C4 Integration Cheat Sheet

𝒇(𝒙) How to deal with it ∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 (+constant) FormBk? 𝒇(𝒙) How to deal with it ∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 (+constant) FB?
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 Standard result − cos 𝑥 No 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝒙 For any product of sin and cos 1 No
− cos 4𝑥
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 Standard result sin 𝑥 No with same coefficient of 𝑥, use 8
𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 In formula booklet, but use ln|sec 𝑥| Yes double angle.
sin 𝑥 1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 which is of the form sin 2𝑥 cos 2𝑥 ≡ sin 4𝑥
2
cos 𝑥
𝑘𝑓 ′(𝑥) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 Of form 𝑔′ (𝑥)𝑓 ′ (𝑔(𝑥)) 𝑒 sin 𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) 𝒙 Use algebraic division. 𝑥 − ln|𝑥 + 1|
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒙 For both sin2 𝑥 and cos 2 𝑥 use 1 1 No 𝑥 1
𝑥 − sin 2𝑥 𝒙+𝟏 ≡1−
identities for cos 2𝑥 2 4 𝑥+1 𝑥+1
cos 2𝑥 = 1 − 2 sin2 𝑥 𝟏 Use partial fractions. ln|𝑥| − ln|𝑥 + 1|
1 1 𝒙(𝒙 + 𝟏)
sin2 𝑥 = − cos 2𝑥
2 2 𝟒𝒙 Reverse chain rule. Of form 2 ln|𝑥 2 + 1|
𝟐
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 cos 2𝑥 = 2 cos 2 𝑥 − 1 1 1 No 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏 𝑘𝑓 ′(𝑥)
1 1 𝑥 + sin 2𝑥 ∫
2 4 𝑓(𝑥)
cos 2 𝑥 = + cos 2𝑥 𝒙 Power around denominator so 1
2 2 − (𝑥 2 + 1)−1
𝑘𝑓′ (𝑥)
𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝒙 1 + tan2 𝑥 ≡ sec 2 𝑥 tan 𝑥 − 𝑥 No (𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏)𝟐 NOT of form ∫ . Rewrite as 2
𝑓(𝑥)
tan2 𝑥 ≡ sec 2 𝑥 − 1 product.
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙 Would use substitution 𝑢 = −ln|𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 + cot 𝑥| Yes 𝑥(𝑥 2 + 1)−2
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 + cot 𝑥, but too hard Reverse chain rule (i.e. “Consider
for exam. 𝑦 = (𝑥 2 + 1)−1 " and differentiate.
𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒙 Would use substitution 𝑢 = ln|sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥| Yes 𝟖𝒙𝟐 Fraction top heavy so do algebraic 1
2𝑥 + ln|1 − 2𝑥|
sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥, but too hard for division first. Then split into 2
𝟒𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏 1
algebraic fractions as − ln |2𝑥 + 1|
exam.
cos 𝑥 4𝑥 2 − 1 = (2𝑥 + 1)(2𝑥 − 1) 2
𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝒙 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 which is of the form ln|𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥| Yes 𝟐𝒙+𝟏 1 2𝑥+1
sin 𝑥 𝒆 For any function where ‘inner 𝑒
𝑓 ′(𝑥)
∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝟏 function’ is linear expression, 2
𝑓(𝑥) 1
𝟏 − 𝟑𝒙 divide by coefficient of 𝑥 − ln|1 − 3𝑥|
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝒙 By observation. − cot 𝑥 No! 3
𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝒙 By observation. tan 𝑥 Yes (but 𝒙√𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏 Use sensible substitution. 𝑢 = 1 3
(2𝑥 + 1)2 (3𝑥 − 1)
memorise) 2𝑥 + 1 or even better, 𝑢2 = 15
𝒄𝒐𝒕𝟐 𝒙 1 + cot 2 𝑥 ≡ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 − cot 𝑥 − 𝑥 No 2𝑥 + 1.
𝒆𝒙 Standard result 𝑒𝑥 No 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟓 𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 Reverse chain rule. 1 6
sin 𝑥
𝒂𝒙 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑥 → ln 𝑦 = 𝑥 ln 𝑎 1 No 6
𝑎𝑥
Then differentiate implicitly. ln(𝑎)
𝟏 Standard result ln 𝑥 No
𝒙
𝑑𝑣
𝐥𝐧 𝒙 Use IBP, where 𝑢 = ln 𝑥 , 𝑑𝑥 = 1 𝑥 ln 𝑥 − 𝑥 No

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