Group 3
HUMSS 11-A
Social
Science
Members:
Leader: Jayacinth Lalata
Assistant Leader: Kenneth Anthony Ibuna
Secretary: Raquel Dianne R. Go
Technician: Carlo Labid
Reporters: Joaquin Malicsi
Kennth Anthony Ibuna
Jannrick Earl Tinaripe Zulueta
Designer: Roberto Maclang Jr.
Gamaica Larga
Jayacinth Lalata
Structural - functionalism
• Structural functionalism perspective emphasizes the interconnectedness of
society by focusing on how each part influences other parts. According to
the functionalist, society is a system of interconnected parts that work
together in harmony to maintain a state of balance and social equilibrium
for the whole.
• Structural functionalism, or simply functionalism, is "a framework for
building theory that sees society as a complex system whose parts work
together to promote solidarity and stability"
• The basic principles of Structural Functionalism can be comprehended in
three simple terms: maintenance of social stability, collective functioning,
and social evolution.
Functionalism grew out of the writings of English philosopher and
biologist, Hebert Spencer (1820–1903), who saw similarities
between society and the human body; he argued that just as the
various organs of the body work together to keep the body
functioning, the various parts of society work together to keep
society functioning (Spencer 1898).
Robert Merton (1910–2003), pointed out that social processes often
have many functions. Manifest functions are the consequences of a
social process that are sought or anticipated, while latent functions
are the unsought consequences of a social process.
Émile Durkheim, another early sociologist, applied Spencer’s theory
to explain how societies change and survive over time. Durkheim
believed that society is a complex system of interrelated and
interdependent parts that work together to maintain stability, and
that society is held together by shared values, languages, and
symbols.
Alfred Radcliff-Brown (1881–1955) defined the function of any
recurrent activity as the part it played in social life as a whole, and
therefore the contribution it makes to social stability and continuity.
In a healthy society, all parts work together to maintain stability, a
state called dynamic equilibrium by later sociologists such as Parsons
(1961)
Structural functionalism underwent some modification when the
American sociologist Talcott Parsons enunciated the “functional
prerequisites” that any social system must meet in order to survive:
developing routinized interpersonal arrangements (structures),
defining relations to the external environment, fixing boundaries,
and recruiting and controlling members. Along with Robert K. Merton
and others, Parsons classified such structures on the basis of their
functions.
Functions- Positive consequences/feedback
Dysfunctions- Negative consequences/feedback
Manifest- intended/expected outcomes
Latent- unexpected/unpredictable outcome
Social Facts Institution
Equilibrium
The three essence of society based
on functionalists:
stability
harmony
evolution
Marxism
A social, political, and economic philosophy named after Karl
Marx. It examines the effect of capitalism on labor, productivity,
and economic development and argues for a worker revolution to
overturn capitalism in favor of communism. Marxism posits that
the struggle between social classes—specifically between the
bourgeoisie, or capitalists, and the proletariat, or workers—defines
economic relations in a capitalist economy and will inevitably lead
to revolutionary communism.
Karl Marx's short biography:
Karl Marx, born in Trier, Prussia (now Germany) in 1818,
was communism’s most zealous intellectual advocate. His
comprehensive writings on the subject laid the foundation
for later political leaders, notably V. I. Lenin and Mao
Zedong, to impose communism on more than twenty
countries. Marx was the one who implied that capitalism
contained the seeds of its own destruction. Communism
was the inevitable end to the process of evolution begun
with feudalism and passing through capitalism and
socialism. After years of contributing to the concept of
Communism, Marx died on March 14, 1883, from bronchitis
and pleurisy, after 15 months of ill health.
HIGH CLASS
control the means of production,
employ social institutions,
LOWER CLASS
Bourgeoisie including government, media,
academia, organized religion, and
banking and financial systems, as
tools and weapons against the
proletariat with the goal of
maintaining their position of
or workers, whose labor transforms
raw commodities into valuable
economic goods. Ordinary laborers,
Proletariat power and privilege.
who do not own the means of
production, such as factories,
buildings, and materials, have little
power in the capitalist economic
system.
