Third Year Architecture

Sem - V

Building Construction & Materials – V

Unit-1 (Part –C) 28.06.2021
 Unit-1
Materials for Interior Essentials

A) Wood, wood derivatives, other panel materials

B) Laminates, Veneers, Plastic & Metal Sheets
C) Paints & Varnishes
D) Hardware Required for Interior & Furniture elements.
Paints & Varnishes
 Paints
• Paint is a material used as the final finish to all surfaces and as a coating to
protect and decorate the surface.
• Paint is a pigmented opaque material that completely covers and hides
the surface to which it is applied.
• Paint prevents corrosion and protects a surface from weathering effects .
• For different surfaces different types of paints are used.
• Some of the leading companies of India are Asian paints, nerolac, berger.
 Characteristics of an ideal Paint
• When applied to the surface, paint should form a thin film of
uniform nature.
• The surface of the paint should not show cracks after drying.
• The colour of the paint should withstand the adverse environmental
conditions for a long time.
• It should have an attractive and pleasing appearance.
• It should be economical.
• It should be easily applicable with a brush or spraying devices.
• It should possess maximum adhesion capacity to the material over
which it is intended to be used.
• It should have ideal resistance to corrosion and protect the material
over which it is used.
• The application of paint should not affect the health of workers.
• It should possess good spreading or covering power, as it
determines the cost.
 Tools used for Painting

Designer rollers

Steel
scrappers

Sponge kit Extension poles

Ladder

rollers Brushes
Spraying machine
 Paints
• Paint is available in Oil-based and Water-based formulae with a
combination of pigments.
• The majority of wall paint sold today is water-based, primarily
because of its ease of use.

Advantages of water-based paints

• doesn't require a pre-treatment

• low VOCs (low levels of toxic emissions)
• easy cleanup with water
• quick drying
• an elastic, flexible finish resistant to cracking
• can be used on almost all surfaces
• stable color over time, doesn't yellow or fade in sunlight
 Paints
OIL-BASED PAINTS

• Oil-based paint can be used on almost all surfaces, and is praised for its
high durability and rich finish. Oil paint emits strong fumes that can be
overwhelming, and the paint can be washed with water.

Advantages of oil-based paints

• attractive gloss
• good for high-moisture rooms (ex. bathroom or kitchen)
• longer dry time (good for making fixes)
• good "leveling" (brush strokes fill themselves in to create a smooth finish)
• hard, durable finish
 Ingredients of Paint
• Paints are prepared by mixing the different ingredients in well-balanced
proportions.

1) Base
• Base is a solid substance that forms the body of the paint and usually
consists of finely divided suitable material. Eg: White lead, Zinc Oxide,
Iron Oxide, Metallic powders.

2) Solvents
• They are volatile substances that are added to the paint in order to make
their application easy and smooth. Solvents are also known as thinners
from their function of thinning the original paint which is highly viscous.
The most commonly used solvents are spirit and turpentine.

3) Colouring pigments
• These are the colouring materials added to the paints in order to impart a
desired shade and colour. They can be natural or Synthetic
 Ingredients of Paint
4) Vehicles
• Vehicles are the liquid substances which hold the ingredients of paint in
liquid suspension and make it possible to spread the paint evenly and
uniformly on the surface in the form of a thin layer.
• Water is the main vehicle in water based paints and oily liquids in oil
based paints.

5) Binder/Resin
• Binder or resin is the main film forming component of the paint.
• They bind all the pigments together and impart gloss, durability and
flexibility.

6) Additives :
• Improve the production and storing properties.
• Make the paint flow on a surface.
• Add texture to the paint.
• Enhance the overall quality of the paint.
 Types of Paints
Whitewash

