9

Government Property

NOT FOR SALE

Science
Quarter 2, Wk 6 - Module 6
Carbon Compounds

Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines

 What I Know

(Pre-Assessment)1
Multiple Choice: Choose the best answer. Write the corresponding letter of your choice
on the blank provided before each number.

____ 1) An organic (carbon molecule) bond represents ____?

a. a transfer of protons c. a pair of shared electrons
b. a transfer of electrons d. a pair of shared protons

____ 2) Carbon can bond to ?

a. H b. N c. O d. all of these

____ 3) Carbon atom forms how many bonds?

a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4

____ 4) Which of the following pairs, is highly flammable?

a. gasoline; acetone c. oil; vinegar
b. water; ethanol d. LPG; kerosene

____ 5)Princess wants to remove her nail polish. What must she use?
a. gasoline c. ethanol
b. vinegar d. acetone

____ 6) Most organic compounds have (a. lower; b. higher) boiling and melting point as
compared to inorganic compound.

____ 7) What is the common uses of methane?

a. disinfectant c. fertilizer
b. artificial ripening agent d. fuel

____ 8) Which alkane would likely to have a very low boiling point?
a. butane b. hexane c. pentane d. propane

____9) To which group of hydrocarbons does the moleculewith the structure given:

a. alkane b. alkene c. alkyne d. none of these

____ 10) How many types of bonds are there in the given hydrocarbon compound:

a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4

1
Adapted with minor modifications from Science 9 Learners Module, DepEd Philippines, 2014, xx.
 Lesson
Carbon and Its Bond
1
What I Need to Know

The learner shall be able to:

1. explain how the structure of a carbon atom affects the types of bond it forms.
(S9MT-IIg17)

In this lesson, you will get to know, how unique the carbon atom is. This lesson will answer
particularly how the structure of the carbon atom affects the types of bond it forms: single bond (C-C),
double bond (C=C), and triple bond (C≡C). The structural formulasof carbon and other atoms will
showyou the exact way of connecting them to each other using a short, straight line, known as a bond.

Carbon is the same element present in all living things and some nonliving things, such as paper,
coal, and diamond. Carbon forms organic compounds with other many atoms like hydrogen, oxygen,
nitrogen, and halogens, which can form complex structures. The structural formula is preferred instead of
using the molecular formula because it shows the exact ways in which the atoms are connected to each
other in a form of bond.2

What’s New
A. Describe your observations from the following pictures below:
1.Burning of salt and sugar (http://www.mcutter.com/nat/experiment626/)

_______________________ _______________________

2. a traditional cooking setup (https://cybernag.files.wordpress.com/2018/05/three-stone-stove.png)

________________________

1
2
John McMurry, Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry (Pacific Grove: Brooks/Cole
Publishing Company, 2000), xx.
B. Show the Lewis symbol of the following atoms: (Sci 9 LRM, 2014, pp 115)

Element Family or Group Lewis Symbol

Lithium 1 Li ▪
Fluorine
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Carbon
Hydrogen

C. Identify the type of Covalent Bonds (Sci9 LRM, 2014, pp122)

Compound Chemical Lewis Type of Covalent

Formula Structure Bond
(polar / nonpolar)
Water
Methane
Ethane
Methanol

What Is It

The compounds which contain carbon forms with H, N, O and few other elements
are usually called organic compounds. All these are obtained from plants and animals and
their changed remains like coal and petroleum. Sugars, starches, oils and proteins are examples of
carbon compound obtained from plants and animals. While hydrocarbons, such as hexane and benzene,
are examples of carbon compound obtained from coal and petroleum. 3

Organic compounds have low thermal stability and usually decompose, easily char and burn
when heated. Thus, organic compounds have lower melting points and boiling points due to its weaker
bonds -which is the covalent bond.

Salt (NaCl) is classified as inorganic compound that has higher melting point as compared to
sugar (C12H22O11). Sugar easily melts in the presence of flame or fire and eventually changes into black
color. This is an evidence that organic compound has weaker bond, its chemical properties changes like
the color, odor and taste.
http://www.mcutter.com/nat/experiment626/
05/21/2020, 20:00

3
George I. Sackheim and Dennis D. Lehman, Chemistry for the Health
Sciences (Prentice Hall, Inc., 2003), xx.
Lewis Structure of Carbons and Hydrogens

The only distinguishable characteristic of organic compounds is that all contain the element
carbon. Carbon is the most common element present in all biodegradable materials. Carbon has a unique
ability to bond together, may form a long chains and rings.
The ground-state electron configuration (lowest-energy arrangement) of an atom is a description
of the orbitals that the atom’s electrons occupy. The Carbon ( 6C12) atom with electron configuration of 1s 2
2s2 2p2 has four (4) electrons on its valence shell (outer shell). While hydrogen ( 1H) with electron
configuration of 1s1has one (1) valence electron.

G.N. Lewis in 1916 proposed a shared-electron bond and now called covalent bond. The carbon
bonded to other atoms, not by losing nor gaining, instead by sharing its electrons.

The four (4) valence electrons of carbon represents the

4 dots of carbon in its Lewis structure:

So, with one dot for hydrogen atom:

A stable molecule results when a valence octet of electrons (Octet Rule) has been achieved for
all atoms in a molecule, as shown below:

Carbon has 4 valence electrons that can form a

maximum of four covalent bonds. Bonds are usually represented by a short, straight line connecting the
atoms, with each bond representing a shared pair of electrons.

What’s More

Illustrate the Lewis and Kekule (Line) structure of the following molecules. The first one
has been done for you.

Atoms Molecular structure

In Lewis In Kekule (line-bond)
 What Is It

Bonds are usually represented by a short, straight line connecting the atoms, with each
bond representing a shared pair of electrons. Each carbon atom in the following compounds
forms four bonds

Electron sharing occurs when two atoms approach and their atomic orbitals overlap. Bonds
that have circular cross-section and are formed by head-on overlap of atomic orbitals are called sigma(α)
bonds. Bonds form by sideways overlap of p-orbitals are called pi(π) bonds.
Two carbon atoms can form a covalent bond by sharing a pair of electrons, which will either form into a
structure of saturated hydrocarbon and unsaturated hydrocarbon. A detailed discussion on
Hydrocarbons will follow in the next lesson.
4

What’s More

Show a possible structural formula of molecules by connecting each atom:

Atoms involved Structural Formula (line-bond)
Ex:
6 Hydrogen
2 Carbon

4 Hydrogen
1 Carbon

4 Hydrogen
2 Carbon
 (involves double bond)

6 Hydrogen
3 Carbon
(there is one-double bond
between two C atoms)

2 Hydrogen
2 Carbon
(involves triple bond)

4 Hydrogen
3 Carbon

(there is one-triple bond

between two C atoms)

What I Have Learned

Cue words:
Carbon
Sentence Completion/Word Pool. Pick your answers from the given word pool.
covalent
_______ as element is present in sample like charcoal, paper and even in Diamond.
a precious stone like __________. four (4)
________ compounds are carbon compounds which properties depend multiple
on the number of bonds formed. The _________ bonds found in organic or Octet
Organic
carbon molecules are formed by _________ of electron pairs between atoms. pi-bond
The primary bond that holds between carbon atoms is sigma bond, while the sharing
multiple bond (double or triple) formed by ________. three (3)
Atoms with four (4) or more valence electrons like carbon form as many
bonds as they need electrons to fill their valence shells and thereby reach a stable
______.
It is important to always count the number of bonds of each particular atom.
Carbon should have ______ bonds. Hydrogen has only one (1) bond, oxygen with two
(2) bonds, nitrogen could have ________ bonds, and only one (1) bond for halogens.
Carbon, oxygen and nitrogen, with more than one bond, could possible formed
___________ bond (double or triple bond).

What I Can Do

Activity No. 1: Carbon compounds modelling

Objective: Youwill be able to reproduce your own model of Carbon molecules.

Materials: balls; sticks or straw; glue or masking tape

5
Procedure:
1. Using the molecules given, student/s will make way to somehow copy the ball and
stick model of some carbon molecules.
2. The carbon atom is black while the hydrogen atom will be a white ball.
3. Use the straw or stick for the bond that holds between atoms of carbon and
hydrogen.
For Methane (CH4)

This is the model of the methane molecule with

plastic balls.

This model represents the carbon atom and the

directions where the chemical bond is formed. Using the
stick as the bond, and at its end will be joined with
hydrogen (a white ball).

For Ethane (C2H6)

Ethane is formed by two carbon atoms (black balls) that are joined
with bond (stick). Each end of bonds is attached with hydrogen atom
(white ball).

Lesson
Saturated and Unsaturated
2 Hydrocarbons

What’s In
As you learned from Lesson 1, a carbon atom is unique that it has four
valence electrons, which enables it to form four covalent bonds with atoms of other
elements and other carbon atoms.
Since there are numerous compounds of carbon, these are convenient to organize them
into groups according to their structural similarities. The simplest and most commonly
encountered class of organic compounds is the hydrocarbons.
Moreover, the structures of hydrocarbons affect their properties, such as physical state
and boiling point.

6
 What I Need to Know
At the end of the lesson, you will be able to:

1. explain how the structure of saturated and unsaturated carbon atoms affects the type of
bonds it forms. (S9MT-IIg17)

Specifically, after going through this module, you will be able to:
1. identify the structure of saturated and unsaturated carbon atom compounds or
commonly known as hydrocarbons;
2. determine the name of the structure of saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons;
3. determine the trends of the boiling point and physical state of hydrocarbons relative to
the increase in number of carbon atoms;
4. classify the hydrocarbon compounds into saturated and unsaturated; and
5. classify unsaturated compounds into alkenes and alkynes.

