
citizenship. These are born before January 17, 1973 of Filipino mothers, who elect Philippine citizenship upon reaching the age of
majority.

Duties:
1. To be loyal to the Republic
2. To defend the State
3. To contribute to the development and welfare of the State
4. To uphold the Constitution and obey the laws
5. To cooperate with the duly constituted authorities
6. To exercise rights responsibly and with due regard for the rights of others
7. To engage in gainful work
8. To register and vote

Global Citizenship
A Global citizen:
 Is aware of the wider world and has a sense of their own role as a world citizen
 Respects and values diversity
 Has an understanding how the world works economically, politically, socially, culturally, technologically, and environmentally
 Is outraged by social injustice
 Participates in and contributes to the community at a range of levels from local to global
 Is willing to act to make the world a more sustainable place
 Takes responsibility for his actions

V. ECONOMICS & TAXATION with AGRARIAN REFORM

Economics is the study of how societies efficiently use scarce resources to produce valuable commodities and distribute them to satisfy
the needs and warrants of their members. It is the proper allocation and use of available resources for the maximum satisfaction of
human wants.
Branches:
 Macroeconomics deals with the economic behavior of the whole economy. It concerns gross national product, level of
production, unemployment rate, etc.
 Microeconomics deals with the economic behavior of the individual units. It concerns firms, consumers, price of commodities

Division of Economics:
1. Production - Concerns manufacturing goods
2. Consumption - Concerns utilization of these goods
3. Distribution- Concerns marketing of these goods and services
4. Exchange - Transferring goods and services from one person to another in exchange of something
5. Public Finance - Activity of the government regarding taxation, borrowings, expenditures

Economics is important to the:

 Individual as a consumer who wants to maximize satisfaction and minimize expenditure
 Businessmen as a producer who wants to maximize profits and minimize costs
 Government as provider of a high standard of living for the people

Factors of Production:
1. Land (Natural Resources)- Includes all resources in the sea, and on land
2. Labor (Human Factor)- Any kind of work mental or manual in nature
3. Capital (Man-made) - Wealth used for production
4. Entrepreneur (Management) - Usually the organizer in a company

Supply and Demand

Supply is the flow of goods and services
Demand is the relationship between the market price and quantity demanded
Price is the value of a product or service

LAW OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND: When the supply is greater than the demand, the price of goods or services decreases; whereas, if
the demand is greater than the supply, the price increases, and if the supply is equal to the demand, the price remains constant.

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Factors Affecting Supply:
1. Price of the product
2. Time period
3. Cost of production
4. Climatic conditions
5. Technological advancements
6. Government policies, i.e. tax
7. Price of related goods

Factors Affecting Demand:

1. Price of the product
2. Non-Price factors:
a. Speculation
b. Festive season
c. Advertisement
d. Change in income
e. Changes in population
f. Fashion, taste, climate
g. Introduction of new products
h. Social and economic conditions
i. Changes in the price of related goods

Economic Systems

An ECONOMIC SYSTEM is a set of economic institutions that dominates a given economy.

Economic Systems:
 Capitalism: The factors of production and distribution are owned by private individuals
 Socialism: Combination of capitalism and communism where the major factors of production and distribution are owned and
managed by the state, while the minor industries are owned by the private sector
 Communism: The opposite of capitalism where al industries are owned and managed by the State

TAXATION
Taxation is the process the sovereign, through its lawmaking body, raises income to defray the necessary expenses of the
government. It refers to the inherent powers of the State to demand contributions to finance expenditures.
Importance: The purpose of taxation on the part of the government is to provide funds with which to
promote the general welfare and protection of its citizens, and to enable it to finance its
multifarious activities.
Tax is the enforced proportional contributions from persons and property levied by the lawmaking body of the state by the
virtue of its sovereignty for the support of the government and all public needs.

Characteristics of Tax
1. It is an enforced contribution.
2. It is generally payable in money.
3. It is proportionate in character.
4. It is levied on persons or property.
5. It is levied by the state with jurisdiction over the person or property.
6. It is levied by the law-making body of the state.

