Experiment Instructions

HM 150.13 Methods of
Flow Measurement
 HM 150.13 METHODS OF FLOW MEASUREMENT
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Experiment Instructions

Last modification by: Dipl.-Ing. Peter Mittasch

This manual must be kept by the unit.

Before operating the unit:

- Read this manual.
- All participants must be instructed on
handling of the unit and, where appropriate,
on the necessary safety precautions.

Version 0.3 Subject to technical alterations

i
 HM 150.13 METHODS OF FLOW MEASUREMENT

Table of Contents

1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

2 Description of the Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

3 Basic Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3.1 6-Tube Manometer Panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3.2 Differential Pressure Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.3 Relative Pressure Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
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3.4 Preparing and Performing a Pressure Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

3.5 Introduction to Flow Measuring Methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.5.1 Rotameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.5.2 Orifice Plate and Measuring Nozzle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.5.3 Pitot Tube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.5.4 Venturi Nozzle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

4 Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
4.1 Calibration of Flow Meters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
4.2 Flow Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
4.2.1 Orifice Plate / Measuring Nozzle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
4.2.2 Venturi Nozzle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
4.3 Flow Coefficients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

5 Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
5.1 Technical Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
5.2 List of Formula Symbols and Units Used . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
5.3 Dimensions Measuring Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

ii
 HM 150.13 METHODS OF FLOW MEASUREMENT

1 Introduction

The HM 150.13 Methods of Flow Measurement

unit includes three different flow meters, allowing
the following relationships to be investigated
experimentally:
• Comparison of different flow meters
• Investigation of relationships between flow and
pressure in flow measurement
• Determination of flow coefficients
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• Calibration of flow meters

1 Introduction 1
 HM 150.13 METHODS OF FLOW MEASUREMENT

2 Description of the Unit

5
4

6
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8 9

Pos. Designation Pos. Designation

1 Water outlet 6 Multi-tube manometer

2 Gate valve for inlet 7 Water inlet

8 Flow meter with orifice plate, meas-

3 Rotameter
uring nozzle, or Pitot tube

4 Pressure measurement connections 9 Venturi nozzle

5 Base plate with frame

Fig. 2.1

2 Description of the Unit 2

 HM 150.13 METHODS OF FLOW MEASUREMENT

The unit comprises a Venturi nozzle (9), an orifice

plate, a measuring nozzle and a Pitot tube (8) for
flow measurement and a rotameter (3).
The flow rate can be regulated using the gate
valve (2).
The pressure losses at the measuring elements
can be recorded using pressure connections with
rapid action couplings.
The connections are connected to a 6-tube
manometer (6), which is fitted with a ventilation
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valve.
The flow rate can be measured using the HM 150
Base Module for Experiments in Fluid
Mechanics (volumetric flow measurement).
All components of the experimentation stand are
clearly arranged on a base plate with a frame (5).
The unit is designed to be used in conjunction with
the HM 150 Base Module for Experiments in
Fluid Mechanics, which provides the water sup-
ply and allows volumetric flow measurement.

2 Description of the Unit 3

 HM 150.13 METHODS OF FLOW MEASUREMENT

3 Basic Principles

3.1 6-Tube Manometer Panel

13 12
The 6 tube manometer panel has 6 glass cylin-
ders (11) with a mm scale for measuring the water
column (WC). The unit mmWC is often used here.
(10mm WS ≙ 1mbar)
• Measuring range 390 mmWC
• All the tubes are connected to one another at
the upper end and ventilated by a shared ven-
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11 tilation valve (12). The measuring connections

(10) are at the lower end.
• Differential pressure measurements are car-
ried out with the ventilation valve closed
(12, 13), relative gauge pressure measure-
ments with the ventilation valve open (12).
Standard pressure unit: Pascal (Pa)
10
1Pa = 1N/m2 = 10-5 bar = 0,01mbar
Pos. Designation

10 Measuring connections

11 Glass cylinder

12 Ventilation valve

13 Ventilation valve

Fig. 3.1

3 Basic Principles 4
 HM 150.13 METHODS OF FLOW MEASUREMENT

3.2 Differential Pressure Measurement

The ventilation valves (12, 13) are closed. Above

Air cushion
pa the two water columns shown there is an air cush-
ion with a pressure of pa.
This results in the equations below:

p1 = pa + h1    g (3.1)
h1
p2 = pa + h2    g (3.2)
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h2

p1 p2

Fig. 3.2 The required differential pressure is

p = p 1 – p 2 = p a + h 1    g – p a – h 2    g (3.3)