• Whitewash is a low-cost paint made from mixture of

slaked lime or powdered chalk and water used for
whitening walls

Distemper Paint

• Distemper paints can be classified as a one type of better

white wash with some colouring pigments added to it.
• Distemper Paints are available in powder and paste form.
• It is cheaper than other paints.
• Distemper paints are used for mainly interior walls.
• Oil based distemper is ideal for interior usage.
 Types of Paints
Oil Paint
• Oil based paints are slow drying paints which consist of particles of
pigment suspended in a drying oil or oil varnish as the basic vehicle
ingredient.
• Oil-based paints are thicker and harder. They are also glossy and smoother.
They are more durable and stain resistant. The fumes from the oil- based
paint are the toxic material which is harmful for health and environment
hence less popular choice now days for painting.
• They are used on walls, wood, and Mild steel.
 Types of Paints
Enamel
• Typically the term "enamel paint" is used to describe oil-based covering
products, usually with a significant amount of gloss in them, however
recently many latex or water-based paints have adopted the term as well.
The term today means "hard surfaced paint" and usually is in reference to
paint brands of higher quality, floor coatings of a high gloss finish, or spray
paints.
• They mainly consist of white lead or zinc white, resinous matter and
petroleum spirit. They can be used for internal as well as external
purposes.
 Types of Paints
Emulsion
• It is commonly known as plastic paint. This is water based and provides a
rich and Matt finish to interior walls. The differentiating factor of emulsion
paints is its acrylic quality.
• Its washable and most stains can be removed easily by wiping with a cloth
dipped in a mild soap solution. The paint film is also fungus and mildew
resistant.
• These paints contain polyvinyl acetate, synthetic resins, etc. Its
composition imparts excellent durability to the painted surface.
• Applicable on interior and Exterior surfaces.
 Types of Paints
Metallic Paint
• A paint which consists of flecks of aluminium, copper, bronze,
stainless steel, or other metals which give a film with appearance of
metallic appearance.
• Such paints are generally used for painting metallic surface or
highlighting.
 Types of Paints
Epoxy Paint
• They are made from epoxy resin i.e. they form binders.
• Epoxy paints are finished material.
• It is used primarily as a floor covering which forms a hard and shiny
surface upon application.
• Hence these paints are used in commercial building, industrial floors
particularly pharmaceutical industry, operation theatres and garages due
to its strength and resistance to damage.
• They serve best when joint less flooring/ bacteria free flooring desired.
 Finishes in Paints
• Matte Paint : Matte color is the most common of interior wall paints.
There’s no shine or sheen to the finish.
• It is easy to apply, although it can often take more than a single coat to
create a good solid color.
• Matte paint can be applied with a brush or roller and works well on walls
that have imperfections. On the downside, matte paint is easily marked.
 Finishes in Paints
• Satin/ Pearl : This is very durable in terms of wash ability and resistance
to moisture.
• It will offer the user the full protection on their walls from dirt, moisture,
stains, etc. and so it is ideal for areas like bathrooms and kitchens, but will
show even more imperfections on walls because of its strong shine.
 Finishes in Paints
• Eggshell : An eggshell finish has a shine that’s extremely subtle but
without the same smoothness as a satin finish. Thus, it doesn’t highlight
imperfections quite as much, making it much more suitable as an interior
wall paint.
• It’s easy to apply and can often cover in a single coat, making it a better
choice for many people.
 Finishes in Paints
• Gloss Paint : Apart from matt paint, gloss paint is the most common
interior wall paint. It’s one you can use on most walls, although some
people use it sparingly on these surfaces and prefer to use it on woodwork
because of its high shine.
Texture Finish - Royal Play special effects
 Procedure for painting
• Steps for Painting of Internal walls
• Cleaning the surface with sand paper and scrapper.
• Applying Primer
• Filling undulations and dents with putty or plaster of paris as may be
required.
• After 24 hours, surface to be rubbed with fine sand paper and cleaned of
dust and particles in powder form.
• First coat of paint
• Apply 2nd and 3rd coat after the first coat has dried completely.
 Primer & Putty
A primer or undercoat is a preparatory coating put on materials
before painting. Priming ensures better adhesion of paint to the surface,
increases paint durability, and provides additional protection for the
material being painted.

The wall putty is basically used for filling holes, minor cracks etc. on the
wall surfaces. Applying putty on the walls before painting them can give an
even and smooth canvas for the professional painters to paint on.
 Common Defects in Paints
• Bleeding • Staining or disruption of hte
paint surface by chemical action usually
caused by applying an incorrect paint
over another.

• Blistering • Formation of small areas of

swelling on the surface caused by
painting in the direct heat of the sun or
from trapped moisture, seeping through
to the surface or from corrosion sites.

