FUDMA Journal of Sciences (FJS)
FITTING OF A… Oduyebo, Ono and Eteje FJS
ISSN online: 2616-1370
ISSN print: 2645 - 2944
Vol. 5 No. 4, December, 2021, pp 56 – 62
DOI: https://doi.org/10.33003/fjs-2021-0504-781
FITTING OF A TRANSFORMATION GEOID MODEL TO THE GRAVIMETRIC-GEOMETRIC GEOID
MODEL OF BENIN CITY
*1Oduyebo, O. F., 1Ono, M. N. and 2Eteje, S. O.
1Department of Surveying and Geoinformatics, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria
2Eteje Surveys and Associates, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria
ABSTRACT
The application of the transformation geoid model in Benin City has necessitated its fitting to the existing
gravimetric-geometric geoid model of the study area. The transformation geoid model was determined using
the Kotsakis (2008) model for the transformation of global geoid heights to local geoidal undulations. To obtain
its accuracy, the root mean square error (RMSE) index was applied. The computed accuracy is 2.0172 m. To
apply the determined geoid model in the study area, as well as improving on the computed accuracy, the model
was fitted to the gravimetric-geometric geoid model of the study area. The fitting result shows that geoid heights
can be computed using the determined geoid model with an accuracy of 1.1041 m in the study area.
Keyword: fitting, gravimetric-geometric, geoid, model, transformation
INTRODUCTION one obtained by Okeke and Nnam (2017). To apply the
The geoid is an equipotential sea surface that is extended proposed method geoid model in the study area for the
through the land. It is a surface adopted as a reference for the computation of geoidal undulations, the accuracy of the
vertical coordinate system. The local geoid model of Nigeria model needs to be improved. This can be done by fitting the
has not been determined. As a result, different local geoid transformation geoid model to the local geoid model of the
models have been established in various parts of the country. study area. As a result, this paper presents the fitting of a
The local geoid model of Benin City was determined with the transformation geoid model to the gravimetric-geometric
gravimetric-geometric method, which involves the geoid model of Benin City.
combination of gravimetrically and geometrically obtained The Study Area
data. The transformation of the global geoid model to local According to Oduyebo et al. (2019), Benin City is the capital
has been proposed by Okeke and Nnam (2017) for the of Edo State in Southern Nigeria. It is a City approximately
determination of the local geoid model of Nigeria. The 40 kilometres north of the Benin River. The City is also
method has to do with the transformation of the geoid heights linked by roads to Asaba, Sapele, Siluko, Okene, and Ubiaja
from the global geopotential model such as EGM 08 to local and is served by air and the Niger River delta ports of Koko
geoid heights using the transformation model given by and Sapele (Oduyebo et al., 2019). The City is made up of
Kotsakis (2008). The proposed method has been tested by three Local Government Areas, Oredo LGA, Ikpoba Okha
Okeke and Nnam (2017) using the geoid heights from EGM LGA and Egor LGA. It has a total population of 1,782,000
08 in part of the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja and according to the 2021 NPC projection. It covers a total area
accuracy of 0.14 cm was obtained. To verify the consistency of about 1,204 km². Benin City is bounded by UTM zone 31
of the accuracy of the proposed method in other parts of the coordinates 660000 mN and 712500 mN, and 770000 mE and
country, it was applied and compared with the local 815000 mE (Oduyebo et al., 2019). Figures 1 and 2 show the
gravimetric-geometric geoid model of Benin City. The maps of the study area.
accuracy obtained was 2.0172 m. It is inconsistent with the
FUDMA Journal of Sciences (FJS) Vol. 5 No. 4, December, 2021, pp 56-62
56
FITTING OF A… Oduyebo, Ono and Eteje FJS
Figure 1: Map of Edo State Figure 2: Map of Benin City
Source: Ministry of Lands and Surveys, Benin City
Kotsakis Model for Transformation of Global Geoid Height to Local
The model for the transformation of global geoid heights to local as given by Kotsakis (2008) is
N N N (t x ) N (t y ) N (t z ) N ( x ) N ( y ) N (s)
(1)
N (a) N (f )
Where,
N (t x ) t x cos cos (2)
N (t y ) t y cos sin (3)
N (t z ) t z sin (4)
N ( x ) x Ne 2 sin cos sin (5)
N ( y ) y Ne 2 sin cos cos (6)
N (s ) (aW N )s (7)
N (a ) Wa (8)
a (1 f )
N (f ) sin 2 f (9)
W
W 1 e 2 sin 2 (10)
N in equations (5) and (6) is the radius of curvature in prime vertical and it is given by Eteje et al. (2019) as
a
N (11)
1 e sin 2
2
The quantities δa = a' – a and δf = f'– f correspond to the difference in the numerical values for the semi-major axis and the
flattening of the reference ellipsoid, as these are used in the respective reference frames, GRF1 and GRF2 (Kotsakis, 2008).
