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2.1 Olympics, Paralympics and Special Olympics
2.2 Olympic Symbols, ideals, Objectives and Value of Olympism
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2.3 International Olympic Committee
2.4 Indian Olympic Association
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 2.1. Olympic, Paralympic and Special Olympics
Olympics
History Reveals that Ancient olympics were held in the honour of god zues, at city
of olympic around 776 BC as the part of Religious festivals. Representative of whole
Greek used to gather at dympia and exhibit their unity during ancient olympic gemes.

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The revival work of the games wad undertaken by Barron Piere Decubation who is
also know as father of olympics. Que to their hard efforts the just modern olympic
Games held in 1896 at Athens Greece and Since then these game are held every four
years. The Nest olympics are scheduled for 2020 at Tokyo, JAPAN.

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Paraolympics
The wore paraolympics is compositions of two words para and olympics. The word
‘Para’ has been derived from preposition of Greek which means beside or along side

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which means that the paraolympics are the parallel games to the olympics and illustrate
how the two movements assist side by side. These events are held for the person
with range of disabilities, including musde impaired, impaired range of movements,
limb deficiency, Leg length differences, short stature, hypertonia vision impalement.
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This is similar to Olympic game for disabled sports person in 1960 first time it was
organized in Rome. The head quarter of international para Olympic is situated at
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Born, Gernmany. The international para Olympic is responsible for organizing

summer and winter Olympic games. At present it comprises of 176 National Para
Olympic Committees.

Special Olympics
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Special Olympics is the world's largest sports organisation for children and adults
with intellectual disabilities and physical disabilities providing year round training
and competitions to 5 million athletes and unified sports partons in 172 counties.
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Special olympics competition are held every day all around the world in clouding
local, national and regional competitions, adding upto more than 1 Lakhs events a
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year. like International paraolympic committee the special olympic Organisation is

sroognised by IOC called International special oympic committee. The major special
olympic world Games is a major went put on by the special olympics. These games
alternate between summer and winter games, in two year cycles recurring every for
the year. First special olympics held on July 20, 1968 at Chicago.

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 Summer Olympic Games
The Summer Olympic Games or the Games of the Olympiad first held in 1896, is an
international multi-sport event that is hosted by a different city every four years. The
most recent Olympics were held in Rio de Janeiro, BrazilThe International Olympic
Committee organises the games and oversees the host city's preparations In each

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Olympic event, gold medals are awarded for first place, silver medals are awarded
for second place, and bronze medals are awarded for third; this tradition began in
1904 The Winter Olympic Games were created due to the success of the Summer
Olympics.

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Eighteen countries have hosted the Summer Olympics. The United States has hosted
four Summer Olympics (1904. 1932, 1984, 1996), more than any other nation, and
Great Britain has hosted three Summer Olympics (1908, 1948. 2012). All in London.
Four cities have hosted two Summer Olympics: Athens (1896. 2004), Paris (1900,

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1924). Los Angeles (1932, 1984). and Tokyo (1964. 2020). Tokyo is the first city
outside of the Western world to host the Summer Olympics multiple times.

Olympic Symbols
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The Olympic symbol was created and designed by pierre-de-coubertin himself.
He created Olympic flag which is of a milky white texture in the background with
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five inter linked rings of different colours. The rings symbolize the union of five
continents and meeting of the atheletes form all over the world at Olympics. The
five colours are Blue, Black, Red, Yellow & Green. Represents America, Africa,
Australia, Asia and Europe respectively.
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Olympic Motto

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 Olympic motto is made from three Latin Words.

Objectives of Olympics
(a) To generate the sense of loyalty, brother hood and team spirit among the
participants.

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(b) To bring the attention of the world community to understand the values of
the programmes of physical education.
(c) To Promote amateurism among the sport men.
(d) To remove the barriers of caste, creed, religion and colour.

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(e) To develop good habits among sports persons.
(f) To encourage moral values and unbiased behaviour through sports.

Olympic Values

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If we look at the objectives of Olympic games, we come to learn that Baron De
Coubertin wanted to develop values through Olympic games. The following values
can be developed through Olympic movement:
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1. Brotherhood: Olympic movement is instrumental in developing
brotherhood when players of different countries play together, come together,
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sit together, dine together—they develop unity among themselves. Thus

brotherhood develops.
2. Impartial game: The Olympic games provide opportunities for impartial
games. These games are based on justice. So. each player and each team
should be judged fairly. Rules and regulations should be applied to each
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and every team. There should be no partiality towards a specific team or

player. The sports officials should be true to their words and actions. “Live
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by code or get out”—such slogans should be raised.