Major Types of Tax

1. Personal/Poll/Capitation- Tax of fixed amount imposed on persons residing within a specified territory, whether citizens or not
without regard to their property or occupation or business. This is the Community Tax (residence tax).
2. Property- Tax imposed on property whether real or personal in proportion to its value.
3. Excise- Any tax that does not belong to either poll or property. It is a charge imposed upon the performance of an act, the
enjoyment of a privilege or the engaging in an occupation

The Four Rs of Taxation:

Four main purposes/effects of taxation
1. REVENUE- Taxes raise money to spend on roads, schools, hospitals, etc.
2. REDISTRIBUTION- Transferring wealth from the richer sections of society to poorer sections
3. REPRICING-Taxes are levied to address externalities, ex: tobacco is taxed to discourage smoking
4. REPRESENTATION

Characteristics of Sound Taxation

1. Efficiency
2. Equity
3. Convenience
4. Stability

Peace, Human and Global Education

 Peace Education- Affirms personal and global responsibilities for the promotion of peace, cooperation, justice, and non-violent
resolution of conflict
 Human Rights Education- Promotes understanding of Human Rights concepts and values to enable learners to comprehend
and transform conditions which give rise to human rights violation
 Global Education- Involves learning about those problems and issues which cut across national boundaries and about the
interconnectedness of system-cultural, ecological, political, technology, and citizenship education

Issues relevant to global education

Children’s Rights Disasters Education
Environment Food Security Governance
HIV/AIDS Health Human Rights

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Infrastructure Micro edit Peace Building
Poverty Alleviation Refugees Rice
Rural Development Water Women

Agrarian Reform Program

AGRARIAN REFORM- The redistribution of land to farmers and regular farmworkers who are landless. It includes other support
services.
LAND REFORM - refers to the full range of measures that may or should be taken to improve or remedy the defects in the relations
among men
CARP- The Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP) was passed in 1998 under the Aquino administration(pursuant to R.A.
No. 6657)
CARP covers all alienable and disposable lands of the public domain suitable for agriculture.

Examples of Agrarian Reform Measures:

1. Public Health Programs
2. Family Planning
3. Education and Training of Farmers
4. Reorganization of agrarian reform agencies
5. Application of labor laws to agriculture workers
6. Construction of infrastructure facilities
7. Providing employment opportunities
8. Other services of a community development nature

Objectives of the Program:

1. Prepare the farmers to become better producers
2. Enforce timely payment of land amortization
3. Enforce savings among farmers
4. Encourage farmers to perform economic activities collectively
5. Develop a cooperative system

VI. SOCIETY & CULTURE

The Early Sociologists:

1. August Comte (1798-1857) was a philosopher. He coined the word “sociology” and was considered the founder of
sociology. He believed that the scientific methods used in the physical sciences could be applied to the systematic study of
social life. He developed the philosophy that social behavior and events could be observed and measured scientifically. Once
the laws of social behavior were learned scientists could easily predict and even control events.
2. Herbert Spencer (1820-1903) was a British philosopher-scientist who believed that social as well as natural life has arisen
by progressive evolution. He applied the principle of survival of the fittest. Social factors developed from simple to more
complex.
3. Karl Marx (1818-1883). Karl Marx did not think of himself as sociologists but his sociological insights are profoundly
important. He believed that social scientists should not only describe the world but should change it. According to Marx, our
ideas, feelings and even the way we perceive reality are influenced by the relations surrounding economic production. He
believed that all human relationships depend on the economic system; that there is a constant struggle between those who
control the means of producing goods and services and the workers. He aimed to equalize opportunities for both.
4. Emil Durkheim (1855-1917) a Frenchman was concerned with establishing sociology as separate academic field by
emphasizing structure. He believed that individual members of a society are born then live and die, but certain structure in
their activities remain, which should be the subject matter of sociology. He attempted to explain suicide rates by variation in
social integration as measured by religion, marital status and parenthood.
5. Max Weber (1864-1920) was a German scholar whose interests range across religion, economics, cities, and even music.
He tried to identify patterns in social action which he classified as value-oriented actions, emotionally motivated action and
the traditional.
6. Talcott Parsons (1902-1979) was an American sociologist who examined social systems in terms of interrelated areas of
activities and their functions for the whole. He believed in the structural-functionalist perspective. He believed in social
systems like the family, religion, education, economics, politics, etc. which can be analyzed in terms of functions. These
functions and their interrelationships have value consensus among the member of the group. Value consensus to him refers
to an underlying agreement regarding the rules of system to achieve their goals.

