ENERGY MANAGEMENT

ASSIGNMENT #01

Submitted BY
Shaheer Ahmed Khan (MS2019198019)

Submitted TO

Dr IJAZ AHMED

University of Management and Technology

Lahore

22 November, 2019
Contents
Abstract......................................................................................................................3
1 Introduction:...........................................................................................................4
2 Methodology:.........................................................................................................6
2.1 ON/OFF Control..............................................................................................6
2.2 Day light level control......................................................................................6
2.3 Motion control..................................................................................................7
2.4 Schedule Control/ Time Control......................................................................7
3 Objectives...............................................................................................................7
4. RESUL TS AND DISCUSSIONS......................................................................10
4.1 Building Design, Layout and Orientation......................................................10
4.2 ENERGY PROFICIENT BUILDINGS AND ITS IMPORT ANCE............10
5 Benefits of lighting control system.......................................................................10
5.1 Application areas............................................................................................11
6 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS.................................................11
Reference.................................................................................................................12
Abstract
Globally demand for energy is escalating with the passage of time due to increased population
and consumption. In order to meet the increased energy demand and ensure its sustainable
supply, different options are being considered. Pakistan is also facing the severe energy crisis
from last couple of years. This energy crisis has seriously hampered the economic growth and
development progress. In this situation intensive efforts are being invested by concerned
departments and agencies to enhance the production and supply to reduce the current shortfall.
However, there are certain demand side issues which can be worked out to achieve the energy
conservation and efficiency. Keeping energy conservation and efficiency in view, present study
focuses the energy smart buildings. . The Largest use of Energy in counties is in Buildings.
Lighting control system is an intelligent network based lighting control solution that incorporates
communication between various system inputs and outputs related to lighting control with the
use of one or more central computing devices. Smart Building is a concept that combines
architectural design, interior design, and mechanical-electrical. We save energy by lighting
control system. Moreover, we can save lot of money by adopting energy conservation
technologies in buildings.
1 Introduction:
The efficient and effective use of energy to maximize profits (minimize costs) and enhance
competitive positions. Alternately it is the strategy of adjusting and optimizing energy, using
systems and procedures so as to reduce energy requirements per unit of output while holding
constant or reducing total costs of producing the output from these systems.
Energy management is the systematic use of management and technology to improve an
organization’s energy performance. It needs to be integrated, proactive and incorporate energy
procurement, energy efficiency and renewable energy to be fully effective. Energy management
is essential if you want to control costs, be fully compliant with legislation and enhance the
organization’s reputation.
Saving energy makes business sense. A structured, coordinated and integrated approach to
managing energy will maximize the benefits. [1] Evidence shows that effective energy
management works, and its techniques are easily available and applicable to all types of
organization. Good energy management can bring other important benefits for the organization
and its employees, in addition to significant financial rewards:
 It can improve competitive advantage. Many consumers and investors will choose to
support socially responsible businesses. Companies that demonstrate ‘green’ credentials
or, have achieved recognized standards, are arguably in a stronger market position.
 Organizations can influence their supply chain; giving preference to suppliers that
operate an environmental management system (EMS) or are working towards one can be
attractive to customers and investors.
An energy efficient organization is a well-run organization. Simple changes can improve
working conditions for staff. For example, by making heating and lighting more effective and
appropriate for the workspace or by releasing funds that could be invested to make their roles
easier.
 An energy cost savings of 5-15 percent is usually obtained quickly with little to no
required capital expenditure when an aggressive energy management program is
launched.
 An eventual savings of 30 percent is common, and savings of 50, 60, and even 70 percent
have been obtained. These savings all result from retrofit activities.
 New buildings designed to be energy efficient can operate on 20 percent of the energy
(with a corresponding 80 percent savings) normally required by existing buildings.
In fact, Energy management is one of the most promising profit improvement-cost reduction
programs for most manufacturing, industrial, and other commercial organizations. Energy
management becomes a dynamic process where new ideas and knowledge are generated, which,
in turn, produce additional energy efficiency gains. As we enter the new millennium, the role of
energy management has greatly expanded in industries. [2]
A comprehensive energy management program is not purely technical, and its introduction also
implies a new management discipline. It is multidisciplinary in nature, and it combines the skills
of engineering, management and housekeeping. [3] Energy management in any industry is
desirable for financial, social and environmental reasons. The financial reasons focus on the
profitability and potential growth of the enterprises, whereas the social and environmental
reasons focus on the benefits that the enterprises, their workers and the society get from an
energy management program. Fig. 1 illustrates the structure of an energy management program.