• Cissing • Shrinkage or contraction of the

new coating away from area which is
contaminated by grease, oil or polish
 Common Defects in Paints
• Cracking and Peeling • Occurs if the
paint had inadequate adhesion and
flexibility,

• Crazing • Irregular cracking of

surface film due to age application of
the paint over an oily or wet
undercoat.

• Efflorescence • Formation of a
series of open blisters in a paint film
due to soluble salts rising to the
surface from brick, plaster and
cement objects.
 Common Defects in Paints
• Flaking • Occurs when the paint peels
away from the surface due to a crack or
joint in the film. It may be caused by use
of an unsuitable undercoat, or shrinkage/
expansion of the surface.

• Chalking • Appearance of fine powder on

the paint film due to weathering causing
the resin to break down, or painting over
a porous surface.

• Sagging • Formation of a waterfall – like

appearance on the surface due to too
much paint being applied in one coat.
 Types of Paints - Exterior
A) Cement paints (Traditional)

These include a variety of paints in which cement is the main constituent

responsible for the hardness and durability of the painted surface.
• They are available in dry, powder form. Cement paints are waterproof.
• They are very economical.
• It is desirable to provide cement paints on a rough surface rather than
smooth surface because its adhesion power is more on rough surface than
on smooth surface.
 B) Oil-based paints are sometimes referred to as enamel paints. The
solvent used in this type of paint is made with either alkyd (synthetic) or
linseed (natural) oils. This paint is typically made with mineral turpentine,
which is used to modify the viscosity (thickness) of the paint.
• Oil-based paints are very durable and water-resistant.
• Oil-based paint creates a stronger and more durable finish, making it an
excellent choice for exterior paint projects.

C) Water-based paints are sometimes known as latex or acrylic paints.

The solvent used in this type of paint is almost all water. Water-based
paints now heavily dominate the market, accounting for nearly 80% of all
paints sold today.
• Water-based paints perform better exteriorly, they are continuously
improving and they’re much better for the environment. But some would
say you can’t beat the old-school shine from an oil-based paint.
Oil based & Water based Exterior Paints
Oil based & Water based Exterior Paints
 Some other paint types mostly used in exteriors

• Anticorrosive paints
• Synthetic rubber paints
• Silicone Paint
• Zinc-Rich Paint
• Fungicidal Paint
• Luminous Paint
 Wood Varnish
• Varnish is a clear transperant hard protective finish or film.
• Varnish has little or no colour and has no added pigment as opposed
to paint or wood stain which contains pigment. However, some varnish
products are marketed as a combined stain and varnish.
• Varnish is primarily used in wood finishing applications where the natural
tones and grains in the wood are intended to be visible.
• It is applied over wood stains as a final step to achieve a film for gloss and
protection. Varnish finishes are usually glossy but may be designed to
produce satin or semi-gloss sheens by the addition of "flatting" agents.
 Wood Varnish
• Varnish may be defined as a homogeneous liquid containing essentially a
resinous substance dissolved in suitable oil or volatile liquid.

• The objectives of varnishing are as follows:

• It protects the unpainted wooden surfaces from the actions of
atmospheric agencies.
• It brightens the appearance of wooden surface.
• It protects painted surfaces from atmospheric reactions.
 Ingredients of Wood Varnish
The ingredients of varnish are as follows:
• Resins: The natural resins include resin, copal and shellac.
• The synthetic resins that are prevalent in varnishes are phenolic resins,
alkyl and vinyl resins.

• Driers: The presence of driers accelerates the process of drying. The

common types of driers used are white copper and lead acetate.

• Solvents: Depending on the nature of resins the solvents are decided. The
solvents used in the varnish industry include mainly boiled linseed oil and
turpentine; alcoholic solvents like methyl and ethyl alcohol are also
commonly used.
 Characteristics Wood Varnish
Characteristics of Ideal varnish
• It should not shrink or show cracks after drying.
• It should make the surface glossy.
• It should dry rapidly and present a finished surface which is uniform in
nature and pleasing in appearance.
• The colour of the varnish should not fade in course of time.
• The varnish should be tough, hard and durable.

Oil Varnish types and application