Society: A system of interacting individuals and interrelate groups sharing a common culture and territory

Types: Non-industrial , Industrial

Forms of Social Structure
1. Primary groups- family, friendship groups and work groups
2. Purposely organized structures-voluntary organizations and associations
3. Territorial structures- city, community, neighborhood
4. Latent structures-sex or racial categories

Socialization: the process through which the person acquires the skills and behaviors necessary for social living
Elements:
 Child’s culture
 Biological inheritance
 Child’s interaction
 Family – most important socializing agent
 School – transmitter of culture
 Language- important tool in socialization

Culture- From the Latin term cultura stemming from colore, meaning “to cultivate”; The way of life for an entire society
Components:
1. Non-material culture

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 Social norms:
1. Folkways-customs, traditions of the society
2. Mores- behavior determined by practice not by law
3. Laws
4. Values
5. knowledge
2. Material culture- products of technology

Characteristics of Culture:

1. Culture is learned. The different habits, skills and values and knowledge are acquired during the course of one’s life and not
transmitted genetically.
2. Culture is transmitted. Through language, culture is passed or transmitted to the next generation.
3. Culture is adaptive. Men can adjust to his physical environment to meet his needs.
4. Culture is social. Culture is a group product developed by many persons interacting with one another.
5. Culture is gratifying. Culture provides for satisfaction of biological and socio-cultural needs of man.
6. Culture is compulsory. Culture restrains man from violating existing rules and regulations of society.
7. Culture is cumulative. Each culture stores pertinent knowledge and passes new knowledge to the succeeding generations while
information which is no longer useful is slowly cast off.
8. Culture is diverse. Each culture is different. Individuals must be cautious to avoid assuming that their way of doing things is the only
right or practical way.

Cultural Elements
1. Ideas are ways of thinking that organize human thought.
2. Norms are accepted ways of carrying out ideas. Norms are guides of behavior which tells us what is right or wrong, what is
appropriate and not. This sets the limit to individuals who seek alternative ways to achieve their goals.
3. Material culture consists, of the patterns of possessing and using the products of culture. It refers to the concrete and tangible
things produced and used by man.
4. Values are socially shared ideas about what is right and wrong. They are the ideas that support or justify norms. It refers to man’s
standard of desirability and it is relative.
5. Laws are norms that are included in a society's official written codes of behavior. Laws, regulations, or rules are formal norms.
6. When norms are followed or violated, people may be rewarded or punished. These rewards and punishments are called sanctions.
Rewards are positive sanctions; these can be in the form of a smile, a salary increase, a promotion, a title, a citation, a cash incentive.
Punishment is a negative sanction. It could range from a frown, to a nag, to being ridiculed or become and object of gossip, to a fine, to
imprisonment or even death.
7. Mores are strongly sanctioned norms. Mores are special folkways with moral and ethical values which are strongly held and
emphasized. They are important to the welfare of the people. Mores consist in large part of taboos, or the activities or actions which
are not culturally accepted, those which are forbidden.
8. Folkways are the general customary or habitual ways and patterns of behavior which are followed without much thought given to the
matter. Folkways are less strongly sanctioned norms such as table manners.
9. Belief refers to a person’s conviction about certain idea. Society’s beliefs, which are composed of fables, superstitions, proverbs,
myths, folklore, theology, philosophy, art and science, are influenced by the members’ attitudes, emotions and values.
10. Language. According to Sapir (1961), language is a purely human and noninstinctive method of communicating ideas, emotions,
and drives by means of voluntarily produced symbols.
11. Technology. It refers to the techniques and knowledge in utilizing raw materials to produce food, tools, clothing, shelter, mean of
transportation and weapon.