The pressure pa cancels out to give

p = h    g mit h = h 1 – h 2 (3.4)

A zero point adjustment is carried out by adjusting

the air pressure pa.
To ensure the largest possible measuring range,
the zero point for the manometer should be in the
middle of the scale h max
-----------
-
2

h1 + h2 h max p1 – pa + p2 – pa
------------------- = -----------
- = ------------------------------------------
- (3.5)
2 2 2  g

3 Basic Principles 5
 HM 150.13 METHODS OF FLOW MEASUREMENT

This gives an equation for the air cushion pres-

sure pa

p 1 + p 2 –  h max    g 
p a = ------------------------------------------------------------ (3.6)
2

The air cushion pressure is adjusted using the

ventilation valve (13).

3.3 Relative Pressure Measurement

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For relative gauge pressure measurements, i.e.

Ambient
atmospheric
measurements in which the pressure is stated rel-
pressure p0 ative to the ambient atmospheric pressure p0 , the
ventilation valve (13) must be closed. The air
cushion pressure pa is equal to the ambient
atmospheric pressure p0 .
h
In this case, the tube height hm between the
measuring point and the manometer zero point
must be taken into account

hm p rel = p 0 +  h + h m     g (3.7)

prel

Fig. 3.3

3 Basic Principles 6
 HM 150.13 METHODS OF FLOW MEASUREMENT

3.4 Preparing and Performing a Pressure Measurement

• Connect the connecting hoses to one of the

two measuring elements and to the 6 tube
manometer. The measuring connections are
selfclosing.
• Close the ventilation valve (13) on the 6 tube
manometer.
• Open the ventilation valve (12) on the 6 tube
manometer.
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• Start the water inlet (from the HM 150).

• Close the gate valve (2).
• Rinse the 6 tube manometer until no more bub-
bles are visible.
• Stop the water inlet (from the HM 150).
• Close the ventilation valve (12).
• Open the ventilation valve (13) and adjust the
water level in the tube manometer (centre of
scale).
• Close the ventilation valve (13) again.
• Carefully open the gate valve (2).
• Carefully open the water inlet (from the
HM 150).
• Observe the heights of the water columns in
the tubes.
• Adjust the flow rate with the gate valve (2).

3 Basic Principles 7
 HM 150.13 METHODS OF FLOW MEASUREMENT

3.5 Introduction to Flow Measuring Methods

3.5.1 Rotameter

This kind of rotameter consists of a vertical coni-

cal measuring section, through which the liquid
flows from bottom to top.
A specially shaped float moves freely in the liquid
flow and is carried along by the flow due to its flow
resistance. This results in equilibrium between the
weight of the float on the one hand and its drag
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h
and lifting force on the other.
The float adjusts to a particular height in the
measuring tube depending on the flow volume.
Because of the operating principle, a reliable
measuring range on a rotameter never begins at
zero, but at ~5% ... 10% of the final measuring
value.
Fig. 3.4
Different floats are normally used depending on
the medium and the measuring range.
• Standard measuring ranges:
~ 0,0001 ... 100m3/h
• Width of measuring range: ~ 1 : 10
• Standard measuring characteristics: linear
• Measuring accuracy: ~± 1 ... 3%
• Pressure loss over measuring tube:
~0,06 ... 0,6bar

3 Basic Principles 8
 HM 150.13 METHODS OF FLOW MEASUREMENT

The rotameter used in the HM 150.13 has the fol-

lowing properties:
• Housing made of transparent plastic
• Removable float, stainless steel
• Removable percentage scale, relative to max.
flow rate

The measured flow rate value is always read at

the upper edge of the float.
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read
here

Float

Fig. 3.5

NOTICE
Air bubbles and other impurities cause measuring
inaccuracies. To prevent these, rinse the system
at the start of a measurement by fully opening all
the valves.