For the energy management program to be successful, initially, a firm commitment by the top
management is essential. Right from the beginning, it should be made clear that energy
management is a permanent activity, as compared to an energy saving campaign. For imple-
mentation, the enterprise should introduce an organizational structure in which at least one
person (Energy Manager), who has the technical know-how on the production process, should be
made responsible for the overall energy related activities. In practice, most organizations do not
have or need a full-time Energy Manager; there are many part-time Energy Managers. To
minimize the personnel cost on a dedicated energy manager, the production manager or plant
supervisor could be made responsible for energy related (conservation) activities. However, he
should be paid in addition to his normal pay, depending on the energy saving achieved. The new
organizational structure and delegated responsibilities will generate a wider interest and
commitment to the energy saving effort.
the largest contributor to electricity
use in many countries is in
buildings. More than half of the
energy used in buildings lies in
electricity consumption and one-
third
is for lighting
the largest contributor to electricity
use in many countries is in
buildings. More than half of the
energy used in buildings lies in
electricity consumption and one-
third
is for lighting
the largest contributor to electricity
use in many countries is in
buildings. More than half of the
energy used in buildings lies in
electricity consumption and one-
third
is for lighting
the largest contributor to electricity
use in many countries is in
buildings. More than half of the
energy used in buildings lies in
electricity consumption and one-
third
is for lighting
the largest contributor to electricity
use in many countries is in
buildings. More than half of the
energy used in buildings lies in
electricity consumption and one-
third
is for lighting
The Largest use of Energy in counties is in Buildings. Most of half percent of energy used in
building lies in electricity consumption and one third is for lighting. In a building, lighting
contributes 20-60% of the total consumption of electrical energy usage. To turn on and off the
lamp with the switch manually sometimes people forget to turn it off when leaving the room.
This resulted in the inefficiency of energy and cost, where the lamps work not based on need
[17]. Lighting control system is an intelligent network based lighting control solution that
incorporates communication between various system inputs and outputs related to lighting
control with the use of one or more central computing devices. Smart Building is a concept that
combines architectural design, interior design, and mechanical-electrical in order to provide the
speed of movement / mobility and ease of control from any direction and anytime in the case of
automation where all activities that occur in a building or building can occur in the absence of
human interference inside it.

2 Methodology
Buildings should be designed in a manner to reduce the need for artificial lighting during
daytime to the maximum extent. In a recent study conducted in a similar climate like that of
ours, it has been discovered that artificial lighting constitutes about 60% of the total energy
consumption as far as commercial building sector is concerned. In the energy ranking of
the buildings, the illumination of the building is the number one election. In some
commercial buildings, lighting consumption, sometimes consumes more than 30% of total
energy consumption. Due to the illumination factor , some need to reduce the temperature
of the regional environment, since the heating of the lighting, which results in a load of the
cooling system, is passive. The illumination of daylight represents the introduction of
sunlight into the interior of the building and is assigned in a certain way to provide better
lighting based on man-made light. The daylight reduces the need for light sources and reduces
energy consumption and environmental pollution.
Lighting appliances consume nearly 34% of the total energy utilized by the buildings
whose share in Pakistan is nearly 12.2 TWh/year. Incandescent bulbs consume around 2. 76
TWh/ year. This has been calculated assuming their total number to be 30 million, out of
which 3/5 of the bulbs are of 100 Watts while 2/5 are of 60 Watts. If these highly
inefficient bulbs are replaced with 13 Watt LED bulbs and 40 Watt Fluorescent Lights
than the total energy saved comes out to be 1.54 TWh/year [10]. Moreover, use of
motion s e n s o r s a n d internet controlled light switches/bulbs can lead to much more
cost savings as they can automate the lighting operation [11]. In developed countries, smart
bulbs connected to virtual assistants controlled through smart phones are becoming a
household item.
In lighting control system we used different control/sensors for this purpose.
 • ON/OFF Control
• Day light level control
• Motion control
• Schedule Control
2.1 ON/OFF Control
In this control we used switch for light control. Individual and group lights also controlled by it.
Now it is also controlled by relays.
2.2 Day light level control
Daylight harvesting systems use daylight to offset the amount of electric lighting needed to
properly light a space, in order to reduce energy consumption. This is accomplished using
lighting control systems that are able to dim or switch electric lighting in response to changing
daylight availability. All daylight harvesting systems use a light level sensor, a photo sensor, to
detect the prevailing light level, luminance or brightness, in open-loop or closed-loop systems.
Photo sensors are used to adjust electric lighting based on the available daylight in the space. In
day light low energy used by light level control because it sense the natural light.
2.3 Motion control
Motion control sensors can be used to automatically turn lights on and off. In areas where there
is no motion the sensor would be used to automatically turn the lights off, the sensor would
automatically turn lights on when any presence is detected this situation where lights are
switched on and off automatically is known as presence detection. Fully automatic systems are
not necessarily the most energy efficient, it may be beneficial for the lighting control system to
be semi-automatic instead of fully automatic.
2.4 Schedule Control/ Time Control
Time control can be an effective method to control lighting in an effort to save energy. Time
control may use chronological schedules such as specific times of the day, week, month or year.
Alternatively, time control may use astronomical schedules such as sunrise and sunset very often
used in conjunction with outdoor or external lighting installations. Time control may be used to
alter the control regime where users need to control lighting manually during day light hours but
controlled automatically in response to movement during the hours of darkness.