Other Cultural Concepts

1. Sub-culture. There refers to the grouping of persons formed out of complexities and industrialization. These are formed on the basis
of age, sex, social class, occupation or religion. It pertains to culture with in a culture, therefore are subculture. When a subculture that
challenges the accepted norms and values of the larger society establishes an alternative lifestyle, it is called a counterculture.
2. Ethnocentrism. This refers to the tendency of some groups to think and feel that their culture is superior.
3. Xenocentrism. It means a preference for things foreign. It is the conviction that what comes from far away has a special quality or
charm which the local product can never equal.
4. Cultural Relativism. It refers to the evaluation of the behavior of others outside one’s groups according to people’s views and not on
the basis of one’s social group.
5. Culture Shock. It refers to disorganization and frustration one experiences when he encounter cultural patterns which are different
from his.
6. Acculturation occurs when people from one culture incorporate norms and values from other cultures into their own.
7. Countercultures or contra-culture results from the opposition and conflict between a larger society and a group.
8. Temporocentrism is the belief that one’s own time is more important that the past or future. This belief is prevalent among people
who lack historical perspective.

VII. RIZAL AND OTHER HEROES

Taft Commission and Rizal Law
 The Taft Commission chose Rizal out of several great Filipinos as the number one hero of his people.
 Republic Act No. 1425 (Batas Rizal) mandated the offering of the course Buhay at Katha in Rizal to all college students, to
provide the models that will challenge the spirit of nationalism.
 More recently, the Commission on Higher Education (CHED) saw the need to strengthen the idealism of college students by
providing the youth with opportunities to examine the different perspectives that other Filipino heroes and heroines took in
building our nation.
Dr. Jose Rizal’s Time (Spanish Period)
 The sufferings of Rizal in his life occurred during the Spanish regime the glorious empire could not be freed the blockade of
Science and the Industrial Revolution.
 The empire has weakened wretchedly because of the numerous battles in Europe occurring in a number of years and ended
against the United States, Spain’s total destruction was foreseeable.
 The foundation of her economy colonies’ wealth gradually but certainly were gone from her as these clamored for separation.
 The empire was questioned even its most raison de etre or ground the challenges of the Age of Enlightenment was not
sufficiently met by the monarchy; the democratic standards formed or created by the French revolution, immediately bore fruit
with the promulgation of the Cadiz Constitution to the dismay of the monarchy and the church.

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Ancestry
 Rizal was of mixes racial origin. He descended from a hard working and intelligent Chinese merchant, Domingo Lam-co, who
married Inez de la Costa, a Chinese mestiza from the Chinese community in Manila, the family migrated to Biñan and became
tenants of the Dominican friars.
 Lamco’s son, Francisco, who was to be Rizal’s great grandfather, was appointed Captain of Biñan in 1783. The family adopted
the surname Mercado complying with the Claveria Decree, which mandated that all Filipinos use Spanish surname.
 Francisco Mercado and his wife, Bernarda Monicha had two children: Juan and Clemente. Juan married Cirila Alejandra, also
a Chinese mestiza. They bore 14 children, one of whom was Francisco, Jose’s father.

Personal Background of Jose Rizal

Complete Name  Jose Protacio Mercado Rizal y Alonzo Realonda
Birth order  The seventh child and the second sone
Date of Birth  June 19, 1861
Date of Baptismal  June 21, 1861
Date of Death  December 30, 1896
Place of Birth  Calamba, Laguna
Family Background
Francisco Mercado (1818-1898)  Father was born in Biñan, Laguna on April 18, 1818
 Studies in San Jose College, Manila.
Teodora Alonzo (1827-1911)  Mother, studies at the Colegio de Sta. Rosa
 Born in Meisik Sta. Cruz. Manila on Nov.14, 1827
Saturnina (1850-1913)  The eldest child, married to Manuel Tomoteo Hidalgo of Tanauan, Batangas
Paciano (1851-1930)  Only brother and the second child; studied at Colegio de San Jose in Manila and became a
farmer and later a general of the 1896 Philippine Revolution
Narcisa (1852-1939)  The third child; a teacher and musician who married to Antonio Lopez from Morong Rizal