What’s New

In your everyday activities, you may have come across articles or items
that you find are very useful and make daily living comfortable. In this lesson,
hydrocarbons will be further discussed and it is hoped that appreciation will be one of
the end realizations elicited from you.
The activity below will give you common examples of hydrocarbons and their
special uses. Unscramble the bold italic letters and look for the correct words in the
word search below. Encircle your answers.
● Things like Styrofoam food containers
you get from a 24-hour shop to grab
something to eat are now normal
occurrences. Food containers such as
these are made of an unsaturated
hydrocarbon called eytrsen.
● Themnae, a major component of natural
gas, is used for home heating in cold
countries.
● Netehe is a plant hormone that plays
important roles in seed germination and
ripening of fruits.
● Yntehe is a highly reactive molecule used
in oxyacetylene torches.
● Utbnea, used as fuel for cigarette lighters
and portable stoves, is also a propellant
in aerosols, a heating fuel, a refrigerant,
and used in the manufacture of a wide
range of products. 7
*wordsearch was created
fromhttps://worksheets.theteacherscorner.ne
t/make-your-own/word-search/#top
COLORING IS FUN!

In the next activity, you will match the correct number from column A to
thecorresponding prefix in column B. You are to color the boxes containing prefixes in
Column B with the color of the number in column A.

A B

What Is It

SATURATED HYDROCARBONS: Alkanes

Alkanes, whose general formula is CnH2n+2, also called paraffins (meaning, ‘low affinity’), are
hydrocarbons that contain only single bonds. They are classified as saturated hydrocarbons (with all
carbon atoms linked by single bonds).Therefore, for an alkane with five carbon atoms, the formula would
be C5H12. The simplest alkane is methane, CH4, a major component of natural gas and is used for some
heating in cold countries.
Table 1 on the next page will show you the hydrocarbons’ names and their corresponding
molecular structure, expanded and condensed structural formulas, which are very important in
understanding their individual makeup and differences. Study the table thoroughly and answer the
succeeding guide question.
Table 1. Alkanes
Guide Question:
1. In the table above, the names of the alkanes are written using a system that
tells us the exact number of carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon compound.
How is this method done? On the succeeding table, please write down your
observation by providing the added group of words (affix) for each
hydrocarbon compound name. The first one has been done for you.

# of carbon atoms Compound Name Affix

1 methane Meth-

10

UNSATURATED HYDROCARBONS: Alkenes and Alkynes

Alkenes, also called olefins, are unsaturated hydrocarbons containing one or more double bonds
(C=C). As a result, it contains less hydrogen atoms bonded to the carbon atoms and follows the general
formula: CnH2nin an alkene, the formula of a three-carbon atom with one double bond then would be C 3H6.
Ethene is the simplest alkene with the chemical formula, C 2H4 a plant hormone that plays important roles
in seed germination and ripening of fruits.

ethene
1-butene
Figure 1. Samples of Alkenes

Alkynes, containing one or more triple bonds, (C≡C) have the general formula of C nH2n-2. The
simplest alkyne, a highly reactive molecule used in oxyacetylene torches is acetylene or ethyne, C 2H2.

ethyne
propyne

Figure 2. Samples of Alkynes

9
SELF-CHECK:
Classify the following compounds as alkene or alkyne based on the given structure:
1. CH3CH = CHCH3 _________________________
2. HC Ξ C - CH3 _________________________
3. H2C = CH - CH3 _________________________
4. H3C - CH2 - C Ξ C - CH3 _________________________

The table below shows the physical properties of each hydrocarbon in terms of
its phase, boiling point and melting point. Observe the changes of the properties as the
number of carbon atoms (Recall Table 1) in the hydrocarbon compound increases.

Table 2. Physical Properties of Hydrocarbons

Guide Question:
1. Examine the data in Table 2 and identify the trends (increasing or decreasing) of the
properties of the three (3) hydrocarbon groups with regard to the number of carbon
atoms. Write your observations below.
a. Alkanes
Phase: __________________________________________________
Boiling Point Trend: ________________________________________
Melting Point Trend: ________________________________________
b. Alkenes
Phase: __________________________________________________
Boiling Point Trend: _________________________________________
Melting Point Trend: ________________________________________
c. Alkynes
Phase: __________________________________________________
Boiling Point Trend: _________________________________________
Melting Point Trend: ________________________________________
2. What do you think will be the boiling and melting points of the next longer alkane, alkene,
and alkyne after dec- (10 carbon atoms)? Will it be greater than the value for decane,
decene and decyne?
_____________________________________________________________

What’s More

Hydrocarbon structures can also be determined through its name based on the
IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry).

HYDROCARBON NOMENCLATURE

The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) has established rules in
order to systematize the naming of hydrocarbon molecules. The process of naming is shown
below.

Table 3. Steps in Naming Hydrocarbons

Determine the following Steps in Naming
No. of
Carbon Classes of Type of Combine
Suffix Carbon Prefix Suffix
Compounds Hydrocarbons Bonds prefix+suffix
Atoms
Saturated
Alkane Single -ane 2 Eth- -ane ethane
Hydrocarbon
Unsaturated Alkene Double -ene 3 Prop- -ene propene
Hydrocarbon Alkyne Triple -yne 4 But- -yne butyne
11
 In naming, we determine the number of carbon atoms in the compound and look for the
equivalent prefix. Prefixes are added to the "ene" or "yne" final syllable where more than 1
multiple bond is present. The first few prefixes for these are:

No. of carbon atoms Prefix

1 meth-
2 eth-
3 prop-
4 but-
5 pent-
6 hex-
7 hept-
8 oct-
9 non-
10 dec-

Note: There are aromatic compounds (cyclic

hydrocarbons) whose naming rules you shall take up in
more advanced classes in the future.

SELF-CHECK:
Name the five hydrocarbons below following the IUPAC rules.

___________,____________,___________,___________,_____________

What I Have Learned

Complete the concept map below by providing the missing terms. Choose from the word
pool below

12
 What I Can Do
Let’s Investigate!

In our daily activities, we usually encounter common products containing hydrocarbon

compounds at home or anywhere. Classify the corresponding pictures to the class of
hydrocarbon it belongs.

Complete the table by writing the name of the product on the first column and then
classify the product as to the kind of hydrocarbon group it belongs to by checking the
appropriate column.

Products Alkane Alkene Alkyne

Summary
Carbon atom is a unique kind of elements that has four valence electrons, which enables
it to form four covalent bonds with atoms of other elements and other carbon atoms.
The simplest and most commonly encountered class of carbon compounds are the
hydrocarbons. These are classified into two groups based on their structure: the saturated
carbon-hydrogen compounds known as alkanes that indicate a single bond between the carbon
- carbon atoms; and the unsaturated hydrocarbons whichare further classified into alkenes and
alkynes.
Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons with a double bond present between one of the
carbon - carbon atoms (C=C) in the compound while alkynes contain a triple bond (C≡C)
between the carbon atoms.
The type of bonds present in the compound affects the physical properties of the
hydrocarbons. The increasing number of carbons in the compound indicates a high boiling point
as it exists in a liquid state; on the other hand, as the number of carbon atoms decreases in the
compound with the presence of a double or triple bond, the boiling point decreases as its phase
changes to gaseous form.
Long chained hydrocarbons are polymers and many of them occur naturally. Other
polymers are synthetic. This means that, they are produced in labs or factories. Synthetic
polymers are created in synthesis reactions in which monomers bond together to form much
larger compounds. Plastics are examples of synthetic polymers. The plastic items in Figure
below are all made of polythene (also called polyethylene). They consist of repeating monomers
of ethene (C2H4).4
13

4
“A Chemistry of Carbon.”
 Assessment: (Post-Test)5
I. Multiple Choice: Choose the best answer. Write the corresponding letter of your choice on the
blank provided before each number.

____ 1) Carbon atom forms how many bonds?

a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4

____ 2) Carbon can bond to ?

a. H b. N c. O d. all of these

____ 3) An organic (carbon molecule) bond represents ?

a. a transfer of protons c. a pair of shared electrons

b. a transfer of electrons d. a pair of shared protons

____ 4) Most organic compounds have (a. lower; b. higher) boiling and melting point as
compared to inorganic compound.

____ 5) Which of the following pairs is highly flammable?

a. gasoline; acetone c. oil; vinegar

b. water; ethanol d. LPG; kerosene

____ 6)Princess wants to remove her nail polish. What must she use?
a. gasoline c. ethanol
b. vinegar d. acetone

____ 7) Which alkane would likely to have a very low boiling point?
a. butane b. hexane c. pentane d. propane

____ 8) What is the common use of methane?

a. disinfectant c. fertilizer
b. artificial ripening agent d. fuel

____ 9)How many types of bonds are there in the given hydrocarbon compound:

a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4

____10)To which group of hydrocarbons does the molecule with the structure below?

a. alkane b. alkene c. alkyne d. none of these

14

5
"Science 9 Learners Module.”
 Key Answers
Pre-Assessment

1) C
2) D
3) D
4) D
5) D
6) A
7) D
8) D
9) C
10) B
LESSON 2
What’s New
• Styrene
• Methane
• Ethene
• Ethyne
• Butane
SATURATED HYDROCARBONS: Alkanes

# of carbon atoms Compound Name Affix

1 methane Meth-

2 ethane Eth-

3 propane Prop-

4 butane But-

5 pentane Pent-

6 hexane Hex-

7 heptane Hept-

8 octane Oct-

9 nonane Non-

10 decane Dec-

UNSATURATED HYDROCARBONS: Alkenes and Alkynes

SELF-CHECK
1) Alkene
2) Alkyne
3) Alkene
4) Alkyne
HYDROCARBON NOMENCLATURE
SELF-CHECK
1) Heptane
2) 1-Pentene
3) 3-Nonyne
4) 3-Hexene
5) Decane
15
For inquiries and feedbacks, please write or call:

Department of Education – Division of Iligan City

Office Address: General Aguinaldo, St., Iligan City
Telefax: (063)221-6069
E-mail Address: [email protected]
 Government Property

NOT FOR SALE

NOT
9
Science
Quarter 2, Wk 7 - Module 7
The Variety of Carbon Compounds

(design your own cover page)

Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippine

 What I Know (Pretest)1
Multiple Choice: Read the statements carefully. Choose the BEST answer. Write the letter of your
answers on the space provided before each number.

______1. Which of the following statements best describe organic compounds?

A. Organic compounds are compounds that contain carbon and oxygen only.
B. Organic compounds are compounds that are produced by living things.
C. Organic compounds are composed mainly of carbon and hydrogen.
D. Organic compounds are compounds that contain carbon atoms only.