3. No discrimination: According to the suggestion of Mr. Coubertin, there
should not be any discrimination on the basis of caste, colour and creed.
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Olympic games promote the spirit of brotherhood and try to abolish

discrimination. The players of different countries, cultures, tradition, and
caste—take part. They should not treated unfairly. The players forget their
background or roots and they help promote Olympic values. But exceptions

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 are always there. In 1972, Olympic games in Munich, Israeli players were
killed ruthlessly. In 1936, Berlin Olympic Jesse Owens bagged four gold
medals but on the grounds of racial discrimination. Adolf Hitler refused to
honor Jese Owens, some countries have vested interest in these games.
They want to prove that they are a better than the other countries. But it
can’t be stated that Olympic movement has failed to promote values, we

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should have positive outlook so that values may be promoted through
Olympic movement.
4. Friendship: Olympic movement presents such opportunities as instrumental

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in developing friendship not only among players but also among countries.
Players of different countries come to take part in Olympic games. When
they get together, they become friends. Even when there is tension going
on between two countries, they come close to one another through Olympic
games.

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5. Respect: This value motivates the players to show sportsman spirit. Every
player should retrospect and also respect the opponents, rules of game and
environment.
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6. Values: friendship, brotherhood, unbiased sports and partiality free: It can
be said that Olympic plays an important role in development of these values
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but a dark side of Olympics is also seen. Many countries participate in

Olympics just to show their superiority on other countries. This is also a
downfall of these values that many countries of the world boycotted 1980
Moscow Olympics and 1984 Los Angeles Olympics. The Olympic
movement fails to develop the above said values. There should a positive
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thinking towards these values so that these values can be developed.

7. Excellency: This value motivates a person to give the best performance on
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field and outside the field.

2.3 International Olympic Comittee

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The headquarters of Olympic Committee is situated at Lausanne, Switzerland. It

was formed on 23 June, 1894 by Pierre, Baron De Coubertin. This committee is
comprised of 105 active members and 32 honorary members. Its first president was
a Greek named Demetrius Vikelas.

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 This committee once every four years holds summer and winter modern Olympic
games. This committee organized the first summer Olympic games in 1896 in the
Greek city Athens. And the first winter Olympic games were organized in 1924 in
Chamonix. France. Till 1992, summer games, to help space the planning of the two
events two years apart from each other. The first summer youth Olympic Games
were organized in 2010 in Singapore, whereas the first youth winter Olympic games

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were organized in 2012 in Innsbruck, city in Austria.
Governing Council
In International Olympic Committee, there are members of different countries. In

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present there are 15 members which constitute 1 President, 4 Vice-Presidents, and
10 Executive Board Members. They are as follows:
1. President: The President of International Olympic Committee is chosen
by the members of this committee. The President tenure is for 8 years.

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After the expiry of his tenure his period can be extended once only for four
years.
2. Vice-President: International Olympic Committee has four Vice-President.
They too are chosen by the member of International Olympic Committee.
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Their tenure is for 4 years. After the expiry of their tenure they can be
chosen again if the members desire so.
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3. Executive Board: The Executive Board in chosen by the members of

different countries in a secret ballot. The Executive Board of International
Olympic Committee is held responsible for the administration of
International Olympic Committee and the management of its affairs.
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Functions of International Olympic Committee

IOC does different functions which are as follows:
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(i) The venue where the Olympic games will be organized is decided by this
committee.
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(ii) To elect the new members, proper functioning of sports programmes, and
selection of host city.
(iii) The promotion of sports/games,
(iv) Fight against doping.

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 (v) Making rules and regulation for the smooth functioning of games.
(vi) To encourage the different organizations for the support by social and
economical way to the players.
(vii) It encourages and supports the promotion of ethics in sports as well as in
education of youth through sports.

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(viii) To motivate the culture and education combined along with sports,
(ix) Fight against political or commercial abuse of sports and athletes.
(x) Encouraging and supporting the promotion of women in sports at all levels.

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(xi) Acting against any form of discrimination affecting the Olympic movement.
(xii) To motivate the development of sports.
(xiii) Taking action in order to strengthen the unity and to protect the independence
of the Olympic movement.