Transformation Parameters between WGS 84 and Minna Datums
The transformation parameters from WGS 84 to Minna datum as given by Okeke (2014) and Okeke et al (2017) are:
Transformation Parameters from WGS 84 to Minna Datum
Tx= 93.809786 m ± 0.375857310 m
Ty = 89.748672 m ± 0.375857310 m
Tz = -118.83766 m ± 0.375857310 m
= 0.000010827829 ± 0.0000010311322
= 0.0000018504213 ± 0.0000015709539
=0.0000021194542 ± 0.0000013005997
S = 0.99999393 ± 0.0000010048219
FUDMA Journal of Sciences (FJS) Vol. 5 No. 4, December, 2021, pp 56-62
57
FITTING OF A… Oduyebo, Ono and Eteje FJS
Properties of the WGS 84 and Clarke 1880 Ellipsoids
The equatorial radius (a) and the flattening (f) of the WGS 84 and the Clarke 1880 ellipsoids are respectively 6378137 m and
1/298.257223563, and 6378249.145 m and 1/293.465 (Eteje et al., 2019).
Global Earth Gravimetrical Models
According to Idrizi (2013), in the absence of local/state gravimetric networks, geodetic practice often uses global Earth
Gravimetric Models, which includes data for the entire area of the world. Idrizi (2013) further stated that, to date, the National
Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) has established three global Earth gravimetric models in the years 1984, 1996 and
2008, recognized as EGM84, EGM96 and EGM08. The Geosciences Division in the Office of Geomatics at NGA is
responsible for collecting, processing, and evaluating gravity data (free-air and Bouguer gravity anomalies). These data are
then used to compute gravimetric quantities such as mean gravity anomalies, geoid heights, deflections of the vertical, and
gravity disturbances. All of these quantities are used in World Geodetic System 1984 support, navigation systems, mapping
projects, and different types of surveys (Idrizi, 2013).
Earth’s Gravitational Model (EGM) derived geoidal undulations, N GGM (Long and Medium Wavelength) is mathematically
expressed as (Odumosu et al, 2016):
n
a
S sin m C nm cos m Pnm cos
GM
n0 r
n
N GGM m2 nm (12)
R2
Where,
GM = Gravity Mass Constant of GEM
𝛾 = Normal Gravity
a = Equatorial Scale Factor of GEM
𝑟, 𝜃, = Geocentric Radius, Spherical Co-latitude and Longitude of Computation
Point.
Pnm = Fully – Normalized Legendre Function
Cnm , S nm = Fully – Normalised Coefficients of GEM
Computation of Root Mean Square Error (RMSE)
The fitting of a new local geoid model to an existing local geoid model requires the computation of the RMSE of the model to
obtain its accuracy. The computation of the RMSE of the fitted geoid model is done by comparing the geoid heights of points
from the existing and the new geoid models to obtain the residuals. The computed residuals and the total number of points are
used for the computation of the RMSE of the fitted geoid model. The model for the computation of RMSE as given by Oduyebo
et al. (2019) is
V TV
RMSE (13)
n
Where,
V NExisting N New (Residual)
N Existing Geoid Height from Existing Geoid Model
N New Geoid Height from New Geoid Model
n = Number of Points
Gravimetric-Geometric Geoid Model of Benin City
The gravimetric-geometric geoid model of Benin City was determined using the combination of the gravimetrically and
geometrically obtained data. The realization, as well as the determination of the model, is detailed in Oduyebo et al. (2019).