______2. How do carbon atoms form many organic compounds?

A. by attracting other elements toward themselves to form the bonds
B. by forming many bonds with other carbon atoms and other elements
C. by sharing their electrons with other metal and non-metal elements
D. by transferring their electrons to the atoms of surrounding elements

______3. What is the maximum number of bonds can a carbon atom form? A. 2
B. 3 C. 4 D. 5

______4. Emmanuel Juan, a fisherman, went home with some of his catch and told
his son to cook the fish. But his son said, “Father, the stove ran out of fuel already.” Then his
father told him to buy some so that they could start cooking the fish. Which organic compound
do you think the boy will buy?
A. Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)
B. gasoline
C. lubricating oil
D. isopropyl alcohol

_____5. Which of the following pairs of organic compounds is highly flammable?

A. gasoline, acetone C. lubricating oil, isopropyl alcohol
B. water, ethyl alcohol D. liquefied petroleum gas, kerosene

_____6. Honey is applying something to the ball bearings of the wheels of her bicycle
so that friction will be minimized. Which of the following material do you think she is using?
A. vinegar C. kerosene
B. isopropyl alcohol D. lubricating oil

_____7. A gasoline boy was being scolded by his store manager for smoking in the
vicinity of the gasoline station. Why do you think the manager scolded his employee?
A. because gasoline is volatile and flammable
B. because gasoline has a bad odor
C. because gasoline is viscous
D. because gasoline has a black color
1
adapted with minor modifications fromScience 9 Learner’s Module, DepEd Philippines, 2014,xx.

_____8. Amidst CoViD-19, DOH advised everyone to thoroughly disinfect their hands
with ________.
A. formalin C. kerosene
B. isopropyl alcohol D. acetone

_____9. Ethene is a natural gas produced in plants, which acts as a natural ripening
agentof fruits. Which of the following organic compounds has the same ability to ripen fruits?
A. butane B. propene C. acetylene D. pentyne

_____10. What is the common use of methane?

A. disinfectant C. artificial ripening agent
B. fertilizer D. fuel

_____11. Which are TRUE about the use of isopropyl alcohol?

I. Cleaner II. Fuel III. Disinfectant IV. Fertilizer
A. I, II, and III only B. II and III only C. III and IV only D. I and IV only
_____12. Salvador has to remove the red paint in the paintbrush so that he could still
use itagain next time. What organic compound should he use to remove the paint in the
paintbrush?
A. acetic acid B. lubricating oil C. kerosene D. formaldehyde

_____13. Which of the following compounds is a carbonyl compound?

H H H H

A. H–C–C–C–H C. H–C=O

H OH H

H H H

B. H – C – C – OH D. H – CΞ C – C – H

H H H

_____14. What organic compound is used by embalmers in treating human

cadavers?
A. acetic acid B. formaldehyde C. methyl alcohol D. acetone

_____15. Which compound is an alcohol?

H H H H

A. H–C–C–C–H C. H–C=O

H OH H

H H H

B. H – C – C – OOH D. H – CΞ C – C – H

H H H

1
lbid., iii

iii
 Lesson The Variety of Carbon Compounds
1
What I Need to Know

At the end of the lesson, you will be able to:

1. recognize the uses of common organic compounds;
2. describe and identify the properties and uses of alcohols; and
3. describe and identify the properties and uses of ketones and aldehydes.

What’s New

Matching Type: Identify the substances in Column A whether it is organic or inorganic.

Substance Organic or Inorganic

1. Starch, (C6H10O5)n

https://www.publicdomainpictures.net/en/view-
image.php?image=118933&picture=container-of-corn-starch

2. Steel, Fe

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Steel-Dowel-Pins.jpg

3. Neon, Ne

https://www.wallpaperflare.com/teal-and-purple-risk-neon-signage-risk-
neon-graffiti-lamp-lights-wallpaper-zmaxd

1
 Substance Organic or Inorganic

4. Lactose (milk), C12H22O11

https://pxhere.com/en/photo/1362675

5. Ethyl alcohol, C2H5OH

https://www.wallpaperflare.com/search?wallpaper=ethyl+alcohol

6. Butane, C4H10

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Butane_gas_cylinder.JPG

Guide Questions:
1. What element all organic compounds have in common? ________________
2. What is the most common use for most of the lightweight organic compounds (fewer than 10
carbon atoms)? ________________
3. How does the composition of organic foods compare to the composition of organic fuels?
________________

What Is It

Organic compounds are group of compounds that contain the element carbon.Organic
compounds contain carbon and hydrogen combined with other elements namely oxygen, nitrogen,
phosphorous, sulfur, and halogens (fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine). Ethyl alcohol, acetone,
gasoline, naphthalene, acetic acid, vanillin, acetylene, and esters are just a few examples of many
useful organic compounds. These kinds of compounds are produced by plants and animals. However,
these carbon-containing compounds can also be produced artificially. There are also organic
compounds that are produced from petroleum: liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), gasoline, lubricating oil
and kerosene. These compounds have different uses in the community.

Many organic compounds are formed because of the special characteristics of the element
carbon. A carbon atom hasfour (4) valence electrons. This kind of atomic structure makes the
carbon atom able to form four covalent bonds with atoms of other elements and other carbon atoms.
Carbon atoms can also make many types of arrangements: single bond, double bond, and triple
2
 bond. With these abilities of the carbon atoms, chemical bonds between carbon atoms and
other elements can form different kinds of compounds with short and long straight and branched
chained structures such as the following compounds. 1

What’s More

Activity 1: Organic Compounds – are they useful?

(adapted and modified from Sci9 LRM, pp. 131-132)

Objective:
In this activity, you will be able to recognize the uses of common organiccompounds.

Materials:
paper and pen pentel pen manila paper

Labels or Pictures of the following products:

gasoline, ethanol,acetone,LPG , kerosene, acetic acid

(a)gasoline (b) ethanol (c) acetone (d) LPG

https://freesvg.org/ https://pixabay.com/ https://pixabay.com/ https://www.goodfreephotos.
1546205535 photos/ethanol-alcohol- vectors/brush-bottle- com/vector-images/gas-bottle-
protection-covid-19- nail-polish-beauty- vector-clipart.png.php
5058486/ 42823/

(e) kerosene (f) acetic acid

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerosene https://www.needpix.com/photo/1388072/
vinegar-bottle-restaurant-food-seasoning-flavoring-
flavouring-flavor-dressing
Procedure:
1. Use the labels/pictures of the materials to answer thefollowing questions:

Q1. What do you think are the characteristics of the materials which give their uses?
Q2. Why do you think these kinds of organic compounds are very important?

3
 Complete the table about the uses of the compounds. Using a check mark, indicatethe uses
of the compounds. You may have more than one check mark per sample depending on its use/s.

Organic compounds and their uses

Organic Compounds
Products Gasoline Ethanol Acetone LPG Kerosene Acetic Acid
Beverage
Food
Uses Antiseptic
Fuel
Cleaner
(* This activity is adapted, with minor modification, from Glencoe Physical Science Texas
Edition.(1997). Glencoe/McGraw-Hill Companies Inc., page 369)

You just learned the important uses of common organic compounds that are
commonly used. In the next activity, you will learn about the properties and uses of the
carbon compound with functional groups—alcohols, ketones, and aldehydes.

What’s New
Encircle the word/s from the choices that best completes the sentence.

Alcohols are compounds in which one or more hydrogen atoms in an alkane

have been replaced by an [ alkyl, hydroxyl] group. Thus, an alcohol molecule consists of two parts.
The first one has the [ alkyl, hydroxyl] and the other has the hydroxyl group.
The boiling point of an alcohol is always significantly [ higher, lower] than that of the alkane,
and the boiling points of the alcohols [ increase, decreases] as the number of carbon atoms
increases.The patterns in the boiling point reflect the patterns in [ intramolecular, intermolecular
]attractions.
As the length of the hydrocarbon chain increases, the solubility in water [ increases,
decreases]. The viscosity of alcohols increases as the size of the molecules [ increases, decreases
].Theflammability of alcohols [ increases, decreases ] as the size and mass of the molecules
increases.

Every kind of organic compound has specific properties or characteristics.Although these

compounds may show similarities in some properties, these compoundsdo not have exactly the same
properties.

Alcohols are another group of organic compounds. These organic compounds also have very
important uses. Some alcohols are used as antiseptic or disinfectant, some are used as cleaning
agents, others are used as components of liquors and a few alcohols are used as fuel for portable
stoves or other types of burners.

What Is It

Alcohols are compounds in which one or more hydrogen atoms in an alkane have been
replaced by an -OH group. Thus, an alcohol molecule consists of two parts. The first one has the
alkyl group(-CH) and the other has the hydroxyl group (-OH).
For example:
alkyl hydroxyl OH CH3

CH3 – CH2 – OH CH3 – CH – CH3 CH3 – CH – CH2 – OH

ethanol propan-2-ol 2-methylpropan-1-ol
They have a sweet odor and exhibit a unique set of physical and chemical properties. The
presence of the hydroxyl group is the main factor in determining the properties of alcohol. Let us now
look at some of the prominent physical properties of alcohol.

4
Physical Properties of Alcohol
You may ask why it is important. Well, we need to know the physical properties of these
organic compounds to be able to use them for our benefit. Imagine how would it be if alcohol weren’t
miscible in water? Therefore, we will look at the physical properties of alcohol first.

1. Boiling Points

https://sites.google.com/site/chemistryolp/properties-of-alcohols

The chart above shows the boiling points of the simple primary alcohols with up to 4 carbon
atoms. These boiling points are compared with those of the equivalent alkanes (methane to butane)
with the same number of carbon atoms.

Notice that the boiling point of an alcohol is always significantly higher than that of
the analogous alkane, and the boiling points of the alcohols increase as the number of carbon
atoms increases. The patterns in the boiling point reflect the patterns in intermolecular attractions,
that is, Hydrogen Bonding between hydroxyl groups of alcohol molecules. While alkanes, however,
have van der Waals forces as their intermolecular forces .

