TABLE OF CONTENT

1. Introduction

1.1 Types of flat slab

1.2 Use of column head

1.3 Use of Drop panels

2. Advantages of flat slab

2.1 Thickness of flat slab

2.2 Types of flat slab design

3. Benefits of flat slab

4. Design of flat slab by using IS code

5. conclusion
 ABSTRACT
Designig of flat salb and drawing using I.S CODE is very important for any construction site
and any project is help us to prepare a masonary structure like

:- Parking desk

:- Commercial buildings

:- Hotels

:- Warehouse

:- places where beam are not required

Flat slab are considered suitable for most of the construction and for asymmetrical column
layouts like floors with curved shapes and ramps etc. The advantages of appl;ying flat slab are
many like depth solution, flat soffit and flexibility in design layout.

Even through building flat slab can be an expensive affair but give immense freedom to
architects and engineers the luxury of designing.

Structures having floor with irregular supports, large openings or bears heavy load s.
application of finite-element analysis is supposed to be very advantageous. Great thought is
put in to choosing material properties or installing loads on the structures.Deflections and
cracked with can also be calculated using finite-element analysis.

Key words : (slab , concrete , support , columns , Beams)

 INTRODUCTION
Flat slab is a reinforced concrete slab supported directly by concrete columns without
the use of beams. Flat slab is defined as one sided or two-sided support system with
sheer load of the slab being concentrated on the supporting columns and a square slab
called ' drop panels'.

Drop panels play a significant role here as they augment the overall capacity and
sturdiness of the flooring system beneath the vertical loads thereby boosting cost
effectiveness of the construction. Usually the height of drop panels is about two times
the height of slab.

Flat Slabs are considered suitable for most of the construction and for asymmetrical
column layouts like floors with curved shapes and ramps etc. The advantages of
applying flat slabs are many like depth solution, flat soffit and flexibility in design
layout.Even though building flat slabs can be an expensive affair but gives immense
freedom to architects and engineers the luxury of designing.

Benefit of using flat slabs are manifold not only in tems of prospective design and
layout efficacy but is also helpful for total construction process especially for easing off
installation procedures and saving on construction time. If possible, try to do away with
drop panels as much as possible and try to make the best use of thickness of flat slabs.
The reason is to permit the benefits of flat soffits for the floor surface to be maintained.
ensure drop panels are cast as part of the column.

Types of flat slab construction

Following are the types of flat slab constructiuon:-

:-single flat slab

:-flat slab with drop panels.

:-flat slab with column head

:-flat slab with both drop panels and column head

1.2 Uses of column heads

:- It increase shear strength of salb

:- it reduce the moment in the slab by reducing the clear or effective span

1.3 Uses of Drop panels

:- it increase shear strength of slab

:- it increase negative moment capacity of slab

:- it stiffen the slab and hence reduce deflection

Flat slab with column

 CHAPTER 2
Advantages of Flat Slabs

It is recognized that Flat Slabs without drop panels can be built at a very fast pace as the
framework of structure is simplified and diminished. Also, speedy turn-around can be achieved
using an arrangement using early striking and flying systems.

Flat slab construction can deeply reduce tloor-to-floor height especially in the absence of false
ceiling as flat slab construction does act as limiting factor on the placement of horizontal
lservices and partitions. This can prove gainful in case of lower building height, decreased
cladding expense and pre-fabricated services.

In case the client plans changes in the interior and wants to use the accommodation to suit the
need, flat slab construction is the perfect choice as it offers that flexibility to the owner. This
flexibility is possible due to the use of square lattice and absence of beam that makes
channelling of services and allocation of partitions difficult.

2.1 Thickness of flat slab

Thickness of flat slab is another very attractive benefit because thin slab provides the advantage
of increased floor to ceiling height and lower cladding cost for the owner However, there is
profound lower limit to thickness of slab because extra reinforcements are needed to tackle
design issues. Besides this, added margin must be provided to facilitate architectural alterations
at later stages

2.2 types of flat slab design

Multituedes of process and methods are involved in designing flat slabs and evaluating these
slabs in flexures.some of these methods are as following:

:- The emerical method

:- The sub-frame method

:- The yield line method

:- Finite-element analysis
 CHAPTER 3

Benefits of flat slab

:-Flexibility in room layout

Introduce portion walls any where required, change the size of room
layout, Omit false ceiling;

:-Saving in building height

Lower storey height will reduce building weight, approx saves 10% in
vertical members, reduced foundation load.

:- Shorter construction time

Flat slab design will facilitate the use of big table formwork to increase
productivity.

:- Ease to installation of M&E services

All M&E services can be mounted directly on the underside of the slab
instead of building them to avoid the beams.

Avoid hacking through beams.