3 Basic Principles 9
 HM 150.13 METHODS OF FLOW MEASUREMENT

3.5.2 Orifice Plate and Measuring Nozzle

The orifice and nozzle are what is known as the

restrictors. They both represent a constriction in a
tube. The reduction in cross section results in an
Measuring increase in the speed of the flowing medium. This
nozzle is associated with a pressure loss p between
the normal tube cross section AD before the inlet
and the constricted tube cross section Ad at the
orifice or nozzle. This pressure loss p is a meas-
ure of the volumetric flow.
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This type of measurement is extremely accurate,

but the orifice or nozzle have a comparatively high
p flow resistance.
Restrictors are very sensitive to disturbances in
the inlet and outlet flow. Elbows, T-pieces, valves,
gate valves or similar fittings must therefore be
installed sufficiently far away from the restrictor.

Fig. 3.6 ·  p- = k  p

V =     Ad  2
--------------- (3.8)


 Flow coefficient, no dimension

 Expansion coefficient, no dimension
(for liquids  = 1)
 Density of medium before orifice / noz-
zle

NOTICE
·
p must be used in the equation V = k  p in
mbar.

3 Basic Principles 10
 HM 150.13 METHODS OF FLOW MEASUREMENT

• Standard tube diameter:

~ Ø 50 ... Ø 1000mm
• Standard aperture ratios:
Ad
m = ------- =  0,1 ... 0,64
AD

• Measuring characteristics: Root function

On the HM 150.13, the orifice and nozzle are sup-

plied as individual metal discs, which can option-
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ally be inserted into the housing as required.

This housing for the orifice and nozzle is made of
Plexiglass to allow observation of the function.

L
Orifice plate: k = 293 --------------------------
h  mbar

Fig. 3.7

L
Measurement nozzle. k = 231 --------------------------
h  mbar

Fig. 3.8

3 Basic Principles 11
 HM 150.13 METHODS OF FLOW MEASUREMENT

3.5.3 Pitot Tube

The Pitot tube measures both the static (1) and

the total pressure (2). The difference between
these two values gives the dynamic
pressure pdyn.

p dyn = p tot – p stat (3.9)

Total pressure ptot

The dynamic pressure is proportional to the
square of the flow speed and can be calculated as
follows:
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 2
p dyn = ---  v (3.10)
2

 : Spezific density of water

Static pressure pstat

Fig. 3.9 Pitot tube The flow speed v can be determined from the vol-
·
umetric flow V and the flow cross-section A.

·
v = V
---- (3.11)
A

The pressure difference can therefore be used to

calculate the volumetric flow rate for a given flow
cross-section. As a constant distribution of veloc-
ity over the flow cross-section is assumed to sim-
plify the calculation, but in reality a significantly
lower velocity occurs close to the wall, the volu-
metric flow rate calculated in this way will be too
high. This can be compensated using a correction
factor.

3 Basic Principles 12
 HM 150.13 METHODS OF FLOW MEASUREMENT

For steady turbulent flow in pipes of circular cross-

section the average speedv is described by the
ratio of the average flow speed v to the maximum
flow speed vmax in consideration of the correction
factor 0,84.

v -
-----------  0,84 (3.12)
v max
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This yields a average flow speed v.

v  v max  0,84 (3.13)

The maximum flow speed vmax can be deter-

mined from the measured differential pressure
pdyn and the flow cross-section A.

2  p dyn
v max = ------------------- (3.14)


·
The flow rate V cal is calculated from the mean
flow speed v and the flow cross-section A.

·
V cal  A  v max  0,84 (3.15)

The free through-streamed pipe circular cross-

section A, is the difference of cross-section of the
pass through tube d1 and the cross-section of
pipe for total pressure measurement at Pitot
tube d2.

3 Basic Principles 13
 HM 150.13 METHODS OF FLOW MEASUREMENT

2 2
 d1 – d2   
A = -----------------------------------
- (3.16)
4
where
d1 =  17mm
d2 =  3mm
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3 Basic Principles 14
 HM 150.13 METHODS OF FLOW MEASUREMENT

3.5.4 Venturi Nozzle

The Venturi tube is also a throttle device. In this

case, the constriction of the tube cross section is
split into three different areas. The inlet corre-
sponds to a nozzle, followed by a straight section
and finally a diffusor with a defined extension
angle  .
The pressure loss p between the normal tube
p cross section AD before the inlet and the con-
stricted straight section Ad is significantly less
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than with the orifice or nozzle.