Boiling Points of the First 11 Alcohols

https://sites.google.com/site/chemistryolp/properties-of-alcohols

5
2. Solubility in Water
Alcohols are soluble in water. This is due to the hydroxyl group in the alcohol which is able
to form hydrogen bonds with water molecules. Alcohols with a smaller hydrocarbon chain are very
soluble. As the length of the hydrocarbon chain increases, the solubility in water decreases,
becauseit requires more energy to overcome the hydrogen bonds between the alcohol molecules as
the molecules are more tightly packed together as the size and mass increases. 2

3. Viscosity
Viscosity is the property of a fluid that resists the force tending to cause the fluid to flow.The
viscosity of alcohols increases as the size of the molecules increases. This is because the
strength of the intermolecular forces increases, holding the molecules more firmly in place. 2
2
Properties of alcohols. https://sites.google.com/site/chemistryolp/properties-of-alcohols

4. Flammability
The flammability of alcohols decreases as the size and mass of the molecules
increases. Combustion breaks the covalent bonds of the molecules, so as the size and mass of the
molecules increases, there are more covalent bonds to break in order to burn that alcohol. Hence,
more energy is required to break the bonds, therefore the flammability of alcohols decrease as size
and mass of molecules increases.2
Sample Uses of Alcohols

Alcohol Source Use/s

1. Methanol produced by heating wood fuel for automobile engines, polar
(wood alcohol) chips in the absence of air organic solvent
2. Ethanol produced through fermentation
motor fuel, gasoline
(grain alcohol) of fruit juices
made by indirect hydration of
3. Isopropyl alcohol industrial solvent, rubbing alcohol
propylene
automotive antifreeze, an
ingredient in hydraulic fluids,
4. Ethylene glycol glycol made from ethylene printing inks and paint solvents,
reagent for explosives, polyesters,
etc.
by-product of soap
primary explosive in dynamite,
manufacture, through the
5. Glycerol coronary vasodilator, solvent,
saponification;
(glycerine) moisturizer, antifreeze, lubricant,
obtained by fermentation from
etc.
molasses and sugar
6
 Alcohols have many uses in our everyday world. They can be found in beverages, antifreeze,

antiseptics, and fuels. They can be used as preservatives for specimens in science, and they can be used in

industry as reagents and solvents because they display an ability to dissolve both polar and non-polar

substances.Alcohols are an important class of molecules with many scientific, medical, and industrial uses.

What’s More

Activity 2: Alcohols and Their Uses

(adapted and modified from Sci9 LRM)

Objective:
In this activity, you will be able to recognize the uses and properties of alcohols.

Materials:
paper and pen pentel pen manila paper

Labels or Pictures of the following products:

https://www.flickr.com/photos/fdaphotos/42408980650 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cleaner_(Alcohol).jpg

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Day_63_- https://pxhere.com/en/photo/750433
_The_Hard_Stuff..._Hand_sanitizer.jpg

Procedure:
1. Read the labels of the products that contain alcohol.
2. Complete the table below, by writing the names of the products and the alcohol compounds
that are present in the labels of the product and their uses.

Name of Alcohol/s Percent (%) or

Name of Products Present in the amount of alcohol Uses
Product in the Product
 Q1. What are the common products that contain alcohol?
Q2. Why are these alcohols important?
3. Use the following illustrations of the structures of common alcohols to answer the following
questions.

Q3. What types of bonds are present in ethyl alcohol, methyl alcohol and in isopropyl alcohol?
Q4. What accounts for the similar physical properties of alcohol?

What’s New

Word Search: Find the hidden words in the box. The hidden wordsare
written in all directions, written from left to right or from right to left, horizontally,
vertically and diagonally, but these are always on one straight line.

N O M A N N I C H O U S L
S I S O L U B I L I T Y F
U A L O G T E R M I N A L
N O B L L H Y K L O E M E
E N G N I L I O B Q G N M
T N W T E N I R O W N M U
R A O G R R A D I S U A F
E N O T E C A V L Z P G R
S A L D E H Y D E X R E E
M U E N A K L A R U X V P

acetone boiling ketone solubility

aldehyde carbonyl perfume terminal
alkane cinnamon pungent vanillin

What are the smallest ketone and simplest aldehyde? The simplest aldehyde is
formaldehyde and the smallest ketone is acetone. Aldehydes and ketones in combination
with other functional groups are widely available in nature. There are many essential uses of
aldehydes and ketones and they form an inevitable part of many industrial processes.
Aldehydes and ketones are widespread in nature including plants, microorganisms, animals,
and humans.

8
 What Is It

Aldehydes and ketones contain the carbonyl group, -C=O-. In aldehydes, the
carbonyl group is located at the terminal end of the molecule, whereas in ketones, the
carbonyl group is located anywhere between the two terminal ends of the molecule.
For example (aldehyde):
alkyl carbonyl

H–C CH3 – C
=O =O CH3 – CH2 – C =O
H H H
methanal ethanal propanal

In aldehydes, the carbonyl group has one hydrogen atom attached to it together with
either a 2nd hydrogen atom or ahydrogen group which may be an alkyl group or one
containing a benzene ring (discussed on higher Chemistry).
You can notice that all these have the same end to the molecule. The only difference
is the complexity of the other attached group.

For example (ketone):

alkyl carbonyl
=O =O =O
H–C CH3 – C CH3 – CH2 – C
CH3 CH2 - CH3 CH2 - CH3
propanone butanone pentan-3-one
In ketones, the carbonyl group has 2 hydrocarbon groups attached to it. These can
be either the ones containing benzene rings or alkyl groups. Ketone does not have a
hydrogen atom attachedto the carbonyl group.
The simplest aldehyde is formaldehyde which has an irritating and pungent odor and
is soluble in water. While the acetone is the simplest and most important ketone - which is
colorless with pungent and sweet odor.

Physical Properties of Aldehydes and Ketones

1. Boiling Points
Methanal is a gas (boiling point -21°C), and ethanal has a boiling point of +21°C.
That means that ethanal boils at close to room temperature. The other aldehydes and the
ketones are liquids, with boiling points rising as the molecules get bigger. The size of the
boiling point is governed by the strengths of the intermolecular forces.

Molecule Type Boiling Point (◦C)

CH3CH2CH3 alkane -42
CH3CHO aldehyde +21
CH3CH2OH alcohol +78

Notice that the aldehyde (with dipole-dipole attractions as well as dispersion forces) has a
9
 boiling point higher than the similarly sized alkane which only has dispersion forces. However,
the aldehyde's boiling point isn't as high as the alcohols. In alcohol, there is hydrogen bonding as well
as the other two kinds of intermolecular attraction.
In general, as the size of the molecules increases, the boiling point of the molecule
increases due to the increase in Van der Waals forces between them.The boiling point of aldehydes
and ketones is higher than that of alkanes and ethers of similar molecular mass, however, it is
significantly less compared to that of alcohols and carboxylic acids due to the absence of H-bonding in
aldehydes and ketones.

2. Solubility in Water
The lower members of aldehydes and ketones such as methanal, propanone, etc. are
miscible with water in all proportions because they form a hydrogen bond with water. As the length
of the alkyl chain increases, the solubility of aldehydes and ketones decreases rapidly because
the number of carbon atoms increases in chain. All aldehydes and ketones are fairly soluble in
organic solvents like benzene, ether, methanol, chloroform, etc.

3. Odor
The lower aldehydes have sharp pungent odours. However, as the size of the molecule
increases, the odour becomes less pungent and more fragrant.
Sample Uses of Aldehydes& Ketones

Compounds of plants and microorganisms containing aldehydes and ketones include

cinnamaldehyde in cinnamon bark, Citra in lemongrass, vanillin in vanilla bean, carvone in spearmint
and caraway, helminthosporal- a fungal toxin, and camphor in camphor trees. Hormones of animal
and human origin contain aldehydes and ketones such as muscone in musk deer, female sex
hormone- progesterone, male sex hormone-testosterone, and adrenal hormone- cortisone.
A famous ketone “methadone” helps in curing addiction of opiates such as heroin, opium, and
morphine. In this topic, we will study the many uses of aldehydes and ketones.
Aldehydes Source Use/s
used for preserving tissue
specimens and embalming
1. Formaldehyde pressed-wood products
bodies; used to sterilize soil or
(formalin) containing formaldehyde resins
other materials; used in the
manufacture of Bakelite

Aldehydes Source Use/s

occurs naturally in coffee,
2. Acetaldehyde used for the production of acetic
bread, and ripe fruit, and is
(ethanal) acid and pyridine derivatives
produced by plants
3. Propionaldehyde from various plant sources, e.g.
flavouring agent
(propanal) banana, melon, pineapple,
 bread, coffee, cooked rice and
strawberry or apple aroma
used in perfumes, cosmetic
extracted from a number of products, and dyes; provide
4. Benzaldehyde
other natural sources almond flavour to food products;
used as a bee repellent
Ketones Source Use/s
solvent for lacquer, acetylene,
1. Dimethyl ketone
cumene process plastics, and varnishes; paint and
(acetone)
varnish remover; solvent
Industrial solvent; manufacture of
2. Butanone
trees and some fruits plastics and textiles; paint
(methyl ethyl ketone)
remover; cleaning agent
3. Cyclohexanone oxidation of cyclohexane in air used in the production of nylon

What’s More

Look around your household, find items or substances that you think
belongs to aldehydes and ketones. List down at least five (5) of these
items in the table and cite their uses.

Substance/Item Use/s
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

What I Have Learned

I. Complete the table about the uses of the compounds. Using a check mark, indicate the
uses of the compounds. You may have more than one check mark per sample depending on
its use/s.