 CHAPTER 4

Design of flat slabs by IS: 456

The term flat slab means a reinforced concrete slab with or without drops, supported
generally without beams, by columns with or without flared column heads see Fig. A flat slab
may be solid slab or may have recesses formed on the so fit so that the soffit comprises a series
of ribs in two directions. The recesses may be formed by removable or permanent filler blocks.

Components of flat slab desien:

a) Column strip: Column strip means a design strip having a width of 0.25 1. but not greater
than 0.25 1. on each side of the column centre-line. where I, is the span in the direction moments
are being determined measured centre to centre of supports and 1. is the-span transverse to 1
...measured centre to centre of supports.

b) Middle strip: Middle strip means a design strip bounded on each of its opposite sides by the
column strip

c) Pand: Panel means that part of a slab bounded on each of its four sides by the centre-line of a
Column or centre-lines of adjacent-spans

Division into column and middle strip along

Longer span Shorter span

L1=6.6m , L2=5.6m L1=5.6m , L2=6.6m

i. Column strip=.25 L2=4.4m (1) Column strip=.25 L2=1.65m

But not longer than .25L1=1.65m But not greater than .25 L1=1.4 m

ii. Middle strip=5.6-(1.4+1.4)=2.8m (2) Middle strip=6.6-(1.4+1.4)=3.8m

The drops when provided shall be rectangular in plan, and have a length in each direction not
less than one-third of the panel length in that direction. For exterior panels, the width of drops
at right angles to the non-continuous edge and measured from the centre-line of the columns
shall be equal to one -half the width of drop for interior panels.

Since the span is large it is desirable to provide drop.

Drop dimensions along:

 Longer span Shorter span

L1=6.6m , L2=5.6m L1 =5.6m , L2 = 6.6m

Not less than L1 /3=2.2m Not less than L1 /3 =1.866 m

Hence provide a drop of size 2.2*2m i.e. in column strip width

e) column head: Where column heads are provided. that portion of a column head which lies
within the largest right circular cone or pyramid that has a vertex angle of 90”and can be
included entirely within the outlines

of the column and the column head, shall be considered for design purposes

Column head dimension along

Longer Span Shorter span

L1 =6.6 m , L2 =5.6m L1 =5.6 m , L2 =6.6m

Not greater than L1 /4 = 1.65 m Not greater than L1 /4 =1.4m

f) Depth of flat slab

The thickness of the flat slab up to spans of 10m shall be generally controlled by considerations
of span (L) to effective depth (d) ratios given as below

Cantilever7

Simply supported 20

Continuous 26

For slabs with drops, span to effective depth ratios given above shall be applied directly:

otherwise the span to effective depth ratios mn accordance with above shall be multiplied by
0.9 for this purpose , the longer span of the panel shall be considered. The minimum thickness
of slab shall be 125mm.

Depth of slab:

Considering the flat slab as a continuous slab over a span not exceeding 10m
 Longer span Shorter span

L1=6.6m , L2=5.6m L1=5.6 m , L2 =6.6m

D=L/26=6600/26=253.8mm D=L/26=5600/26=215.3 m

Say 260 mm Say 220 mm

Taking effective depth of 25mm

Overall depth D=260 +25 = 285mm > 125 mm (minimum slab thikness as per IS : 456) it is safe
to provide depth of 285 mm

h) Estimation of load acting on the slab:

dead load acting on the slab = 0.285*25=6.252 KN/m^2 = Wd1

floor finishes etc . Load on slab =1.452 KN/m^2 = Wd2

Live load on slab = 7.752 KN/m^2 = W1

Total Dead load = Wd1+Wd 2 =7.72 KN/m^2 =Wd

The design live load shall not exceed three times the design dead load.

Check:

W1/Wd=7.75/7.7 =1.006<3

OK

Total design load = Wd+W1 = 15.45 KN/m^2

h) Total design moment for a span

The absolute sum of the positive and average and is given by negative bending moments in
each direction shall be taken as:

Mo =(W*Ln/8)

Mo = total moment.

w = design load on an area Li and L2

Ln=clear span extending from face to face column,capitals,brakets or wall, but not less than
0.65 L1

L1 = length of span in the direcüon of Mo

L2 = length of span transverse to L1

Circular supports shall be treated as square supports havi ng the same area.Equivalent side the
column head having the same area:

a = (3.14 0*d^2/4)=1.152m Clear span along long span= Ln =5.448m>4.29

(Should not be less than 0.65 L1)

OK

Clear span along span=Ln=4.4m>3.64 (Should not be less than 0.65L1)

OK
 Coclusion

By studying results obtained after analysis, design and cost comparison

with normal beam slab construction. We can coclude that, by con structing
flat slab economy can be achieved up to great extent for medium span and
low to medium class superimposed loads.

But flat slab constructing may prove to be uneconomical for span larger
than 10m. and high intensity super imposed loads. So it is wise to
construct flat slab instead of normal slab-beam construction , considering
various aspects mentioned in the design to achieve economy as well as
functional requirements with aesthetic view.