In Oduyebo et al. (2019), three gravimetric-geometric geoid models were determined and the one with the highest accuracy
(third-degree gravimetric-geometric geoid model with RMSE of 0.6746 m among the three models was recommended for
application in Benin City.
METHODOLOGY
Data Acquisition
The transformation local geoid model was determined with a total of 49 points (See Figure 3). The positions and the ellipsoidal
heights of the points were obtained by carrying out a GNSS observation in relative mode (See Figures 4 and 5). The observation
was done using CHC 900 dual-frequency GNSS receivers. The observed points were the same as the ones used when the local
gravimetric-geometric geoid model of the study area was determined.
FUDMA Journal of Sciences (FJS) Vol. 5 No. 4, December, 2021, pp 56-62
58
FITTING OF A… Oduyebo, Ono and Eteje FJS
Figure 3: GNSS Observation Points Figure 4: Base Receiver at Control Figure 5: Rover Receiver at One of the
Station XSU92 Selected Points (RR01) at Ring Road
Data Processing
The GNSS observations were respectively downloaded and processed with HcLoader and Compass post-processing software
(See Figure 6). Since the adopted method involved the transformation of a global dataset to local, the geographic coordinates
of the points were processed in the WGS 84 datum. The global positions of the points were used to obtain the global geoid
heights of the points from EGM 08 using the GeoidEval online software, as well as equation (12) (See Figure 7).
Figure 6: Processing of the GNSS Data Figure 7: Computation of the Global Geoid Heights
Using Compass Software of the Points Using GeoidEval Software
The local geoid heights of the points were computed with the properties of the WGS 84 and the Clarke 1880 ellipsoids, the
transformation parameters, the global geographic coordinates and the EGM 08 geoid heights of the points using the
transformation method, as well as equation (1). The computation was done using a Microsoft Excel program developed in the
study (See Figure 8).
FUDMA Journal of Sciences (FJS) Vol. 5 No. 4, December, 2021, pp 56-62
59
FITTING OF A… Oduyebo, Ono and Eteje FJS
Figure 8: Computation of Geoid Heights of the Points Using the Transformation Method
The RMSE, as well as the accuracy of the fitted local geoid model, was computed using equation (13).
RESULTS PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS method geoid model of the study area deviated with an
Comparison of the Gravimetric-Geometric and the average value of 1.6882 m from the existing local
Transformation Method Geoid Heights gravimetric-geometric geoid model of the study area. Also
Table 1 presents the mean of the differences between the from Table 1, the RMS error, as well as the accuracy of the
local gravimetric-geometric and the transformation method transformation geoid model is 2.0172 m which implies that
models geoid heights, the RMS errors, as well as the accuracy geoid heights can be computed with an accuracy of 2.0172 m
of the transformation geoid model, the existing gravimetric- applying the model in the study area. Again from table 1, the
geometric geoid model and that of the transformation geoid RMS errors of the transformation geoid model as obtained by
model when it was applied in part of the Federal Capital Okeke and Nnam (2017) and that of the gravimetric-
Territory (FCT), Abuja. It was done to present the accuracy geometric geoid models are respectively 0.0014 m and 0.675
of the transformation geoid model in the study area and when m. These also show the high accuracy of the two geoid
it was applied in part of the FCT, Abuja. Also, to present the models. Comparing the obtained accuracy of the
accuracy of the gravimetric-geometric geoid model and the transformation geoid model in the study area (2.0172 m) with
mean deviation of the transformation method local geoid that obtained by Okeke and Nnam (2017) (0.0014 m) when
model from the existing gravimetric-geometric geoid model the model was applied in part of the FCT, Abuja, shows the
of the study area. From Table 1, it can be seen that the mean inconsistency of the accuracy of the method. It implies that
of the differences between the geoid heights from the the method cannot be used for the determination of the local
transformation geoid model and the gravimetric-geometric geoid model of Nigeria.