Organic Compounds
Ethyl Acetic
Products Formaldehyde Diesel Butane Kalburo
alcohol Acid
Beverage
Food
Antiseptic
Uses Fuel
Cleaner
Preservative
Ripener

11
II. Choose the correct statement that completes the sentence by checking the circle beside
your chosen answer.

1. Aldehydes and ketones contain the

○ carbonyl group
○ alkyl group
2. The smallest ketone is
○ formalin
○ acetone
3. In aldehydes, the carbonyl group is located
○ anywhere between the two terminal ends of the molecule
○ at the terminal end of the molecule
4. Ethanal boils at close to
○ room temperature
○ desert temperature
5. As the size of the aldehyde and ketone molecules increases, their boiling point
○ increases
○ decreases
6. Methanal and propanone are miscible with water in all proportions because they
○ form covalent bond with water
○ form hydrogen bond with water
7. As the length of the alkyl chain increases, the solubility of aldehydes and ketones
○ decreases
○ increases

What I Can Do
Activity 3: Which bananas will ripen faster?
(adapted and modified from Sci9 LRM)

Calcium carbide (CaC2) is a compound that is commonly known as kalburo.

Fruitvendors use this substance to speed up ripening of fruits like mangoes and bananas in
just a couple of days. When calcium carbide reacts with water such as moisture in the air,
ethyne gas is produced. Ethyne or commonly known as acetylene is a kind of alkyne.

Objective:
In this activity, you will be able to investigate how a common organic
compoundnamely ethyne can ripen fruits faster than the natural way.

Materials:
Calcium carbide (kalburo) hand gloves
Newspapers face masks
12 unripe, green bananas of same variety small plastic cups
2 empty shoe or fruit juice boxes packaging tape

Procedure:
1. Using a sheet of newspaper, wrap ¼ kilo (250g) of crushed calcium carbide
(kalburo). Make sure that the wrapped calcium carbide will just be enough to fit the
area of the bottom of one shoebox.
2. Put the wrapped calcium carbide at the bottom of the shoebox and cover it with
another piece of newspaper.
3. Place 3 unripe (nearing maturity) bananas of the same kind inside the first box with
calcium carbide. This will be Group A.
4. Do not put wrapped calcium carbide in the other shoe box.
12
 5. Place another set of 3 green, unripe bananas of the same kind in the secondbox.
This will be Group B.
6. After putting all the bananas in each box A and box B, cover both boxes.
7. Leave the shoe boxes for 48 hours.
Q1. What are you going to find out or investigate in the experiment?
Q2. What is the independent variable?
Q3. What is the dependent variable in the experiment?
Q4. Write your hypothesis or prediction about what might happen in the
experiment.
8. After 2 or 3 days, put on your face masks and observe what happened to the bananas. Write
your observation in the data below.
Observations
Group
Number of Ripe Bananas and their Appearance

A (with calcium carbide)

B (without calcium carbide)

Q5. How many bananas ripened in Group A and in Group B?

Q6. Which group has fully ripened the bananas?
Q7. What conclusion can you draw based on the results of your experiment?
Q8. Look for the properties of ethyne and explain how it can introduce ripening of fruits?

In this activity, you were able to observe how ethyne or acetylene, which is analkyne, can
make banana ripen faster. This is just one of the many applications ofacetylene.

Summary

Organic compounds such as gasoline, kerosene, ethyl alcohol, isopropylalcohol,

formaldehyde, acetic acid, acetone, and lubricating oil have importantuses. These uses are
based on their specific chemical properties
Ethyne or commonly known as acetylene is an alkyne hydrocarbon with achemical formula
C2H2. This organic compound is commonly used as fuel in anoxy-acetylene welding torch.
Ethyne (acetylene) is also produced when Calciumcarbide, CaC 2, reacts with water in the air.
It has the ability to hasten the ripeningof fruits. That is why fruit vendors use calcium carbide
in ripening their fruits injust a few days.
Ethene is a gaseous organic compound with a chemical formula CH 2CH2. It is aplant’s
compound that is responsible for the ripening of fruits.
Alcohols are a group of organic compounds that contain a hydroxyl group, -OH,that is
chemically bonded to a carbon atom in the compound. They have specialuses such as a
disinfectant, fuel, and as a main component (ethyl alcohol) ofliquor and other alcoholic drinks.
Carbonyl compounds like acetone, and formaldehyde have a carbonyl functionalgroup, C=O,
which is chemically bonded to a carbon atom in the compound.These common carbonyl
compounds also have important uses: acetone is usedas a cleaning agent like a nail polish
remover, and formaldehyde is used inpreserving organic materials like an animal specimen.
This is also the compoundused in embalming human cadavers.

13
 Assessment: (Post-Test)
Multiple Choice: Read the statements carefully. Choose the BEST answer. Write the letter of your
answers on the space provided before each number.

_____1. Honey is applying something to the ball bearings of the wheels of her bicycle
so that friction will be minimized. Which of the following material do you think she is using?
A. vinegar C. kerosene
B. isopropyl alcohol D. lubricating oil
_____2. A gasoline boy was being scolded by his store manager for smoking in the
vicinity of the gasoline station. Why do you think the manager scolded his employee?
A. because gasoline is volatile and flammable
B. because gasoline has a bad odor
C. because gasoline is viscous
D. because gasoline has a black color
_____3. Amidst CoViD-19, DOH advised everyone to thoroughly disinfect their hands
with ________.
A. formalin C. kerosene
B. isopropyl alcohol D. acetone
_____4. Ethene is a natural gas produced in plants, which acts as a natural ripening
agentof fruits. Which of the following organic compounds has the same ability to ripen fruits?
A. butane B. propene C. acetylene D. pentyne
_____5. What is the common use of methane?
A. disinfectant C. artificial ripening agent
B. fertilizer D. fuel
_____6. Which are TRUE about the use of isopropyl alcohol?
I. Cleaner II. Fuel III. Disinfectant IV. Fertilizer
A. I, II, and III only B. II and III only C. III and IV only D. I and IV only

_____7.Salvador has to remove the red paint in the paintbrush so that he could still
use itagain next time. What organic compound should he use to remove the paint in the
paintbrush?
A. acetic acid B. lubricating oil C. kerosene D. formaldehyde
_____8. Which of the following compounds is a carbonyl compound?

H H H H

A. H–C–C–C–H C. H–C=O

H OH H

H H H

B. H – C – C – OH D. H – CΞ C – C – H

H H H
_____9. What organic compound is used by embalmers in treating human
cadavers?
A. acetic acid B. formaldehyde C. methyl alcohol D. acetone
_____10. Which compound is an alcohol?

H H H H

A. H–C–C–C–H C. H–C=O

H OH H

H H H

B. H – C – C – OOH D. H – CΞ C – C – H

H H H
14
______11. Which of the following statements best describe organic compounds?
A. Organic compounds are compounds that contain carbon and oxygen only.
B. Organic compounds are compounds that are produced by living things.
C. Organic compounds are composed mainly of carbon and hydrogen.
D. Organic compounds are compounds that contain carbon atoms only.
______12. How do carbon atoms form many organic compounds?
A. by attracting other elements toward themselves to form the bonds
B. by forming many bonds with other carbon atoms and other elements
C. by sharing their electrons with other metal and non-metal elements
D. by transferring their electrons to the atoms of surrounding elements
______13. What is the maximum number of bonds can a carbon atom form?
A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 5
______14. Emmanuel Juan, a fisherman, went home with some of his catch and told
his son to cook the fish. But his son said, “Father, the stove ran out of fuel already.” Then his
father told him to buy some so that they could start cooking the fish. Which organic compound
do you think the boy will buy?
A. Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)
B. gasoline
C. lubricating oil
D. isopropyl alcohol
_____15. Which of the following pairs of organic compounds is highly flammable?
A. gasoline, acetone C. lubricating oil, isopropyl alcohol
B. water, ethyl alcohol D. liquefied petroleum gas, kerosene

15
 Key to Answers
What I know: Pre-Test (iii)
1. C
2. B
3. C
4. A
5. D
6. D
7. A
8. B
9. C
10. D
11. A
12. C
13. C
14. B
15. A
What’s New (p.1)
1. Organic
2. Inorganic
3. Inorganic
4. Organic
5. Organic
6. Organic
Q1. C
Q2. Fuel
Q3. Tested foods contain C, H, and O; fuels contain only C and H
What’s More (p.3)
I. Formaldehyde – Preservative
Diesel – Fuel
Ethyl alcohol – Antiseptic, Beverage, Fuel
Butane – Fuel
Kalburo – Ripener
Acetic acid – Food, Antiseptic
II. Butane, alkane
CH3(CH2)5CH3, alkane
Hexane, alkane
CH3(CH2)8CH3, alkane
2-butene, alkene
Propyne, alkyne
Propene, alkene
2-pentyne, alkyne
What’s New (p.5)
1. Hydroxyl
2. Alkyl
3. Higher
4. Increases
5. Intermolecular
6. Decreases
7. Increases
8. Decreases
Assessment: Post-Test (p.19)
1. D
2. A
3. B
4. C
5. D
6. A
7. C
8. C
9. B
10. A
11. C
12. B
13. C
14. A
15. D
16
For inquiries and feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – Division of Iligan City

Office Address: Aguinaldo Street, Iligan City
Telefax: (063)221-6069
E-mail Address: [email protected]

17
 Government Property

9
NOT FOR SALE

NOT

Science
Quarter 2,Wk 8 - Module 8
Mole Concept

Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines

 What I Know

I. Multiple Choice: Read the statements carefully. Choose the letter of your answer and
write it on the space provided before the number.