Fig. 3.10 Venturidüse

• Standard tube diameter:
~ Ø 65 ... Ø 500mm
• Standard aperture ratios:
Ad
m = ------- =  0,1 ... 0,6
AD

• Diffusor extension angle:  < 30°

• Measuring characteristics: Root function

To see the construction of the Venturi tube used

in the HM 150.13, the housing cover is made of
Plexiglass.
The pressure conditions in the Venturi tube follow
Bernoulli’s Law. As for the orifice plate / measur-
ing nozzle, according to this law we can obtain the
following relationship between pressure differ-
ence p (recorded using measuring connections)
·
and volumetric flow V :

3 Basic Principles 15
 HM 150.13 METHODS OF FLOW MEASUREMENT

· 2  p
V =     A d  ---------------- = k  p (3.17)


 Flow coefficient, no dimension

 Expansion coefficient, no dimension
(for liquids  = 1)
 Density of medium before orifice plate /
measuring nozzle
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NOTICE
·
p must be used in the equation V = k  p in
mbar.

L
where k = 132 --------------------------
h  mbar

3 Basic Principles 16
 HM 150.13 METHODS OF FLOW MEASUREMENT

4 Experiments

4.1 Calibration of Flow Meters

Example: Rotameter
A flow meter is calibrated by comparing its dis-
played values with the results obtained from
another, accurately verifiable measuring method.
By way of example, in the following experiment
the rotameter is calibrated using the HM 150.
The same procedure can be applied to calibrate
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the orifice plate / measuring nozzle / Pitot tube or

the Venturi nozzle. The volumetric flow measure-
ment is described in the documentation for the
HM 150.
2
Performance:
• Prepare the HM 150 and the HM 150.13.
• Switch on the pump on the HM 150.
• Open the gate valve (2) on the HM150.13 and
initially set a low flow rate.
Pos. Designation

2 Gate valve for • Note the display value on the rotameter in a

inlet table (see Tab. 4.1, Page 23).
• Use the HM 150 to perform a volumetric meas-
Fig. 4.1
urement and note the result in the table.
• Repeat the previous steps for at least five fur-
ther settings of the gate valve (2) on the
HM150.13.
• Calculate the difference between the flow val-
ues recorded, calculate any error and plot the
results in a graph.

4 Experiments 17
 HM 150.13 METHODS OF FLOW MEASUREMENT

4.2 Flow Measurement

4.2.1 Orifice Plate / Measuring Nozzle

·
An orifice / nozzle with a volumetric flow V run-
ning through it results in a pressure loss p .
The relationship is:
·
V = k  p (4.1)

The flow measurement for the orifice plate /

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mesurig nozzle on the HM 150.13 is carried out

using the rotameter calibrated in the previous
experiment.

Performance:
Prepare the HM150 and the HM150.13.
14 • Insert either the orifice disc or the nozzle disc
into the housing (15) and fit the housing in the
tu
• Connect the pressure connections on the
housing to two measuring tubes on the
manometer panel (2).
• Prepare the manometer panel (14) for differen-
tial pressure measurement.
• Switch on the pump on the HM 150.
• Open the gate valve (2) on the HM 150.13 and
initially set a low flow rate.
15
·
• Note the volumetric flow V displayed on the
Pos. Designation
rotameter in a table (see Tab. 4.1, Page 23).
14 Manometer
panel • Note the differential pressure value on the
15 Housing
table.

Fig. 4.2

4 Experiments 18
 HM 150.13 METHODS OF FLOW MEASUREMENT

· • Repeat the previous steps for further settings

V of the gate valve (2) on the HM 150.13.
• Plot the flow values recorded against the asso-
ciated differential pressure values in a graph.
This gives the relationship between pressure loss
·
p and volumetric flow V as a root function

p

Fig. 4.3
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4 Experiments 19
 HM 150.13 METHODS OF FLOW MEASUREMENT

4.2.2 Venturi Nozzle

·
A Venturi tube with a volumetric flow V running
through it results in a pressure loss p .
The relationship is:

·
V = k  p (4.2)

The flow measurement with the Venturi tube on

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the HM 150.13 is also carried out using the rota-

meter calibrated in a previous experiment.

