ANTENNA SYSTEMS

Project Report

Miniaturized Frequency Reconfigurable Pentagonal MIMO

Slot Antenna For Interweave CR Applications
Submitted To
Mr. Ali Raza
Submitted by
Muhammad Mubasher Khalid
Zubair Shafique
Registration No.
2018-EE-432
2018-EE-434
Section
C
Session 2018
7th semester, Fall 2021

Department of Electrical, Electronics & Telecom Engineering, UET (Lahore),

Faisalabad Campus
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1. Objectives:
➢ Paper Name
Miniaturized Frequency Reconfigurable Pentagonal MIMO Slot Antenna for Interweave CR
Applications
➢ Why we selected this paper?
MIMO systems are higher data rate and higher reliability without the need of extra
power and bandwidth. The MIMO system provides higher data rate by using spatial
multiplexing technique and higher reliability by using diversity technique. MIMO systems
increase the number of antennas from one to four or more. Thus, in order to deliver MIMO
functionality, an RF transceiver must be able to control multiple antennas simultaneously while
transmitting or receiving. The technique requires complex processing and switching that
provides control over each antenna.

2. Theory:
An acronym for Multiple-In, Multiple-Out, MIMO communication sends the same data
as several signals simultaneously through multiple antennas, while still utilizing a single radio
channel. This is a form of antenna diversity, which uses multiple antennas to improve signal
quality and strength of an RF link. The data is split into multiple data streams at the
transmission point and recombined on the receive side by another MIMO radio configured with
the same number of antennas. The receiver is designed to take into account the slight time
difference between receptions of each signal, any additional noise or interference, and even
lost signals.
By transmitting the same data on multiple streams, the MIMO radios introduce redundancy
into data transmission that classic single antenna setups (SISO: Single In, Single Out) can’t
provide. This gives MIMO systems several advantages over typical SISO configurations: 1.
MIMO radios can utilize the bounced and reflected RF transmissions (known as multipath
propagation) to actually improve signal strength even without clear line-of-site, since MIMO
radios receive and combine multiple streams of the same data that are received at slightly
different time intervals. This is particularly useful in urban environments, where signal
degradation between single antennas without clear line-of-site is a major issue. Urban
environments provide plenty of reflection paths for MIMO signals to take between the transmit
and receive radios. 2. Overall throughput can be improved, allowing for greater quality and
quantity of video or other data to be sent over the network. 3. By utilizing multiple data streams,
issues such as fading caused lost or dropped data packets can be reduced, resulting in better
video or audio quality.
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Some MIMO radio systems also offer Ad-Hoc networking capability, where individual user
nodes (such as a person with hand-held radio or vehicle with on-board MIMO radio and
antennas installed) can enter or leave the MIMO network at any time, and automatically
forward data from other node users through the network, creating a self-forming, self-healing
mesh network that doesn’t rely on a central architecture to operate. This is similar to how
scalable MANET radio systems work. The ability to take advantage of this type of networking
opens up MIMO radio systems to new groups of users who need reliable, scalable network
coverage. These systems are more practical than ever as MIMO radio systems continue to
decrease in size and can be packaged into familiar hand-held radio form factors. Base stations
and network repeaters can also be quickly deployed for short-term events that need a larger
coverage area, without the hassle of permanent installation.
➢ Standard MIMO Configurations
MIMO radio systems utilize multiple antennas in order to send and receive multiple data
streams at once. The number of antennas needed is defined by the radio manufacturer based on
what they determine will work for optimal transmission and reception with their particular
hardware and software. Typical configurations are:
a. 2X2 MIMO (two transmit antennas, two receive antennas)
b. 3X3 MIMO (three transmit antennas, three receive antennas)
c. 4X4 MIMO (four transmit antennas, four receive antennas)
d. 8X8 MIMO (eight transmit antennas, eight receive antennas)

➢ Benefits in wireless communication:

MIMO technology has become very popular in a wireless communication system
because of the many advantages of multiple antennas at the transmitting end and receiving end.
MIMO antennas are commonly used to meet the high data rate requirements in current wireless
systems. MIMO frequency reconfigurable antennas are highly desirable in CR applications.
MIMO is an efficient transmission technology used in modern wireless communication. As the
name implies, MIMO uses multiple antennas for transmission and reception. Combination of
multiple transmission sources enhances higher data rate and system efficiency. Smart devices
with wireless standard 802.11n support MIMO technology.