_____ 1. What is the SI unit for measurement of number of particles in a substance?

a. Kilogram c. ampere
b. Mole d. Kelvin
_____ 2. Which of the following choices is NOT a representative particle?
a. molecule c. anion
b. electron d. atom
_____ 3. Aspirin has a chemical formula of C9H8O4. What is the mass of 0.40 molof
aspirin?
a. 72 g c. 160 g
b. 45 g d. 10.8 g
_____ 4. How many particles of any substance does a one mole?
a. 6.02 x1022 particles
b. 6.02 x1023 particles
c. 6.02 x1024 particles
d. 6.02 x1025 particles ii
_____5. If one dozen of egg is 12 pieces of eggs, how many pieces of paper has a
one Ream?
a. 100 pieces c. 350 pieces
b. 250 pieces d. 500 pieces
_____6. What is the molar mass of AuCl3?
a. 96 g c. 130 g
b. 303.6 g d. 626.5 g
_____7. What is the equivalent of Avogadro's number of representative particle?
a. 1 liter c. 2 liters
b. 1 mole d. 2 mole
_____ 8. What is the equivalent of one Mole of a substance?
a. molar mass
b. atomic mass
c. electron mass
d. neutron mass
______9. Given one mole of AuCl3,What its equivalent mass?
a. 96 g c. 231.5 g
b. 130 g d. 303.5 g
______10. How many atoms of hydrogen are there in 2 moles of NH3?
a. 5 x 1023 atoms
b. 3.01 x 1023 atoms
c. 3.61 x 1024 atoms
d. 4 x 1023 atoms
 Lesson
MOLE CONCEPT
1
What I Need to Know

A mole is a quantity that allows chemists to convert from the atomic scale to
macroscopic scale.
In reality, pieces of matter are quantified by measuring its mass and counting it. In
the market, we cannot buy some products like mongo or rice by just counting it because of
its size but rather getting its mass. It is easier for us to do things in getting its mass rather
than counting especially in small items.
At the end of the lesson, you will be able to know about mole concept.
Specifically, after going through this module, you will be able to:

1. Relate the mole concept to Avogadro’s number

2. Apply the mole concept to represent particles and vice versa.
3. Apply the mole concept in getting mass or vice versa in every routine

What’s New

tribune.net.ph
philstar.com

wallpaperflare.com

1
 Have you ever try to count every granuleof rice in your kitchen? 0r even sell a
chicken eggs individually? Not that easy right? The above pictures show how hard to count
small things in this world.

• Pair, 2 (dice, people) • Gross, 144 (pencils, straws, etc.)

• Dozen, 12 (eggs, donuts, etc.) • Ream, 500 (paper)
• Score, 20 (Gettysburg Address) • Gig or Giga, 1 billion (GigaByte)
• Century, 100 (years)
Give another example _______.

Can we measure or handle a dozen, gross, or Giga of atoms?

To figure out the countless things in this world we used MOLE. Did you know that
one ream of paper is 500 pieces of it? Not so. Another one, pair of shoes is 2 pieces of same
shoes. This is a techniques used in order to easily understood and visualize the things in
real life.
The idea of having an enormous number of things that surround them is hard to
understand by learners that is why we need2 to give concrete activities which will give them
an idea on how it is being done in real life scenario.
Matching Type: Match Column A (measuring units) to Column B (equivalent number).
Column A Column B
_____1. 1 dozen of eggs a. 2
_____2. 1 gross of leaves b. 20
_____3. 1 ream of bond paper c. 144
_____4. 1 pair of slippers d. 24
_____5. 1 quire of writing paper e. 500
_____6. 1 score of peanut seeds f. 12

What Is It
.The mole concept is a convenient method of expressing the amount of a substance.
Any measurement can be broken down into two parts – the numerical magnitude and the
units that the magnitude is expressed in. For example, when the mass of a ball is measured
to be 2 kilograms, the magnitude is ‘2’ and the unit is ‘kilogram’. When dealing with particles
at an atomic (or molecular) level, even one gram of a pure element is known to contain a
huge number of atoms. This is where the mole concept is widely used. It primarily focuses
on the unit known as a ‘mole’, which is a count of a very large number of particles.

2
 Reminders:
Mole is the SI unit used to measure the amount of substance whose
number of particles is the same as the number of atoms of carbon in
exactly 12g of Carbon-12
Avogadro’s number is the number of representative particles in a
mole (6.02x1023)
Atom is the smallest particle of an element
Moles can be used to count “representative particles:” atoms,
molecules, ions, and formula units.
The representative particle of an ionic compound is the formula unit.
The representative particle of a covalent compound is the molecule.
The representative particle of an element is the atom.

The number 6.02214076 x 1023 is popularly known as the Avogadro constant or

Avogadro’s number and is often denoted by the symbol ‘N A’. The elementary entities that
can be represented in moles can be atoms, molecules, monoatomic/polyatomic ions, and
other particles (such as electrons).
For example, one mole of a pure carbon-12 (12C) sample will have a mass of exactly
12 grams and will contain 6.02214076 x 10 23 (NA) number of 12C atoms. The number of
moles of a substance in a given pure sample can be represented by the following formula:
n = N/NA

Where n is the number of moles of the substance (or elementary entity), N is the total
number of elementary entities in the sample, and N A is the Avogadro constant.

Note:
The word “mole” was introduced around the year 1896 by the German
chemist Wilhelm Ostwald, who derived the term from the Latin word moles
meaning a ‘heap’ or ‘pile.

Illustration:
To visualize the concept here is a mole of popcorn seeds compared to the salt cube:

Source: www.wired.com/wiredscience/2010/10/how-big-is-a-mole/
3
 The number of moles of a molecule may not always be equal to the number of moles
of its constituent elements. For example, a mole of water contains N A number of H 2O
molecules. However, each water molecule contains 2 hydrogen atoms and one oxygen
atom. Therefore, one mole of H2O contains 2 moles of hydrogen and one mole of oxygen.

Sample Problem:
How many molecules are there in 4.0 moles NaCl (Table Salt)?

To answer this question, you have to consider this:

1 mole = 6.02 x 1023 particles

Using the dimensional analysis approach, you will be able to convert the number of
moles to its equivalent amount in the number of particles.

4.0 moles NaCl (table Salt) x6.02 x 1023 molecules of NaCl = 2.41 x 1024 molecules NaCl
1 mole NaCl

What’s More

Activity 1: “ Tama o MOLE.li”

Objectives:
to identify the mole in a given substance
Materials needed:
activity sheet
ballpen
calculator
Procedure:
just solve the given problem

1 mole = 6.02 × 1023 particles such as atoms, ions, or molecules

1. How many hydrogen ions (H+) are in a mole?

__________________________

2. How many moles of copper are in 6,000,000 atoms of copper?

________________________

3.How many grams are in a sample containing 2.71 x 1024 atoms of iron?
_________________________

4.How many atoms of carbon and sulfur are needed to make one molecule of carbon
disulfide (CS2)? __________________________.

5. How many moles of carbon atoms and sulfur atoms does it take to make one mol of
carbon disulfide (CS2) molecules? __________________________.

4
 What I Have Learned
Provide the missing word/s to complete the correct statements.

Information:
When you buy eggs you usually ask for a _______ eggs. You know that one
dozen of any item is_______.
Paper is not packaged by the dozen. Paper is packaged by a ream. A ream of
paper has 500 sheets. Why is it useful to use units like a dozen or a ream?
_________________________
What determines how many items should make up a particular unit?
_____________
If you were asked to design a new unit to count something, what would you
consider whenchoosing how many items should be included in your new
counting unit?
_______________________________________________

What I Can Do
Singing in Mole: Writing Learners Lyrics to Express Learning

Instruction: Based on the discussions above, make a song using Mole concept.

Write your lyrics here:

Activity No. 2:

5
 Rubric for song writing

Source:irubric

Lesson Molar mass

2
What’s In

From the previous lesson, you knew that a mole is aSI unit
tomeasure the amount of a substance. For different substances, one
mole always contains 6.02 x 1023 particles and has different masses.
Refer to the given table below for the examples.

SUBSTANCE CHEMICAL NUMBER OF MOLAR MASS

FORMULA PARTICLES (g/mole)
Sodium chloride NaCl 6.02 x 1023 58.45
( Table salt)
Water H2 O 6.02 x 1023 18.00

6
 What’s New

Activity 1
Consider a part of the Periodic Table below. Try to locate the elements
and identify their atomic mass and complete the given table below.

H He
1.0
0
Li Be B C N O F Ne
6.9 9.01 10. 12. 14. 16. 19. 20.1
4 81 01 00 00 00 8
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
22. 9.01 26. 28. 30. 32. 35. 39.9
98 98 08 97 06 45 5
K Ca S Ti V Cr M F Co Ni C Z Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
39. 40.0 c n e u n
10 8

NAME SYMBOL MASS (g)

Example: Boron B 10.81
1. Carbon C
2. Sodium Na
3. Potassium K

What Is It

It would be helpful in teaching this topic if you going to unlock difficulties

through the definition of some terminologies such as atomic mass and molar mass.

Atomic and Molecular Mass

The atomic mass of an element is the mass of one atom of the element expressed in
atomic mass units (amu). It accounts for the abundance of the various isotopes of the
element and assigns an average value to the mass of one atom of the element.For example,
the atomic mass of carbon is 12.011 atomic mass units since carbon samples generally
contain 98.89% of the carbon-12 isotope, 1.11% of carbon-13, and trace amounts of carbon-
14. However, the atomic masses of these isotopes are different.
The atomic mass of a carbon-12 atom is 12 atomic mass units, but that of a carbon-
13 atom is 13 amu. The atomic mass of an element is roughly equal to the sum of all the
protons and neutrons present in its nucleus.
The molecular mass of an element is the sum of the atomic masses of all its
constituent elements. This quantity is also represented in terms of atomic mass units.
Therefore, the molecular mass of water is equal to the sum of the atomic masses of its
7
constituents – hydrogen and oxygen. The atomic mass of hydrogen is 1.00794 amu and that
of oxygen is 15.9994. Since water molecules contain 2 hydrogen atoms and only one oxygen
atom, the molecular mass of H2O is 18.0154 amu.

Molar Mass
The molar mass of a substance is defined as the total mass of one mole of the substance. It
is often represented in terms of ‘grams per mole’ (g/mol). However, the SI unit of this
quantity is kg/mol. Molar mass can be represented by the following formula:

Molar mass of a Substance = (Mass of the Substance in grams)/(Number of Moles)

For example, the molar mass of water is approximately 18.015 g/mol, which is the mass of
NA number of water molecules.

Before we proceed, answer the following activity seriously using the given periodic
table.

Practice 1:

Element name Mole Molar mass Grams (g)

Sodium 1 or 6.02 x 10 23

Hydrogen 1 or 6.02 x 10 23

Steps to follow to calculate for the molar mass:

1. Identify the elements in the

compound.

2. Determine the number of

atoms of each element.