6 Underlying Principles of Marxism
1. The Means or Mode of Production
It includes everything (but labor) necessary to make and distribute stuff.
When we talk about the "means of production" we generally mean natural
resources like land, minerals, oil, trees etc.; tools and factories; means of
distribution like roads and highways, vehicles.
2. Historical Materialism
a) History itself is nothing but an endless power struggle over controlling the
means of production: the natural resources and labor necessary to live.
b) All cultural beliefs (ideologies) follow material/economic relationships.
3. Hegemony
It is the dominance of one group over another (the Bourgeoisie over the
Proletariat)through force or Ideology.
4. Capitalism, Profit, and Labor
Capitalist Ideology argues that profit belongs to whomever controls capital but
labor belongs to each man or woman him or herself. The working class is
exploited in the form of profit: what the laborer rightly earned is given to the
capitalist.
5. The control of knowledge to maintain existing or
establish social class structures.
A society cannot change the existing means of production and class structures without
changing the existing ideology. Vice versa: changing existing ideologies is actually an
attempt to change class structure.
6. Alienation
a) Alienation From Self and Labor: In industrial societies, workers are paid to
produce material goods, and these goods are then sold to others; thus, labor
is objectified , and the worker is alienated from this object: his days are
spent producing things for others, so he becomes separated from his
life/work.
b) Alienation From Others: In industrial, capitalist society, labor is a
commodity; it is something bought and sold on the economic market. Simply
put, capitalism forces everyone to perceive one another as commodities,
objects for generating more capital.
Socialism Capitalism
Communism
Anarchism Classical Marxism
Orthodox Revisionist
Marxism Marxism
Social Democracy Social Democracy Social Democracy Social Democracy
Democtratic Socialism
SYMBOLIC
INTERACTIONISM
Keywords: Symbolic interaction; human behavior;social environment.
This theory claims that facts are based on and directed by symbols. The
foundation of this theory is “meanings”. New symbolic interactionism is a more
different and synthetic perspective than that of the period of Mead and Blumer.
It has entered a period that Fine (1992) calls the “Post-Blumerist” era (Slattery,
2007).
The most important theorist of symbolic school is George Herbert Mead.
Mead is a pragmatist and anti-dualist philosopher. He believes that mind
and ego are products of society. Mead assumes that symbols develop
mind and they are used as means for thinking and communication
(Ashworth, 2000).
Blumer, who is a student of Mead, is the first one to use symbolic
interaction terms. For that reason he is also named as the founder of
symbolic interaction. According to Blumer (1969) human forms “meaning”
in two ways:
-Meaning is something attributed to objects, events, phenomenon, etc.
-Meaning is a “physical attachment” imposed on events and objects by humans.
Thomas (1928) says “it is not important whether interpretation is accurate
or not”. He believes that fact is based on personal perceptions and changes
in time.
There are three core principles in the symbolic interaction perspective of Blumer:
Meaning, language (language provides means [symbols] for debating meaning)
and thinking principle.
Symbolic interaction is based on three basic propositions according
to Blumer (Poloma, 1999: 224-225; Tye & Tye, 1992: 36);
a Humans develop their attitudes towards things
according to the meanings that things propose
to them.
b These meanings are inferred from the
“interaction of one of them from its
addressees”.
c These meanings change within an interpretive
process.
There are certain criticisms directed towards the symbolic
interactionist paradigm. One of these criticisms is that symbolic
interactionism is largely deprived of a real social envision.
The second one of the problems of the symbolic interactionist
paradigm is stressed especially and clearly: (i) not taking into
account human emotions very much and (ii) getting interested in
social structure to a limited extent.
THAT'S ALL,
THANK
YOU!!
