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Assignment Management

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55 views

Assignment Management

Uploaded by

KRITI m
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Introduction :

The changes in management practices occur as managers, theorists, researchers, and


customers look for ways to increase how efficiently and effectively products can be made. The
driving force behind the evolution of management theory is the search for better ways to use
organizational resources to make goods and services. Advances in management thought
typically occur as managers and researchers find better ways to perform the principal
management tasks: planning, organizing, leading, and controlling human and other
organizational resources. The evolution of modern management began in the closing decades of
the 19th century, after the industrial revolution had swept through Europe and America. In the
new economic climate, managers of all types of organizations—political, educational, and
economic—were trying to find better ways to satisfy customers’ needs. Many major economic,
technical, and cultural changes were taking place at this time. The introduction of steam power
and the development of sophisticated machinery and equipment changed how goods were
produced, particularly in the weaving and clothing industries. Small workshops run by skilled
workers who produced hand-manufactured products (a system called crafts production)  were
being replaced by large factories in which sophisticated machines controlled by hundreds or
even thousands of unskilled or semiskilled workers made products. For example, raw cotton and
wool, which in the past had been spun into yarn by families or whole villages working together,
were now shipped to factories where workers operated machines that spun and wove large
quantities of yarn into cloth. Owners and managers of the new factories found themselves
unprepared for the challenges accompanying the change from small-scale crafts production to
large-scale mechanized manufacturing. Moreover, many managers and supervisors in these
workshops and factories were engineers who had only a technical orientation. They were
unprepared for the social problems that occur when people work together in large groups in a
factory or shop system. Managers began to search for new techniques to manage their
organizations’ resources, and soon they began to focus on ways to increase the efficiency of the
worker– task mix

The Classical Theory

Robert Owens, Charles Babbage, and other prominent personalities are


regarded as management’s pioneers. However, their contribution to the
evolution of management is lower. Further, by the last decade of 19th
century, the science of management began, and with it, some
professionals like H. L. Grant, F. W. Taylor, Emerson, and others entered
for the establishment of scientific management.

Further, during the classical period, management thought focused on


standardization, job content, labour division, and scientific approaches for
the organization. It also related closely to the industrial revolution and the
rise of large-scale enterprises. 

Scientific Management Theory


The systematic study of relationships between people and tasks for the purpose of redesigning
the work process to increase efficiency. (Jones and George, 2016) Toward the end of the 19th
century, Frederick W. Taylor, an American mechanical engineer, became interested in improving
the efficiency of individual workers. This interest, which stemmed from his own experiences in
manufacturing plants, eventually led to the development of scientific management, the
application of scientific principles to management of work and workers
Scientific management theory
Frederick W. Taylor is best known for defining the techniques of scientific management,   
the systematic study of relationships between people and tasks for the purpose of redesigning
the work process to increase efficiency. Taylor was a manufacturing manager who eventually
became a consultant and taught other managers how to apply his scientific management
techniques. Taylor believed that if the amount of time and effort that each worker expends to
produce a unit of output (a finished good or service) can be reduced by increasing specialization
and the division of labor, the production process will become more efficient. According to Taylor,
the way to create the most efficient division of labor could best be determined by scientific
management techniques rather than by intuitive or informal rule-of-thumb knowledge.
 Principle 1:  Study the way workers perform their tasks, gather all the informal job knowledge
that workers possess, and experiment with ways of improving how tasks are
performed. Principle 2: Codify the new methods of performing tasks into written rules and
standard operating procedures. Principle 3:  Carefully select workers who possess skills and
abilities that match the needs of the task, and train them to perform the task according to the
established rules and procedures. Principle 4:  Establish a fair or acceptable level of
performance for a task, and then develop a pay system that rewards performance above the
acceptable level.

Administrative Management Theory:  Henry Fayol was the most important exponent
of this theory. The pyramidal form, scalar principle, unity of command, exception
principle, span of control and departmentalisation are some of the important
concepts set forth by Fayol and his followers like Mooney and Reiley, Simon,
Urwick, Gullick etc.
Henry Fayol (France, 1841 - 1925):  Henry Fayol was born in 1941 at
Constantinople in France.. Henry Fayol succeeded in converting his company
from near bankruptcy to a strong financial position and a record of profits and
dividends over a long period.
These six functions had to be performed to operate successfully any kind of
business. He, however, pointed out that the last function i.e., ability to manage,
was the most important for upper levels of managers. The process of
management as an ongoing managerial cycle involving planning, organizing,
directing, co-ordination, and controlling, is actually based on the analysis of
general management by Fayol. Hence, it is said that Fayol established the
pattern of management thought and practice. Even today, management
process has general recognition.

Fayol's Principles of Management:  The principles of management are given


below:
1.Division of work
2.Authority and Responsibility: 
3.Discipline:  .
4.Unity of Command
5.Unity of Direction: 
6.Emphasis on Subordination of Personal Interest to General or
CommonInterest: 
7.Remuneration:  .
8.Centralization:  .
9.Scalar Chain: 
10. Order: 
11. Equity: 
12. Stability of Tenure: 
13. Esprit of Co-operation.
14. Initiative: 

the Bureaucratic Model


A German Sociologist called Max Weber proposed this model. And
it includes a system of rules, division of labor hinged on functional
specialization, legal authority, and power, the hierarchy of authority,
and placement of employees based on their technical competence.

the Neo-Classical Theory

This duration of the evolution of the management thought is a better


version of classical theory. It is a modified version of classical theory with
several improvements. The classical theory focused mainly on the areas of
job including physical resources and their management, but neo-classical
theory focuses on employee relationships in the work ecosystem. 

Modern Theory (System Approach): The systems approach to management indicates


the fourth major theory of management thought called modern theory. Modern theory
considers an organization as an adaptive system which has to adjust to changes in its
environment. An organization is now defined as a structured process in which
individuals interact for attaining objectives.
Contingency Theory:  Systems approach emphasizes that all sub- systems of
an organization along with the super system of environment are
interconnected and interrelated. Contingency approach analysis and
understands these inter relationship sothat managerial actions can be
adjusted to demands of specific situations or circumstances.

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