Olympia ( 1855-1887)  The fourth child; married to Silvestre Ubaldo and died in 1887 while giving birth
Lucia ( 1857-1919)  The fifth child; married to Mariano Herbosa
Maria (1859-1945)  The sixth child; married to Daniel Faustino Cruz from Biñan, Laguna
Concepcion ( 1862-1865)  The eight child; died at the age of three
Josefa ( 1865-1945)  The ninth child an epileptic, she died a spinster
Trinidad (1868-1951)  The tenth child; died a spinster and was the last to die in the family
Soledad (1870-1929)  The youngest child; married to Pantaleon Quintero
Educational Background
School Obtained/Degree
First teacher  His mother
Private tutors  Maestro Celestino
 Maestro Lucas Padua
 Maestro Leon Monroy
Biñan, Laguna  He learned Latin and Spanish under Maestro Justiniano Aquino Cruz
 He learned the art of painting though Juancho Carrera
Ateneo Municipal de Manila  He obtained a Bachelor of Arts degree with the Highest Honors.
(1872-1877)  He also finished Surveying and Agriculture
University of Santo Tomas  He finished Philosophy and Letters
(1877-1882)  He also took up Medicine
Universidad Central de Madrid  He completed the degree of Licentiate in Philosophy and Letters (June 19, 1885)
(1882-1885)  Rizal was awarded the degree of Licentiate in Medicine for passing the medical examination
course (June 21, 1884)
Academia de San Fernando  He took up lessons in painting and sculpture
School of Sanz and Carbonelli  He took up lessons in fencing

Rizal: The Person

1. The Great Thinker
He was the great thinker as he used reasons and understanding that led him to empower the use of pen and paper. In such, the
great books “Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo” has aroused the feelings of his countrymen and awakened them from the deep-
slumber of more than centuries of friar-misrule and colonial maladministration. His novels were not the only key of his success but all
his other writings, letters, diary entries and other works that served as his love for the country as a profound and effective Great
Thinker.
2. The Great Doer
Rizal was known to be very intellectual as he has competed to other nations in every different manner. He believes that intellect
should be practices through performance. He has excelled into different fields which made him competent, creative and has gained his
respect from his fellow researchers, scholars, scientists, and not only in Spain but in England, France, Germany, and Austria, most
especially it has been evident in the deep friendship and mutual admiration between himself and Ferdinand Blumentritt.
3. The Great Lover
He’s been the Great Filipino lover in his time until present. His love was the fusion by his four great loves. First was an almighty
sacred love for God. The almighty flame of love was burning his heart and soul whether as a Roman Catholic or as a mason. Second
was his sacred love for his family and friends. Third was his love for the country which is his most beloved “patria adorada”. Lastly,
Rizal’s love for Josephine Bracken, the one true love of Rizal.
4. The Great Servant Leader
Rizal has no position in the government, he even had no control of vast financial or material resources and he had no means of just
to broadcast his propaganda movement, but he had been very effective as a leader to transform the Filipino people and inspired them
to enable them their highest potential. His leadership was one of being a servant leader.