3. Write the atomic mass of each

element.

4. Multiply the atomic mass with

the number of atoms.

5. Get the sum of the product in

g/mole.

8
 What’s More

Activity:
This time you will calculate the molar mass of the compound. Fill-up the given
table below. You can use the periodic table as a reference.

COMPOUND ELEMENT NO. OF ATOMIC MOLAR MASS

ATOMS MASS ( g/mole)
Example: NaCl Na 1 23.00 58.45
Cl 1 35.45
1.hydrogen
peroxide,H2 O2
2.Baking
soda,NaHCO3
3.Lime,CaO
4.Lye,NaOH

What I Have Learned

Complete the given table by applying the concepts you have learned.

SUBSTANCE REPERESENTATIVE MOLAR No. of

PARTICLE MASS(g/mole) moles
1.Silver ,Ag 107.87 1
2.Oxygen molecules
gas ,O2
3.Sulfur 64.06 2.0
dioxide, SO2

What I Can Do

Activity:
Learner this is now your chance to show your skill in what you have
learned in this lesson.

SUBSTANCE Representative Molar No. of No. of

particle mass(g/mole) moles particles
1.mercury(Hg) 1
2.nitrogen 1
gas(N2 )
3.sucrose(C12 2
H22 O11 )

9
Summary:

The mole is defined as the number of atoms contained in exactly 12 grams of

carbon-12 (the isotope ). There are 6.0221415 x 1023 particles in a mole.
Remember, a mole is just a number (like dozen) and you can have a mole of
anything.
The concept of a mole is based on Avogadro’s Hypothesis (equal volumes of
all gases at the same temperature and pressure contained the same number
of molecules) and the number of particles in a mole (6.0221415 x 1023) is
commonly referred to as Avogadro’s number (typically rounded to 6.02 x 1023
for most calculations).
Because atomic masses, and the number of particles in a mole, are both
based on the isotopic atomic mass of the isotope carbon-12, the mass of any
substance expressed in atomic mass units is numerically equal to the molar
mass of the substance in grams per mole. Thus, exactly 12 grams of carbon-
12 contains exactly a mole of carbon atoms; likewise, 31.9988 grams of O2
contains 6.02214 x 1023 oxygen molecules (note, six significant figures)
To convert the number of moles of a substance into the mass of a substance,
you simply need to multiply (moles x molar mass).
To convert the mass of a substance into the number of moles, you simply
need to divide the mass by the molar mass.
To convert the number of moles of a substance into the number of particles of
that substance, you simply need to multiply (moles x Avogadro’s number).

10
 Key to Answers

LESSON 1: Mole Concept

What I Know (Pretest)
1. b
2. b
3. b
4. b
5. d
6. c
7. c
8. a
9. a
10. c

What’s New
1. f
2. c
3. e
4. a
5. d
6. b

What’s more
Activity 1. Mole Concepts

1 mole = 6.02 × 1023 particles such as atoms, ions, or

molecules
1. 6.02 × 1023
2. 9.96 x 10-19 moles of copper
3. 251.33 grams of iron.
4. 1 atom of C and two atoms of S
5. 1 mol of C and 2 mol of S

Assessment (Post-Test)

1. b
2. b
3. b
4. b
5. d
6. c
7. c
8. a
9. a
10. c

11
Lesson 2 Molar Mass

What’s New
1.12.01
2.22.98
3.39.1

What’s More

COMPOUND ELEMENT NO. OF ATOMIC MOLAR MASS

ATOMS MASS ( g/mole)
1.hydrogen H 2 1.01 34.02
peroxide,H2 O2 O 2 16.00
2.Baking Na 1 23.00 84.01
soda,NaHCO3 H 1 1.01
C 1 12.00
O 3 16.00
3.Lime,CaO Ca 1 40.08 56.08
O 1 16.00
4.Lye,NaOH Na 1 23.00 40.01
O 1 16.00
H 1 1.01

What I have Learned

SUBSTANC REPERESENTATIV MOLAR No.

E E PARTICLE MASS(g/mole) of
mole
s
1.Silver ,Ag atom
2.Oxygen molecules 32.00
gas ,O2
3.Sulfur molecules
dioxide, SO2

What I can do
`
SUBSTANCE Representative Molar No. of No. of
particle mass(g/mole) moles particles
1.mercury(Hg) atom 200.59 6.02 x
1023
2.nitrogwn molecules 6.02 x
gas(N2 ) 1023
3.sucrose(C12 molecules 342.34 1.2 x
H22 O11 ) 1024

12
ase write o For inquiries and feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – Division of Iligan City

Office Address: Aguinaldo Street, Iligan City
Telefax: (063)221-6069
E-mail Address: [email protected] For inquiries and
feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – Division of Iligan City

Office Address: Aguinaldo Street, Iligan City
Telefax: (063)221-6069
E-mail Address: [email protected]
call:

Department of Education – Bureau of Lam Fro

Telefax: ((08822)855-0048
E-mail Address: [email protected]
 Government Property

NOT FOR SALE

NOT
9
Science
Quarter 2, Wk. 9 - Module 9
Percentage Composition of Compounds

Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines

 What I Know

Pre-test. Direction: Read the following questions carefully and answer the following:

A. List down the elements that are present in the following compounds:
1. Water, H2O: _______________________________________
2. Sodium Hypochlorite, NaOCl: __________________________
3. Sugar, C12H22O11: ___________________________________
4. Eggshell, CaCO3: ___________________________________
5. Baking Soda, NaHCO3: _______________________________

B. Read the text carefully and answer the questions in the statement that follows.

Sodium chloride (NaCl), or commonly known as the Table Salt is a compoundthat

is used in food preparation as a food flavouring and as a preservative. Each
element present in the table salt contains the following atomic masses:
Na=22.99g and Cl = 35.45g.

6. How many grams is in 1 mole of sodium in sodium chloride?

a. 35.45 g b. 22.00 g c. 22.99 g d. 1.001 g
7. How many grams is in 1 mole of chlorine in sodium chloride?
a. 35.45 g b. 22.00 g c. 22.99 g d. 1.001 g
8. What is the total mass of sodium chloride?
a. 22.99 g b. 35.45 g c. 58.44 g d. 81.43 g
9. What is the percentage composition of sodium in sodium chloride?
a. 39.34% b. 35.45% c. 60.66% d. 22.99%
10. What is the percentage composition of chlorine in sodium chloride?
a. 39.34% b. 35.45% c. 60.66% d. 22.29%

i
 Percentage Composition of a
Lesson Compound: What is it?
1
What’s In

In the earlier lessonsyou have learned about calculating the molar mass. And
theconnection between molar mass, number of moles, and number of particles in a mole of a
substance. You have learned also that molar mass is the mass in grams of one mole of a
substance expressed as g/mol. In your grade 7 lessons, you also knew about compounds.
Compound as you might recall is a substance made up of two or more elements.
Taking for example; water (H2O) is a compound. It has the element Hydrogen and
Oxygen. It has a molar mass of 18 g/mol and consist of 2 moles of Hydrogen atoms and 1
mole of oxygen atom. In this lesson, you will apply your knowledge about compounds and
the mole conceptin order to determine the percentage composition of a substance, in
particular compounds.

What’s New
It’s picture analysis time.What can you tell about the image below?

Yes, this picture tells you about a test score.

What else can you see in this image?
This image shows the score of a student on
a 20-item quiz. The student gets a score of 18 over
20 (18/20) or 90%. It means that the student gets
18 correct answers and 2 wrong answers.

The 90% is called the percentage score. If

you want to get your percentage score in a test, you simply divide your score over the total
test item and multiply it by 100. So, in this example, we have 18/20 x 100 = 90%. The table
below, shows the percentage score of the student.

Number of Total Number of (No. of correct answers/ % Score of Correct

correct answers Items total number of items) x answer
100
18 20 (18/20) x 100 90%
1
How much percent did the student answered wrong in the test? Try this one.

Number of Total Number of (No. of wrong answers/ % Wrong answer

wrong answers Items total number of items) x
100

Now, why do we need to multiply the percentage score by 100? Because

percentage would also mean an amount in hundred or by a hundred. It is often
represented by the percent sign (%). In this lesson, you will know about percentage
composition. Similarly, the concept is likely the same as getting a percentage in a test score
like the example above. So, what is percentage composition? Let’s go deeper in the next
icon “What is it?”

What Is It
A compound as you might recall from your past lessons is usually represented by
achemical formula that shows the number of atoms of each element in a compound. It
contains the symbols of the atoms of the elements present in the compound as well as the
number of each element present in the form of subscripts.
The percentage composition of any given compound is identified as the fraction of
the amount of each element onthe total amount of individual elements present in the
compound multiplied by 100. It is simply an expression of its composition in terms of all the
elements present. Knowing the percent composition in a compound is useful in determining
the empirical formula of a chemical substance which will be discussed in your higher years.
The percentage composition of a compound can be computed given its chemical formula or
given its mass data.

A. Percentage Composition from a Chemical Formula of a compound

The percent composition of a compound can be determined from the chemical

formula of a compound. The subscripts in the formula are first used to calculate the mass of
each element in one mole of a compound. Then it will be divided by the molar mass of the
compound, and then multiply by 100%. The formula is given below.

% composition = Mass of element in 1 mole x 100 %

Molar mass of a compound

2
From the given formula, you can get the percentage composition by knowing the following
data first:
1. The elements present in the compounds
2. Atomic mass of each elements
3. Number of atoms of each element
4. The Molar mass

Let’s try this one!

Sample Problem 1. Muriatic acid or known as Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is used as a cleaning
agent in the house to get rid of tough stains and molds. Calculate the percentage
composition of muriatic acid? (Atomic masses: H=1.00 g, Cl=35.45 g from the Periodic
Table)

Name of Chemical Symbol of Atomic Mass Number of atoms %

Compound Formula Elements (Refer to the Composition
Chemical formula)
Hydrochloric HCl H H = 1.001 g 1 atom of H H= ?
Acid Cl Cl = 35.45 g 1 atom of Cl Cl =?