geoid model is 1.6882 m. This implies that the transformation
Table 1: Mean of Differences and Computed RMS Errors
MEAN OF DIFFERENCES = 1.6882 m
RMS Error of Transformation Model = SQRT of Average = 2.0172 m
RMS Error of Gravimetric-Geometric Model = 0.6746 m
RMS Error of Transformation Model as obtained by Okeke and Nnam (2017) = 0.0014 m
given in Table 2 and their respective geoid heights from the
Fitting of the Transformation Geoid Model to the transformation geoid model of the study area. Subsequently,
Gravimetric-Geometric Geoid Model the mean was added to the transformation model geoid
Table 2 presents the fitting of the transformation geoid model heights to fit the transformation geoid model to the
to the gravimetric-geometric geoid model. It was done to gravimetric-geometric geoid model. Having fitted the
improve on the accuracy of the transformation geoid model transformation geoid model to the gravimetric-geometric
of the study area. The improvement of the accuracy of the geoid model, the two models geoid heights were compared to
transformation geoid model was necessary to enable its obtain the improved accuracy, as well as the RMS error of
application in the study area. The fitting was carried out by the transformation geoid model as given in Table 2. From
finding the mean (1.6882 m) of the differences between the Table 2, it can be seen that the improved accuracy of the
gravimetric-geometric model geoid heights of the points transformation geoid model of the study area is 1.1041 m.
FUDMA Journal of Sciences (FJS) Vol. 5 No. 4, December, 2021, pp 56-62
60
FITTING OF A… Oduyebo, Ono and Eteje FJS
This implies that geoid heights can be obtained in the study differences between the transformation and the gravimetric-
area using the fitted geoid model with an accuracy of 1.1041 geometric models' geoid heights is 1.6882 m. It shows that to
m. Comparing this accuracy of the transformation geoid achieve the accuracy of 1.1041 m for the transformation
model with its accuracy before fitting given in Table 1 geoid model, 1.6882 m will be added to any geoid height
(2.0172 m) shows an improvement in the accuracy of the computed with the transformation geoid model.
model. It can also be seen from Table 2 that the mean of the
Table 2: Fitting of the Transformation Geoid Model to
the Gravimetric-geometric Geoid Model
Gravimetric- Transformed Difference
Geometric EGM08 Difference between
Point Geoid Geoid between A A&B
Heights (A) Heights (B) & B (m) Squared
(m) (m) (P) (m2)
XSU92 2.086 2.0062 0.0798 0.0064
RR01 2.420 2.0506 0.3694 0.1365
SR01 1.588 1.8545 -0.2665 0.0710
SR02 1.978 1.7693 0.2087 0.0436
SR04 2.520 1.5919 0.9281 0.8613
SR05 2.802 1.4037 1.3983 1.9553
SR06 3.266 1.3533 1.9127 3.6585
XSU100 2.098 1.7326 0.3654 0.1335
AR01 0.685 2.0281 -1.3431 1.8039
AR02 0.720 1.9957 -1.2757 1.6274
AR03 1.436 1.9028 -0.4668 0.2179
AR04 1.439 1.8814 -0.4424 0.1957
UU01 4.658 2.6468 2.0112 4.0448
UU02 3.498 2.5054 0.9926 0.9853
UU03 1.981 2.3292 -0.3482 0.1212
UU04 1.276 2.2037 -0.9277 0.8607
UU05 1.346 2.1262 -0.7802 0.6087
UU06 1.489 2.0379 -0.5489 0.3013
UU07 1.329 1.9859 -0.6569 0.4315
UU08 1.263 1.9617 -0.6987 0.4882
AD01 2.986 2.1107 0.8753 0.7662
AD02 4.019 2.1413 1.8777 3.5256
AD03 4.420 2.1603 2.2597 5.1062
AK01 1.376 2.0867 -0.7107 0.5051
AK02 1.473 2.1092 -0.6362 0.4048
AK03 2.252 2.0958 0.1562 0.0244
AK04 3.101 2.0511 1.0499 1.1022
AK05 3.954 2.0023 1.9517 3.8090
MR01 1.300 2.1192 -0.8192 0.6711
MR02 1.488 2.1855 -0.6975 0.4864
MR03 1.614 2.2479 -0.6339 0.4018
MR04 4.037 2.2508 1.7862 3.1905
MR05 4.313 2.2046 2.1084 4.4455
SK01 1.500 1.9675 -0.4675 0.2185
SK02 2.035 1.8748 0.1602 0.0257
SK03 2.379 1.7966 0.5824 0.3392
FUDMA Journal of Sciences (FJS) Vol. 5 No. 4, December, 2021, pp 56-62
61
FITTING OF A… Oduyebo, Ono and Eteje FJS
EKS 0.665 2.1024 -1.4374 2.0662
SLK0 0.668 2.1528 -1.4848 2.2046
SLK01 0.781 2.2080 -1.4270 2.0364
SLK02 1.326 2.3009 -0.9749 0.9504
SLK03 1.736 2.3646 -0.6286 0.3951
SLK04 2.688 2.4766 0.2114 0.0447
SLK05 3.357 2.5701 0.7869 0.6192
EK01 0.078 2.1041 -2.0261 4.1050
EK02 0.983 2.1171 -1.1341 1.2861
EK03 1.729 2.0743 -0.3453 0.1192
EK04 2.001 2.0143 -0.0133 0.0002
EK05 2.516 1.9720 0.5440 0.2959
AIRPORT 0.578 2.0042 -1.4262 2.0339
RMS ERROR = SQRT OF AVERAGE (P) = 1.1041 m
MEAN OF THE DIFFERENCES = 1.6882 m
CONCLUSION Oduyebo, O. F., Ono M. N. and Eteje, S. O. (2019).