Rizal’s Literary Works: The following are some of the writings of Rizal
Literary Works Descriptions

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Sa Aking Mga Kabata (To My Fellow  He wrote this when he was 8 years old
Children)  The first poem he wrote in Tagalog as appeal to his countrymen to love their national
language.
 In the poem, he advocated racial equality, liberty, and freedom and emphasized the
equality of our language to Latin, Englisg, and Spanish.
A La Juventud Filipina (To the Filipino  Rizal’s [prize-winning poem, which he wrote when he was a senior student at the UST.
Youth)  Liceo Artistico-Leterario awarded him a silver pen on Nov. 22, 1879.
 A literary masterpiece that expresses Rizal’s immortal message of love of country , energy
and faith particularly in the youth, the “Hope of the Fatherland”
Letter to the Young Women of Malolos  Famous literary work where Rizal voices out the conviction that women should think, for
themselves, should be educated, and should be more active in public office (Feb. 1889)
Al Niño Jesus (To the Child Jesus)  Written by Rizal in 1875, as a14-year-old student at UST
 He expressed his devotion to the Catholic faith
A Virgen Maria (To the Virgin Mary)  Rizal’s short, undated poem devoted to Virgin Mary
 Written while he was a student of Ateneo Municipal
To Flowers of Heidelberg  Written on April 19, 1876
 A poem of remembrance and a poem of the motherland
 Rizal, in this particular verse, expressed his longing for his native land
Love of Country  Rizal’s first essay written when he was 21. It was published first in Diarong Tagalog, a
nationalist newspaper, on August 20, 1892, under the name of Laong Laan. It was
subsequently published in La Solidaridad on October 31, 1890.
To Josephine  He wrote this for Josephine Bracken
Canto del Viajero (The Song of the  Written when he was in Dapitan before he left for Cuba (1896)
Traveller)  He compared himself to a leaf that goes wherever the wind blows
Hymn to Talisay  A poem he intended to be a college song for the pupils he was teaching in Talisay
Mi Retiro (My Retreat)  He wrote while he is in Dapitan
 Portrays Rizal’s serene life in his house in Dapitan
 He wrote the poem in response to his mother’s request that Rizal should revive his
interest in poetry writing
Mi Ultimo Adios (My Last Farewell)  This masterpiece was written by Rizal in Fort Santiago probably a day or two before his
execution on Dec. 30, 1896 in Bagumbayan.
 The poem is full of the author’s love of country when he uttered this “it is sweet to die for
you so that you may live. It is sweet to die and sleep under your sky”.
Noli Me Tangere  First novel
 Dedicated to the fatherland
 Is a romantic novel, it is a work of the heart, a book of feeling, it has freshness, color,
humor, lightness and wit.
El Filibusterismo  Second novel
 Dedicated to the memory of GOMBURZA
 A political novel; it is a work of the head, a book of thoughts; containing bitterness, hatred,
pain, violence and sorrow.

Other Heroes and Heroines

1. Andres Bonifacio
 Bonifacio was born in Tondo on November 30, 1863.
 The early death of his parents forced him to quit school in order to support his brothers and sisters.
 He led the revolt in Balintawak, and founded the Katipunan.
 Unlike Rizakl, Bonifacio was sympathetic toward the Revolution.
 He declared himself in favor of insurrection as a “last remedy”, especially if the people no longer believed that peaceful means
would suffice.
 The first salvo of the revolution began in August 26, 1896, with thousands of Filipinos who joined him.
2. Apolinario Mabini y Maranan (July 23, 1864-May 13, 1903)
 He was a Filipino political philosopher and revolutionary who wrote the constitution for the first Philippine Republic of 1899-
1901 and served as its first prime minister in 1899.
 In Philippine history texts, he is often referred to as “Sublime Paralytic” , and as “the Brains of the Revolution”.
 To his envious enemies, he is referred to as the “Dark Chamber of the President”.
3. Marcelo Hilario del Pilar u Gatmaitan (August 30, 1850-July 4, 1896)
 He was a Filipino revolutionary leader if the Philippine Revolution and one of the ilustrado propagandist of the Philippine War
of Independence.
 He was one of the co-publisher and founder of La Solidaridad newspaper
 In 1882, he founded the newspaper “Diariong Tagalog” to promote reforms among the farmers and peasants.
 He also supported Jose Rizal’s polemical writings.
4. Jose Apolonio Burgos y Garcia
 He was a Filipino secular priest, part of the Gomburza trio who were falsely accused of mutiny by the Spanish colonial
authorities in the Philippines in the 19th century.
 He was placed in a mock trial and abruptly executed in Manila along with two other clergymen. Burgos’ liberal and
nationalist views, codified in editorial essays, championing political and ecclesiastic reforms in favor of empowering more
native clergy, made him a target of opposition by Roman Catholic authorities.
5. Graciano Lopez Jaena (Dec. 18, 1856-Jan. 20, 1896)
 He was a Filipino writer and journalist in the Philippine Revolution.
 He is remembered for his literary contributions to the propaganda movement
 He founded the fortnightly newspaper, La Solidaridad.
 When the publication office moved from Barcelona to Madrid, the editorship was succeeded to Marcel del Pilar. Lopez Jaena
died of tuberculosis on Jan. 20, 1896.
6. Juan Luna y Novicio ( Oct. 23, 1857 – Dec. 7, 1899)