From this table, you list down the known and unknown quantities.
Step 1: List the known and unknown quantities.
Known:
mass of H in 1 mol H=1.001 g (where, 1 mole H=1.001g)
mass of Cl in 1 mol HCl= 35.45 g (where; 1 mole Cl=35.45g)
Molar mass of HCl=36.45 g/mol

Unknown:
Percent H= ? %
Percent Cl =? %

Calculate the percentage composition of each element by dividing the mass of eachelement
by themolar mass of the compound and multiplying by 100%.

Step 2: Calculate.

%H= 1.00 g H x 100 % = 2.74 % H

36.45 g

35.45 g Cl x 100 % = 97.26 % Cl

% Cl = 36.45 g

3
Step 3: Review your result. It should total up to 100%.

% H = 2.74 % H

% Cl = 97.26 % Cl

Total = 100.00 %

Therefore, HCl is 2.76% Hydrogen and 97.24% Chlorine.

B. Percent Composition from Mass Data

Percentage composition can be calculated given its masses from each of the
element present in a compound. The sample problem below shows the calculation of the
percentage composition of a compound based on mass data.

Sample Problem 2.

A certain newly synthesized compound is known to contain elements zinc and oxygen.
When 30.00 grams of sample is decomposed; 24.12 g zinc remains. Determine the percent
composition of the compound?

Step 1: List the known and unknown quantities.

Known:
mass of compound = 30.00 g
mass of zinc =24.12 g

Unknown:
Percent Zn =? %
Percent O =? %

Hint: Subtract to find the mass of oxygen in the compound. Divide each element’s
mass by the total mass of the compound to find the percent by mass.

Step 2: Calculate

Mass of oxygen = 30.00 g – 24.12 g = 5.88 g O

% Zn = 24.12 g Zn x 100 % = 80.40 % Zn

30.00 g

%O= 5.88 g O x 100 % = 19.60 % O

30.00 g

4
Step 3: Reviewyour result. It should total up to 100%.

% Zn = 80.40 % Zn

% O = 19.60 % O
100.00 %

The calculations sounds reasonable because this adds up to 100%.And you can see
in the result that by mass, the compound is mostly zinc with 80.40% composition.

What’s More

The following problems are given for you to practice.

Problem Exercises:

1. Sucrose (C12H22O11)or known as the table sugar has a molar mass of 342.1 g/mol.
What is the percentage composition of each element in this compound? (Atomic
masses: C=12.01 g; H=1.001g; O=16.00g from the Periodic Table)

Name of Chemical Symbol of Atomic Number of Molar %

Compound Formula Elements Mass atoms Mass Composition
(Refer to the
chemical formula)
Sucrose C12H22O11 C C = 12.01 g 12 atoms of C 342.1 C =?
(Table H H = 1.001 g 22 atoms of H g/mol H =?
Sugar) O O= 16.00 g 11 atoms of O O =?

Step 1: List the known and unknown quantities.

Step 2: Calculate

Step 3: Study your result. It should total up to 100%.

2. A sample of a compound containing carbon and oxygen have a mass of 132 g.

Experimental procedures showed that 36 g of this sample was carbon and the
remaining 64g was oxygen. What is the percentage composition of the compound?

Step 1: List the known and unknown quantities.

Step 2: Calculate

Step 3: Study your result. It should total up to 100%.

5
 What Have I Learned

Activity 1: What Am I Consist Of?

Objective:
Determine the percentage composition of some compounds that could be
found in your homes.
Know its composition and the significance of these compounds.

Materials:
Periodic table of elements, calculator

Procedure:

A. Read the following substancescommonly found in your homes, know its uses and its
composition.
1. Water (H2O) is the most essential commodity for human consumption. Living things
on earth could not survive without water. (Atomic masses: H=1.01g; O=16.00g from
the Periodic Table)
2. An eggshell is the hard, outer covering of an egg. It consists mostly of calcium
carbonate (CaCO3), which is a common form of calcium. (Atomic masses:
Ca=40.08g; C=12.01; O=16.00g from the Periodic Table)
3. Phosphoric acid (H3PO4) is a compound used in detergents, fertilizers, toothpastes
and flavouring in carbonated beverages. (Atomic masses: H=1.001g; P= 30.97g;
O=16.00g from the Periodic Table)

B. Fill-In the table below. Then, calculate the percentage composition of each element
in the compounds.

Name of Chemical Symbol of Atomic Number of Molar %

Compound Formula Elements Mass atoms Mass Composition
Water H = 1.001 g H =?
O = 16.00 g O =?
Calcium 1 atom of Ca Ca =?
Carbonate CaCO3 1 atom of C
3 atoms of O
Phosphoric H 97.97
Acid P g/mol
O

6
Guide Questions:

Q1. What are the elements present in these compounds: (a) Water, (b) Calcium Carbonate
and (c) phosphoric acid?
_________________________________________________________________________
Q2. What is the percentage composition of the elements of each compound?
_________________________________________________________________________
Q3:Do you think these compounds are important or beneficial?
_________________________________________________________________________

What I Can Do

Activity No. 2: What’s your Snack Nutritional Composition?

Objective:
1. Determine the composition of achocolate cracker on a percent by mass basis.
2. Determine the composition of a fish cracker on a percent by mass basis.
3. Analyze which has more protein, fats and carbohydrates.

Materials:
Nutrition facts of certain snack crackers: chocolate cracker and fish cracker

Procedure:
1. Foods that you buy typically at the store or at the school canteen have nutritional
information provided on the label. Study the label ofcertain snack crackersshown
below.
2. List down the nutrition facts that are present in these snack crackers. Note the
one that has been encircled for you.

Figure A. Chocolate Cracker Figure B. Fish Cracker

7
Guide Questions:

For questions 1 to 4. Provide your answer on the table below

Q1. What are the nutrition facts given in these snack crackers?

Q2. How much is one serving size in terms of grams?

Q3. The label also gives the masses of various types of compounds that are present in each
serving. One serving contains how many grams of proteins, fats and sugar?

Snack Cracker Nutrition facts Mass of each Serving size in % Composition

nutrition facts grams

a. Chocolate ___ g of fats __ % of fats

Cracker ___ g of protein __ % of protein
___ g of sugar __ % of sugar

b. Fish ___ g of fats __ % of fats

Cracker ___ g of protein __ % of protein
___ g of sugar __ % of sugar

Q4. Determine the composition of the snack crackers on a percent by mass basis by
calculating the fraction of fats, protein andsugar in one serving of size of cracker and
converting to percent values. Use the following formula as your guide:

g total fats
% total fats = x 100 % = _____ % fats
serving size (g)

g protein x 100 % = _____ %protein

% protein = serving size (g)

g sugar
% sugar= serving size (g) x 100 % = _____ % sugar

Q5. Which of the two snack crackers has the most fats, protein and sugar? Which do you
think has the most nutritional value?

Summary
The percent composition of a compound can be determined from the chemical
formula of the compound. There are two processes of doing it, either by calculating given the
chemical formula of the compound or given the mass data of the compound. Knowing about
percent
composition is very significant in determining the empirical formula of a chemical substance.

8
 Assessment: (Post-Test)

Post-test. Direction: Read the following questions carefully and answer.

A. List down the elements that are present in the following substances:
1. Water, H2O: _______________________________________
2. Sodium Hypochlorite, NaOCl: __________________________
3. Sugar, C12H22O11: ___________________________________
4. Eggshell, CaCO3: ___________________________________
5. Baking Soda, NaHCO3: _______________________________

B. Read the text carefully and answer the questions in the statement that follows.

6
Sodium chloride (NaCl), or commonly known as the Table Salt is a
.
compound that is used in food preparation as a food flavoring and a
preservative. Each element present in the table salt contains the following
H
atomic masses: Na=22.99g and Cl = 35.45g.
o
w many grams is in 1 mole of sodium in the table salt?
a. 35.45 g b. 22.00 g c. 22.99 g d. 1.001 g
7. How many grams is in 1 mole of chlorine in the table salt?
a. 35.45 g b. 22.00 g c. 22.99 g d. 1.001 g
8. What is the total mass of the table salt?
a. 22.99 g b. 35.45 g c. 58.44 g d. 81.43 g
9. What is the percentage mass of sodium in the table salt?
a. 39.34% b. 35.45% c. 60.66% d. 22.99%
10. What is the percentage mass of the chlorine in the table salt?
a. 39.34% b. 35.45% c. 60.66% d. 22.99%

9
 Key answers

For post-test & pre-test

1. Water, H2O: Hydrogen, Oxygen
2. Sodium Hypochlorite, NaOCl: Sodium, Oxygen and Chlorine
3. Sugar, C12H22O11 : Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen
4. Eggshell, CaCO3 : Calcium, Carbon and Oxygen
5. Baking Soda, NaHCO3 : Sodium, Hydrogen, Carbon and Oxygen
6. a. 22.99 g
7. b. 35.45 g
8. c. 58.44 g
9. a. 39.34 %
10. c. 60.66 %

For practice exercises:

1.Table sugar (C12H22O11) is 42.11% carbon, 6.48% hydrogen, and 51.41% oxygen
2.The compound contains 27.27% carbon and 72.73% oxygen

For activity 1:
1. Water is 11.19% hydrogen and 88.81% oxygen.
2. The percentage composition of Carbon in Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3) is 40.04%
3. Phosphoric acid (H3PO4)is 3.08% hydrogen, 31.61% phosphorus and 65.31% oxygen

For Activity 2:
1. It contains protein, fats and sugar.
2. Each serving contains 30 grams.
3. (a) Chocolate cracker: 2 grams of protein, 6 grams of total fats, &11 grams of sugar
(b) Fish cracker: 1 gram of protein, 7 grams of total fats, & 2 grams of sugar
4. (a) Chocolate cracker: 6.67% protein, 20.00% fat, & 36.67%sugar
(b) Fish cracker: 3.33% protein, 23.33% fat, & 6.67% sugar
5. The chocolate cracker has more protein and sugar content than the fish cracker. But both
snack crackers may provide energy to the body because of its nutritional content.

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Department of Education – Division of Iligan City

Office Address: Aguinaldo Street, Iligan City
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