Performance:

6 • Prepare the HM 150 and the HM 150.13.

• Connect the pressure connections on the Ven-
turi nozzle (9) to two measuring tubes on the
manometer panel (6).

2 • Prepare the manometer panel (6) for differen-

tial pressure measurement.
• Switch on the pump on the HM 150.
9
• Open the gate valve (2) on the HM150.13 and
Pos. Designation
initially set a low flow rate.
2 Gate valve
·
6 Manometer panel
• Note the volumetric flow V displayed on the
rotameter in a table (see Tab. 4.1, Page 23).
9 Venturi nozzle
• Note the differential pressure value on the
Fig. 4.4
manometer panel in the table.
• Repeat the previous steps for further settings
of the gate valve (2) on the HM 150.13.

4 Experiments 20
 HM 150.13 METHODS OF FLOW MEASUREMENT

·
V
• Plot the flow values recorded against the asso-
ciated differential pressure values in a graph.
This gives the relationship between pressure loss
·
p and volumetric flow V as a root function.

p

Fig. 4.5
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4 Experiments 21
 HM 150.13 METHODS OF FLOW MEASUREMENT

4.3 Flow Coefficients

According to Bernoulli’s Law, the following applies

for a constriction in a tube:

·  p- = k  p
V =     Ad  2
-------------- (4.3)


 Flow coefficient, no dimension

 Expansion coefficient, no dimension
(for liquids  = 1)
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 Density of medium before constriction

(for water  = 1)
Ad Aperture cross section of restrictor

·
V
Flow coefficient:  = ------------------------------- (4.4)
A d  2  p

A
Aperture ratio: m = ------d- (4.5)
AD

d- =
Diameter ratio:  = --- m (4.6)
D

2
Flow coefficient: C =   1–m (4.7)

4
C =   1 – (4.8)

4 Experiments 22
 HM 150.13 METHODS OF FLOW MEASUREMENT

·
The values for the volumetric flow V , the pressure
loss p and the constricted cross section Ad from
the previous measuring tables and the technical
data can be used to calculate  and C.

Experiment no.:

Date:

Participant:

Type of experiment:
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Measuring object:
·
No. Pressure loss Flow display V Measuring volu- Measuring time Calculated flow
p in mbar men HM 150 in L HM 150 in s from HM 150
in L/s

Tab. 4.1 Measured value table

4 Experiments 23
 HM 150.13 METHODS OF FLOW MEASUREMENT

5 Appendix

5.1 Technical Data

Dimensions
Length 1100 mm
Width 672 mm
Height 900 mm

Weight approx. 40 kg
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Manometer panel for water

6 tubes 390 mm WC

Rotameter max. 1600 L/h

Pipe section
Inner diameter 17 mm

5.2 List of Formula Symbols and Units Used

Symbol Mathematical/physical quantity Unit

Ad Cross-section, smallest mm
AD Cross-section, largest mm
C Flow coefficient
h Tube height mm
k Correction factor
p Pressure Pa, mbar, bar
 Flow coefficient according to DIN EN ISO 5167 -
 Diffusor extension angle °
p Pressure loss mbar
 Expansion coefficient 1
 Density kg/m3
·
V Volumetric flow L/min

5 Appendix 24
 HM 150.13 METHODS OF FLOW MEASUREMENT

Suffix Explanation
a air
max maximal
rel relative
tot total

5.3 Dimensions Measuring Devices

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Fig. 5.1 Orifice plate

Fig. 5.2 Measuring nozzle

5 Appendix 25
 All rights reserved, G.U.N.T. Gerätebau, Barsbüttel, Germany 08/2013

5 Appendix
HM 150.13

Fig. 5.3
Pitot tube
METHODS OF FLOW MEASUREMENT

26
 HM 150.13 METHODS OF FLOW MEASUREMENT

A1 = 338,6mm²

21°

A2 = 233,5mm²
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A3 = 84,6mm²

A4 = 170,2mm²

8°

A5 = 255,2mm²

A6 = 338,6mm²

Fig. 5.4 Cross-sections of Venturi nozzle

5 Appendix 27