Indian Olympic Association

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Indian Olympic Association was founded in 1927. Sir Dorabji Tata and Dr. Noehren
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became the founder President and Secretary General respectively. Sir Dorabji Tata
was also the first member of IOC. Its members are chosen once every four years.
This committee is comprised of a president, 9 Vice Presidents, 6 Secretaries, one
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Honorary Treasurer. Apart from this, 12 representatives of national sports committee

and the representative of State Olympic Committee are also included. After some
time. Sir Dorabji Tata resigned from his post. After that Shri Bhupinder Singh.
Maharaja of Patiala became the President. India participated for the first time in
1928 Amsterdam Olympic games and won Gold in Hockey. From that time onwards
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IOA is working continuously for Olympic movement.

IOA is responsible for the participation in Olympic games and some other games
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such as—Asian games. Commonwealth games etc. All sports federations work to
help IOA.
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Objectives of Indian Olympic Association

The objectives of Indian Olympic Association are mentioned below:
(i) Development and promotion of the Olympic movement.

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 (ii) Enforcement of all rules and regulation of the International Olympic
Committee and Indian Olympic Association.
(iii) To be the official organizations in complete form and whole charge of all
the matters related to Olympic event.
(iv) Promotion and encouragement of the physical, moral and cultural education

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of the young people of the nation so that their character can be developed.
(v) Admitting the membership of the stale Olympic Association and national
sports federation for which submission of their annual reports and audited
statement of accounts are necessary. These documents should be deposited

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to the IOA for information.
(vi) To be a government organization and control the related matters.
(vii) To undertake with assistance of national sports federations the financial
management, transportation, maintenance and welfare of teams from India

under the patronage of IOC.

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taking part in the Olympic games and other games which are organized

(viii) To suggest the names of selected participants to participate in Olympic

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games.
(ix) To take disciplinary action against any federation for misbehavior or any
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other undesirable activity bringing discredit to the country.

(x) In cooperation with the National Sports Federation/Associations IOA
organizes and control selection, training, coaching of the teams that will
represent India.
(xi) To enforce and defend the exclusive rights of the association to use the
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Olympic flag and Olympic insignia.

(xii) To organize national and international competitions.
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(xiii) To remove the discrimination of caste, religion, color and area etc.
(xiv) To apply the code of conduct of World Anti-Doping Agency.
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Functions of Indian Olympic Association

(i) To promote Olympic movement.
(ii) To organise the games at national and international level.

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 (iii) To give names and to support the players to participate at interactional level.
(iv) To synchronize between different federations and Indian government.
(v) To make a healthy relationship amongst the different slate federations. State
Olympic Associations and National Federations and Associations.

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Objective Type Questions (1 Marks Each)
Q.1. The Paralympic games are organised after the completion of:
(a) Asian Games (b) SAF Games

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(c) Olympic Games (d) Comman wealth Games
Ans. (c) Olympic Games.
Q.2. IOC was formed in
(a) 1886 (b) 1884
(c) 1892
Ans. (b) 1884
Q.3. ID (d) 1880

Ancient olympic Games wart organised in the honour of good.

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(a) Hercules (b) Theondosis
(c) Posedon (d) Zues
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Ans. (d) Zues

Q.4. How many rings olympic symbol has
(a) Three (b) Two
(c) Five (d) Four
Ans. (d) Five
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Q.5. Where is the headquarters of IOC.

(a) Newyork (b) Switzerland
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(c) Paris (d) France

Ans. (b) Switzerland
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Q.6. Who is the first president of Indian olympic Association (IDA)

(a) Sir Dorabji tata (b) Jawaharhal Nehru
(c) Sardas vallabh Bhai Patel (d) M.K. Gandhi
Ans. (a) Sir Dorabji Tata

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 Q.7. When was IOA Established
(a) 1937 (b) 1935
(c) 1925 (d) 1927
Ans. (d) 1927
Q.8. When was the first special olympics held.

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(a) 1966 (b) 1968
(c) 1970 (d) 1972
Ans. (b) 1968
Q.9. Who is known as the father of modern olympics?