Comparison of Three Gravimetric-Geometric Geoid Models
In conclusion, the study has fitted a transformation geoid for Best Local Geoid Model of Benin City, Nigeria.
model to the gravimetric-geometric geoid model of Benin International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research
City. The obtained results showed that the transformation and Science (IJAERS), 6(6), 261-272. DOI:
geoid model deviated from the gravimetric-geometric geoid https://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijaers.612.23.
model of the study area with a mean value of 1.6882 m. The
study also obtained the accuracy of the transformation geoid Oduyebo, O. F., Ono M. N. and Eteje, S. O. (2019). Practical
model before fitting as 2.0172 m. The computed results of the Local Geoid Modelling of Benin City, Nigeria from
fitted geoid model showed that geoid heights can be obtained Gravimetric Observations Using the Modified Stokes
using the model with an accuracy of 1.1041 m in the study Integral. International Journal of Advanced Engineering,
area. Management and Science (IJAEMS), 5 (12), 608-617. DOI:
https://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijaems.512.1.
REFERENCES
Okeke, F. I. (2014). Assessment of the Capabilities of the
Eteje, S. O., Oduyebo, O. F. and Oluyori, P. D. (2019). National Transformation Version 2 (Ntv2) Model for the
Procedure for Coordinates Conversion between NTM and Nigerian Datum Transformation. National Union of
UTM Systems in Minna Datum Using AllTrans and Planetary and Radio Sciences (NUPRS) Conference.
Columbus Software. International Journal of Scientific
Research in Science and Technology, 6(5), 128-143. DOI: Okeke, F. I. and Nnam, V. (2017). Local Geoid
https://doi.org/10.32628/IJSRST196517. Determination for Nigeria by the Transformation of Global
Geoid Model. Nigerian Journal of Geodesy, 1 (1), 147-157.
Idrizi, B. M. (2013). Developing Model for Utilization of
Global Earth Gravimetrical Models in Macedonian Territory. Okeke, F. I., Moka E. C., Uzodinma, V. N. and Ono, M. N.
TS02B - National Geodesy and Geospatial Infrastructure. (2017). The Determination of Datum Transformation
FIG Working Week 2013, Abuja, Nigeria. Parameters for Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Geodesy, 1 (1),
49-64.
Kotsakis, C. (2008). Transforming Ellipsoidal Heights and
Geoid Undulations between Different Geodetic Reference
Frames. Journal of Geodesy, 82(4) 249-260.
Odumosu, J. O., Kelly, K. M., Omogunloye, O. G., Adejare,
Q. A., Adeleke, O. O. and Olaniyi, A. M. (2016). Empirical
Geoid Modelling Using Classical Gravimetric Method. FIG
Working Week, Christchurch, New Zealand.
©2021 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
International license viewed via https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ which permits unrestricted
use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is cited appropriately.
FUDMA Journal of Sciences (FJS) Vol. 5 No. 4, December, 2021, pp 56-62
62
