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Antiderivatives of Functions Guide

This document provides background information and theorems on calculating antiderivatives of various functions, including: - Polynomial, radical, exponential, logarithmic, and trigonometric functions. It gives examples of applying the sum, constant multiple, and difference rules to find antiderivatives. - Theorems for finding antiderivatives of exponential functions like e^x and logarithmic functions like ln(x). - Rules for taking the antiderivatives of trigonometric functions like sin(x), cos(x), tan(x), and sec(x). - An activity that asks students to evaluate 10 antiderivatives by applying the appropriate rules and theorems covered

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fran
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612 views3 pages

Antiderivatives of Functions Guide

This document provides background information and theorems on calculating antiderivatives of various functions, including: - Polynomial, radical, exponential, logarithmic, and trigonometric functions. It gives examples of applying the sum, constant multiple, and difference rules to find antiderivatives. - Theorems for finding antiderivatives of exponential functions like e^x and logarithmic functions like ln(x). - Rules for taking the antiderivatives of trigonometric functions like sin(x), cos(x), tan(x), and sec(x). - An activity that asks students to evaluate 10 antiderivatives by applying the appropriate rules and theorems covered

Uploaded by

fran
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
  • Introduction and Basic Theorems
  • Advanced Theorems and Examples
  • Learning Competency and Activities

BASIC CALCULUS

Learning Activity Sheet

Name: _____________________________ Grade Level: _____________________


Date: ______________________________ Score: ___________________________

Lesson 2
Antiderivative of Polynomial, Radical, Exponential and Trigonometric Functions

Background Information for Learners


In our previous discussion, we illustrate the process of antidifferentiation. It is just the inverse process of
finding the derivatives of functions.
In this lesson, we will explore the antiderivatives of polynomial, radical, exponential and logarithmic
functions including trigonometric functions.
Exponential and logarithmic functions are used to model population growth, cell growth, and financial
growth, as well as depreciation, radioactive decay, and resource consumption, to name only a few applications.
Here are the formulas for the antiderivatives of trigonometric functions.

Basic Theorems on Antidifferentiation


Theorem 1. ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 + 𝐶
Example 1: ∫ 100 𝑑𝑥 = 100𝑥 + 𝐶

3 3
Example 2: ∫ 5 𝑑𝑥 = 5 𝑥 + 𝐶

Theorem 2. If n is a real number and 𝑛 ≠ −1, then


𝑥 𝑛+1
∫ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑛+1
+ 𝐶.

𝑥 5+1 𝒙𝟔
Example 3. ∫ 𝑥 5 𝑑𝑥 = 5+1
+𝐶 = 𝟔
+𝑪

𝑥 −3+1 𝑋 −2 𝟏
Example 4. ∫ 𝑥 −3 𝑑𝑥 = −3+1
+𝐶 = −2
+ 𝐶 = − 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝑪

Theorem 3. If a is any constant and f is a function, then


∫ 𝑎 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥.
1 3
1 +1
𝑥2 𝑥2
Example 5. ∫ 6√𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 6 ∫ √𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 6 ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 6 ( 1 2 )+ 𝐶 = 6( 3 )+𝐶
+1
2 2
3
𝟑
2𝑥 2
= 6( ) + 𝐶 = 𝟒𝒙𝟐 + 𝑪
3
1 1 1 𝑥 3+1 𝒙𝟒
Example 6. ∫ 3 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 = 3 ∫ 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 = 3 ( 3+1 ) + 𝐶 = 𝟏𝟐 + 𝑪

Theorem 4. If f and g are functions defined on the same interval, then


∫[𝑓 (𝑥 ) ± 𝑔(𝑥)] 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 ± ∫ 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥.

12𝑥 3 4𝑥 2
Example 7. ∫(12𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 = 12 ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + 4 ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 3
+ 2
+ 𝐶 = 𝟒𝒙𝟑 + 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝑪

Example 8. ∫ 𝑡(3𝑡 − 6) 𝑑𝑡 = ∫(3𝑡 2 − 6𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = 3 ∫ 𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡 − 6 ∫ 𝑡 𝑑𝑡


3𝑡 3 6𝑡 2
= 3
− 2
+ 𝐶 = 𝒕𝟑 − 𝟑𝒕𝟐 + 𝑪
Theorems on Integrals Yielding the Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

Theorem 5. ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶
Example 1: ∫ 2𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶

1 1 1
Example 2. ∫ 2 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2 𝑒 𝑥 + 2

𝑎𝑥
Theorem 6. ∫ 𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln 𝑎 + 𝐶
4𝑥
Example 3. ∫ 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln 4 + 𝐶

4𝑥
Example 4. ∫ 4𝑥+1 𝑑𝑥 = ∫(4𝑥 ) (41 )𝑑𝑥 = 4 ∫(4𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 = 4 ln 4 + 𝐶

1
Theorem 7. ∫ 𝑥 −1 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln|𝑥 | + 𝐶

1
Example 5. ∫ 3𝑥 −1 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 3 ln|𝑥 | + 𝐶

5 1
Example 6. ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 5 ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 5 ln|𝑥 | + 𝐶

Theorem 8. Antiderivatives of Trigonometric Functions


a. ∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − cos 𝑥 + 𝐶 d. ∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − cot 𝑥 + 𝐶
b. ∫ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sin 𝑥 + 𝐶 e. ∫ sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sec 𝑥 + 𝐶
c. ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = tan 𝑥 + 𝐶 f. ∫ csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − csc 𝑥 + 𝐶

Example 1. Evaluate ∫(cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥.

Solution: ∫(cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥


= sin 𝑥 + (− cos 𝑥) + 𝐶
= sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑥 + 𝐶
Therefore, ∫(cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑥 + 𝐶.

Example 2. Evaluate ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥.

Solution: ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫(𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥 *Since ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 − 1


= ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥
= tan 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝐶
Therefore, ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = tan 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝐶.

sin 𝑥
Example 3. Evaluate ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥.

sin 𝑥 sin 𝑥 1
Solution: ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑥 𝑥 ∙ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
sin 𝑥 1
= ∫ tan 𝑥 sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 *Since cos 𝑥 = tan 𝑥 and cos 𝑥 = sec 𝑥.
= sec 𝑥 + 𝐶
sin 𝑥
Therefore ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sec 𝑥 + 𝐶.
Learning Competency
The students will be able to compute the General antiderivative of a polynomial, radical,
exponential, and trigonometric functions. (STEM_BC11LC-IVb-1)

Activity: FOLLOW THAT RULE!


Directions: Evaluate the following. Write your complete solution in an extra sheet of paper (please
limit your solution in 1 page only).

1. ∫ 3𝑥 8 𝑑𝑥

2. ∫(4𝑥 + 3) 𝑑𝑥
3
3. ∫ √𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

4. ∫ 7𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

5. ∫ 3(5𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥

−4
6. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥

7. ∫(cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥)𝑑𝑥

8. ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

9. ∫(sin 𝑥 + 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
cos 𝑥
10. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥

References for the Learners


1. (https://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/classes/calci/defnofderivative.aspx)
2. (https://magoosh.com/hs/ap-calculus/2017/derivative-function-tangent-line/)

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