3 Objectives
In this plan our objectives is to save energy by lighting control system. Because our most energy
used in lighting form. Our purpose to Minimize cost and bills and maximize profit and savings.

MANAGEMENT COMMITMENT
Energy management standards require the support of senior managers to commit to facilitating
energy efficiency throughout their organizations.
 First of all cost saving through lighting.
  Integrate energy policies and regulations into company operations
 Incorporate energy targets into overall business strategies
 Provide staff with energy management training; Conduct management reviews of energy
management processes; and
Energy Saving Commitments
 Establish a system to collect, analyze, and report data related energy consumption, and
ensure correctness and integrity of that data;
 Designate personnel with expertise and technical experience, or above, to be in charge of
energy management, and file this personnel in government agencies in charge of energy
saving;
 Enhance measuring instrument management and equip and use qualified measuring
instruments according to relevant regulations;
 Establish a responsibility system and award organizations and individuals with good
performance in energy-saving activities;
 Make and implement energy-saving plans and technical measures;
 Comply with national energy limitation standards and make corporate standards that are
stricter than national standards;
 Use energy efficiency markings on products according to relevant regulations;
 Conduct energy-saving education and training regularly;
 Never produce, import, or sell any products or equipment (or use equipment) that are
clearly specified as "to be eliminated" by government agencies or those which do not
conform with energy efficiency standards;
 Never provide free energy to employees or implement any "package fee" system for
energy use.
ENERGY POLICY (OPTIONAL)
National and international energy management standards encourage companies to create energy
policies specific to their company operations. But implementation of these policies is up to the
discretion of managers and companies.
Good energy policies:
 Lighting use timing schedule
 Are integrated with the company’s business activities, products and services;
 Reduce energy consumption, increase efficiency and guarantee regular system
maintenance;
 Comply with applicable laws and regulations;
 Provide a framework for making and evaluating energy targets and indicators;
 Offer employees training materials so that they can understand and implement energy
policies;

ENERGY MANAGER
Senior executives must assign an independent specialist to oversee energy management within
the company, with the exception of SMEs, whose directors are allowed to designate an internal
energy manager from their middle-level management staff. In this case, the standards
recommend appointing a supervisor or higher-level executive from the production, maintenance
or engineering divisions. The energy manager is required to:
 Establish, implement, maintain, and improve energy management systems in accordance
to the national and international standards;
 Provide regular updates to top management on all energy management systems;
 Submit proposals for improvements; and
 Liaise with external organizations on energy management issues.

PLANNING
The energy manager is responsible for developing an action plan in line with national and
international standards, the first step in the “Plan, Do, Check and Action” cycle. Any plan must:
 Identify key energy performance indicators;
 Adhere to rules, regulations and other requirements that affect management systems;
 Highlight energy benchmarks;
 Set energy targets
Energy strategy
The detail of the strategy will of course depend not only on the policy objectives, but also on the
existing energy management position and nature of the organization.
Whatever the organization’s starting position, the following aspects should be covered by the
strategy:
 Assignment of energy roles and responsibilities across the organization with sufficient
resources allocated to ensure that these responsibilities can be properly delivered. This
includes staff time, staff grades and budgets.
 Development and maintenance of organizational structures so they support energy
management and related processes.
 Compliance with energy and carbon regulation.
 Development and maintenance of procedures for operational and capital financing of
energy efficiency activities and projects, which are consistent with the policy aims.
 Development and maintenance of procedures for the procurement of energy consuming
equipment, energy related services and energy itself.
 Energy information management including metering, monitoring, analysis and reporting
of energy performance and related issues.
 Methods and processes for identifying energy reduction opportunities.
 Training and development of staff across the organization, which supports the energy
policy objectives.
  Communicating the energy policy, targets and particular initiatives both internally and
externally where appropriate.