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(a) Prof Jigaro kano (b) Sir Dorabji Tata
(c) P.B.D. Coubertin (d) Jocr Rogges
Ans. (c) Perrie berron de coubertin
Q.10. Where 2020 olympics are scheduled

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(a) Los angles (b) India
(c) Maxico (d) Tokyo
Ans. (d) Tokyo
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Short Type Question (3 Marks Each)
Q.1. Briefly explain the development of values through Olympic movement?
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Ans. The aim of Olympic games is to create peace and co-operation amongst the nations
with the spirit of sports competition, Olympic games plays a significant role to develop
the following values :
(a) Friendship (b) Solidarity
(c) Fair Play (d) Freedom from discrimination
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(a) Friendship: The value of friendship is steeped in the tradition of the

ancient Olympic. The athletes express this value by forming life long
bonds with their teammates as well as their opponents.
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(b) Solidarity: The Olympic movement is committed to developing

programmes that, together creates a meaningful and comprehensive
social response.
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(c) Fair Play: Olympic movement ensures fair play. Athletes participate
in the Games in Loyal competition with respecting the regulation.
Fair play means without using any doping aid to enhance the
performance for winning medal and not using and wrong method for
winning medal.

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 (d) Free of Discrimination: Main aim of Olympic is that there should be no
racial discrimination of the athletes all are equal. They have equal right to
participate in every event to show their performance.
Q.2. What is Olympic Oath?
Ans. At the beginning of the game, the host country representative will take oath
on behalf of all participating athletes. That is "we swear that will take part in

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the Olympic games in loyal competition respecting and abiding by the rule
which govern them without the use of doping and drugs in the true spirit of
sportsman ship for the glory of sports and the honour of our teams". The flag
bearers of the competing nations also take up their positions at the time of

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oath taking ceremony.

Long Type Questions (5 Marks Each)

Q.1. Give a brief account of the ancient Olympic Games.

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Ans. The Sports was by no means a Greek invention. Despite severe condition of
life; athletes down the history, men found time to enjoy a variety of sports.
According to available history, the first ancient Olympic games were started
in Olympic valley in 776 B.C. at that time that the games were held in honour
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of God Zeus, later on. Hercules, started the games and sports in the honour
of his father. Although there was a lot of stories about the origin of ancient
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Olympic games. According to some other learned person there was wrestling
competition between God Zeus and God Koronus in which the organization
of games and sports was started. Whatever the reason behind the beginning
of the game Olympic game was in beautiful valley named Olympia, due to this
feet these games were called Olympic Games. During the games period or
month any war or dispute might be taking place, would be stopped at once
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and a true would be declared.

The games were conducted in following way:
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1. Opening Ceremony 2. Assembly

3. Oath 4. Events
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5. Awards
The Ancient Olympic Games continued and was held for approximately thousand
fears . In 394 A.D. The king of Rome stopped the organization of games,
stadiums were destroyed and revived after many decades, that called Modern
Olympic Games.

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 Q.2. Give the important function of International Olympic Association.
Ans. The international Olympic Association consists of members from various countries.
President: The President of IOC is selected by its members for a term of eight
years. The current IOC president is Thomas Bach.
Vice President: In the IOC four vice presidents are elected. They are elected

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for four years. Executive Board: The IOC executive board consist of President,
Vice President and other members. Main Function of International Olympic
association committee:

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1. It decides the venue and date of Olympic games.
2. It ensure the regular celebration of Olympic games.
3. For conducting the competition and general for the Olympics
fundamental rules set by this committee.

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4. It also acts against any form of discrimination affecting Olympic
movements.
5. It leads the fight against doping in sports.
Q.3 Describe the formation and objectives of Indian Olympic association.
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Ans. Indian Olympic Association was established in 1927 sir Dorabji Tata and
Dr. Noehren became the founder President and General Secretary of the
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International Olympic committee, the election of the office bearers of the Indian
Olympic Association is held after every four years The council consists of
various members.
(a) President
(b) Vice President-9
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(c) Joint secretaries-6

(d) Secretary General-1
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Executive Members: One honorary Treasurer, seven representative of state

Olympic association s and twelve representatives national sports federations.
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Objective of Indian Olympic Association:

The main objectives of Indian Olympic Association are:
(1) Enforcement of all rule and regulations of international Olympic committee

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 and in Indian Olympic association.
(2) Development and promotion of the Olympic movement.
(3) To take disciplinary action against and federation for misbehavior or any
other undesirable activity discredit to the nation
(4) To co-operate with national sports federation, organize and control selection,

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training, coaching of the team that will represent India.
(5) Admitting the members of state Olympic association/national sports
federations which submit their annual reports and audited statements
of accounts.

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