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  He was a Filipino painter in the late 19th century.
 He settled in Paris and married Maria dela Paz, a prominent Filipina form the Mestizaje family of Pardo de Tavera.
 His famous piece, The Spolarium , for which he won a gold prize at the 1884 Madrid Exposition, is currently in the National
Museum of Manila.
 Luna died of heart failure in Hong Kong on dec.7, 1899.
7. General Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy (March 22, 1869-Feb. 6, 1964)
 He was a Filipino general, politician and independence leader.
 He played an instrumental role in Philippine independence during the Philippine Revolution against the Spain and the
Philippine-American War that resisted American occupation.
 He eventually pledged his allegiance to the US government.
 In the Philippines, Aguinaldo is considered to be country’s first and the youngest Philippine President, though his
government failed to obtain any foreign recognition.
8. Lapu-Lapu
 The king of Mactan Island
 He is regarded as the first great hero of the Philippine Islands and he is accountable to the death of Magellan (claimed as
their re-discoverer of the Philippine Islands).
9. Maria Josepa Gabriel Cariño Silang ( March 19, 1731-Sept. 29,1763)
 She was the first Filipino woman to lead a revolt during the Spanish colonization of the Philippines.
 An active member of the insurgent force of Diego Silang, her husband, she led the group for four months after his death before
she was captured and executed
 Her ferocity and death became a symbol for Filipino women, their pre-colonial importance in Filipino society and their struggle
for liberation during colonization
10. Prinsesa Apolonio Burgos y Garcia (1904-May 23, 1979)
 Her roots are from Maimbong, Sulu.
 She was the niece and foster child of Sultan Jamalul Kiram II, and was the first Muslim princess to study at University of
Illinois.
 During the historic Tausug-American was, she fought with her husband Datu Tahil, armed with Kris, they clashed the troops of
Gen. John Pershing and Gov.-Gen. Leonard Wood who was armed with guns. Tarhata Kiram with Senador Hadji Butu
objected the passing of Bacon Bill of 1927, which will separate Mindanao and Sulu.
 She also led the successor of the Sabah to further increase the relations between Malaysia.
 Became the adviser of rear Admiral Romulo Espaldon of the Islamic Affairs Regional Commission, Region IX.
 The composer of the Tausug song “Jolo Farewell”, and her face was featured in the Philippine Postal Services stamps worth
three pesos in 1984.
11. Purmassuri
 A Muslim and a very witty woman from Sulu who used her deceiving beauty to bewitch the Spaniards and took advantage of it
to attack them.
 The story showed that country is never conquered without any defense and the women were always ready to make an effort to
do their best for the sake of their noble country.