 After identifying the key performance indicators, managers can apply the following
principles:
 Ensure compliance with the relevant laws and regulations that apply
 Ensure a safe working environment
 Technical feasibility
 Economic feasibility
 Energy saving
 Prioritize low-cost/no-cost solutions.

4. RESUL TS AND DISCUSSIONS

4.1 Building Design, Layout and Orientation
Building design plays the pivotal role in conserving energy consumption. First and foremost is
the building envelope which has the potential to save 40% of energy consumed by the building.
It includes building’s location, geometry, walls, nature, roofing qualities and windows. It means
that nearly half of the energy saving potentials can easily be achieved if standard building
energy codes are followed while designed the building's envelope. Building mass also
plays a vital role here, as massive construction yields lower temperature inside the buildings
during the daytime but may result in considerably higher temperatures at the night time as
the absorbed heat in the structure finally reaches the interior space. [6] Lighter buildings act
the opposite and have higher temperatures in the daytime but also have the ability to cool
down faster during night times. Buildings should always be designed according to their usage.

4.2 ENERGY PROFICIENT BUILDINGS AND ITS IMPORT ANCE

Energy proficient buildings conserve resources by using modern technology and principles
of sustainability . The term Smart Building means "a collection of technologies utilized to
make the design, construction and operation of buildings more efficient" [7]. They operate
on the preferences of occupants, by incorporating the feedback both from and to such
occupants about their use of building [8]. They also integrate control, intelligence, materials and
construction with adaptability not reactivity , at its core, to achieve energy efficiency ,
comfort and longevity .
3. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Pakistan has all the possible strength to conserve energy in all segments, which can be used to
lessen the current energy crisis. This research paper is a review paper that attempt s t o
focus on current energy consumption and potential savings potential in the country's
housing sector as a designer's point of view looking into basic building parameters in terms
of building design layouts and its orientation. The methodology adopted in this paper is a
methodical data collection for which various field visits were made in order to obtain the
required data regarding energy use in the residential sector and the other figures studied and
adopted from various researches done. This study highlights the basic design
characteristics of energy proficient buildings which need to be discussed and implanted in
our buildings

5 Benefits of lighting control system

• Compliance with relevant regulations and standards
• Conservation and energy saving
• Flexibility of building use
• Reduction in Installation costs
• Enhancements to upkeep and maintenance
• Safety and comfort for the end user
• Specialist Applications [16].
5.1 Application areas

• Corridors
• Stairwells
• Entrance halls
• Offices and open spaces
• Storage rooms
• Lavatories and washrooms
• Car Parks
• Pedestrian walk ways and underpasses
• Escape routes and fire exits
• Elevators

6 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Presently, Pakistan is facing severe energy crisis. As per the designers understanding on the
concept of energy saving there are two possible solutions to this crisis. The first solution is
to consistently increase our power generation capacity that is surely in the hand of the governing
bodies, whereas the second one is to conserve energy through building itself by adopting
the above method of lighting control system. Lighting control system is best for saving energy.
First solution requires more monetary resources while the second solution requires more
public awareness and institution building as it is in the hands of both to get the building
designed in that manner that it is energy proficient that may be able to cut down the
energy consumption naturally instead of adopting other means for energy usage. Sadly, the
institutional framework which can lead to mass adoption of energy conservation is either missing
or too weak. Pitching ideas of energy conservation hasn't remained politically popular in
Pakistan, especially within the trader and agriculturist communities as they aren't aware of its
overall benefits. Federal and provincial governments also prefer to launch mega power
projects while completely ignore the principles of sustainable and smart living. Building
codes are still energy inefficient and their enforcement by building control authorities is
scarce due to lack of expertise and resources. Potentials are enormous when it comes to
energy conservation and Pakistani society. Billions of electricity units can be saved only
through proper building design and replacing inefficient lightings, fans, air-conditioning and
water-pumping systems in this sector . It will not only help us in lowering our energy
bills but will allow our communities to develop energy proficient buildings which have the
required electricity and technology to control every building parameter in an automated
manner . These energy proficient buildings can act coherently to form smart cities where
technology powered by electricity from sustainable sources can play the central role.

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