3. Simulation:
Front view:
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Bottom view:

Perspective view:
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4. Result:
With capacitance 1pF
S(1,1):

Radiation pattern:

With capacitance 3pF:

S(1,1):
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Radiation pattern:

With capacitance 5pF:

S(1,1):

Radiation pattern:
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➢ Observation:
We designed the MIMO antenna from the paper, but we didn’t get the exact results of
the antenna that was shown in paper because of the hidden information of the positioning of
the antenna and other parameters. So, we analysed the antenna from the paper and assumed the
positions of the pentagonal shaped antennas.
We connected the capacitor between the outer and inner side of the pentagonal shaped
antennas. By doing this we observed that by increasing the value of capacitance the graph of
the s(1,1) parameters shifted from high frequency (3.9GHz) too lower frequency (3.1GHz).

5. Improvement:
➢ Simulation:
Front view:

Bottom view:

Perspective view:
 EE-483 Antenna Systems

With capacitance 3pF:

S(1,1):

Radiation pattern:

➢ Observation:
We designed the MIMO antenna from the paper, but we didn’t get the exact results of the
antenna that was shown in paper. So, we designed the 8 element MIMO antenna which is shown
above. For the improvement, we use the value of capacitance which is 3pF. And we got the
sharp curve which is shifted toward (3.3GHz) from (3.2GHz). We observed that, if we increase
the number of element antennas, then the curve should be sharp and closer to 3.9GHz means
shifted from lower frequency toward higher frequency.
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6. Conclusion:
In this project, a reconfigurable pentagonal slot-line based compact 4-element MIMO
antenna was presented. The proposed design was realized on an FR-4 board of dimensions
60×120 mm2. The design was compact with low profile that exhibited wide frequency tuning
covering 3.1 GHz to 3.9 GHz. We placed the 4-element MIMO antenna on the copper layer
which is grounded with FR-4 board. Then we make the dual DGS slot-lines to improve the
isolation between adjacent antenna elements, which considerably reduced the mutual coupling.
Then we make the feeds on the FR-4 board 12×3.1 mm2. The we connected the feeds with
grounded copper layer by using port to give input power through it. Then we changed the value
of capacitor from 1pF to 3pF and the graph of s(1,1) parameter which shifted from 3.9GHz to
3.2GHz and similarly when we increased the capacitance to 5pF the graph of s(1,1) parameter
is shifted from 3.2GHz to 3.1GHz.
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7. Refrences:
I. V. Valenta, R. Marlek, G. Baudoin, M. Villegas, M. Suarez, and F. Robert, “Survey on
spectrum utilization in Europe: Measurements, analyses and observations,” Cognitive Radio
Oriented Wireless Networks & Communications (CROWNCOM), 2010 Proc. Fifth Int. Conf.
IEEE, vol. 92, pp. 1–5.
II. J. Mitola, “Cognitive radio architecture evolution,” Proc. IEEE, vol. 97, pp. 626–641, 2009.
III. X.-l. Yang, J.-c. Lin, G. Chen, and F.-l. Kong, “Frequency reconfigurable antenna for wireless
communications using gaas fet switch,” IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, vol.
14, pp. 807–810, 2015.
IV. T. Li, H. Zhai, X. Wang, L. Li, and C. Liang, “Frequency-reconfigurable bow-tie antenna for
bluetooth, wimax, and wlan applications,” IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters,
vol. 14, pp. 171–174, 2015
V. Understanding the Basics of MIMO Communication Technology, Adam Krumbein Marketing
Director, Southwest Antennas 2016 Southwest Antennas, Inc.