RELATED TERMS:
1. Bill of Rights-defined as a declaration and enumeration of a person’s rights and privileges, which the Constitution designed to
protect against violations by the government or by an individual or group of individuals.
2. Citizenship is a term denoting membership of a citizen in political society, which membership implies reciprocally, a duty of
allegiance on the part of the member and duty of protection on the part of the State.
3. Economics- the scientific study of man’s activity in providing for such human needs as hunger, shelter, clothing and
education. It deals with man’s attempt to earn a living, with man’s activities in connection with the consumption, production,
distribution and exchange processes of wealth including taxation.
4. Eminent Domain-power of the state to take private property for public purpose upon payment of just compensation to its
owner.
5. ex post facto law is one which operating retrospectively makes an act done before the passage of the law and punish such
act as aggravates a crime or makes it greater than it was committed, changes the punishment and inflicts greater punishment
and alters the legal rules of evidence and receives less testimony than the law required at the time of commission of the
offenses, in order to convict the offender.
6. History- it is a written record of past including present. It describes social events in time and place. It records the events
chronologically. On the other hand, the function of political science is to analyze political science institutions, to describe their
workings and organization and to some extent to forecast their development; while that of history is to trace the origin and
development of the state and its political institution.
7. Impeachment has been defined as a method of national inquest into the conduct of public men. It aims to protect form official
delinquencies or malfeasance.
8. Initiative – it is the process whereby the people directly propose and enact laws.
9. Law. It is defined as an ordinance of reason promulgated by a competent authority for the common good. It includes any edict,
decree, order, ordinance, statute, resolution, rule, judicial, decision, usage, etc. which is made or recognized and enforced by
the controlling authority. Political Science, on the other hand, is the study of the state with all institutions, of which law forms
closely linked together.
10. Legislative Power-the authority under the Constitution to make laws and to alter
11. Local Government refers to a political subdivision of a nation or states is constituted by law and have substantial control of
local affairs which officials elected or otherwise locally selected.
12. National Economy- refers to the entire structure of economic life in a country. It encompasses all the activities relating to or
concerned with the production, distribution and consumption of goods, and services, and what are called “factors of
production” which are utilized to carry out these activities.
13. National Patrimony- refers to the natural resources of our country which under the Constitution includes all lands of the public
domain, waters, minerals, coal, petroleum, etc. It is the obligation of every generation to love and care for their national
patrimony, to conserve and develop it for the benefit of succeeding generations.
14. Plebiscite – it is the name given to a vote of the people existing their choice for or against a proposed law or enactment
submitted to them.
15. Psychology. This science deals mainly with the individual without any particular reference to his social life. It studies its soul
and faculties- free will and understanding and the individual conduct which is the outcome of our mental activity and human
habits.

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 16. Recall – it is the method by which a public officer may be removed from office during his tenure or before the expiration of his
term by a vote of the people after registration of a petition signed by a required percentage of the qualified voters.
17. Referendum – it is the submission of a law or part thereof passed by the national or local legislative body to the voting
citizens of a country for their ratification or rejection.
18. Search Warrant - an order in writing in the name of the people of the Philippines, signed by a judge, directed to the police
officer, commanding him to search for personal property and to bring it before the court.
19. Social justice is not a mere slogan to express concern for the plight of the poor and the downtrodden. As a mandate imposed
by the constitution, it requires the adoption by the State of measures that guarantee the right of all the people to equality of
opportunity in all fields of human endeavor and to equitable sharing of social and economic benefits with special emphasis on
such measures that ameliorate the standard of living of the under privileged groups.
20. Social studies is the integrated study of the social sciences and humanities to promote civic competence. Within the school
program, social studies provides coordinated, systematic study drawing upon such disciplines as anthropology, archaeology,
economics, geography, history, law, philosophy, political science, psychology, religion, and sociology, as well as appropriate
content from the humanities, mathematics, and natural sciences.
21. Sociology. The study of sociology provides a way of understanding human behavior. It is the social science that deals with the
study of man in his social interaction with other human beings in groups.
22. Suffrage is the right and obligation to vote of qualified citizens in the election of certain national and local officers of the
government and in the decision of public questions submitted to the people.
23. Political Science is the systematic study of the State and Government. The word political is derived from the Greek word
“polis” meaning a city or what today equivalent to sovereign state, the word “science” comes from the Latin word “scire”
meaning to know.
24. Warrant of Arrest – an order in writing, issued in the name of the people of the Philippines, signed by a judge, directed to the
police officer, commanding him to arrest a person, that he may be bound to answer for the offense committed.

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